The nokukanganisika Zvinoumba mukaka

Mammary shwanu - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvomukati mumuviri vakadzi pakati mhuka dzose. shwanu ichi synthesizes mukaka, inova chikafu chete vana vavo tanga postnatal kukura. Mammary shwanu kwemhuka unowanzonzi zamu. Zamu emhou chinosanganisira yoga mumasero mana. Mumwe yakakamurwa mbambo simbi (Mhou yavo - 5-20), mumwe mugove - kupinda zvidimbu. Chinokosha STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka Unit shwanu ndiwo alveolus, iyo yakafukidzwa munhu gobvu richikurukura capillaries. Mukaka - polydisperse hurongwa zvinosanganisira kwechokwadi uye colloidal zvinogadzirisa, suspensions uye emulsions. Cow mukaka ndiko chena mvura ine yellowish mumvuri, sweetish kunaka uye ine munhuwi.

Mukaka synthesized ari Formação de, pamwe - mune diki uye svikiro kadikidiki excretory ducts. The zvichiguma chakavanzika anouya makuru ducts, uye ipapo rinoungana mumukaka mugaba. Uyezve zvifambiswe kupinda munyatso Canal uye akasunungura kupinda zvakatipoteredza. lactation nguva, huchavapo anenge 300 mazuva Mammary shwanu mabasa.

Mukaka - mumwe zvokudya chikuru kuti vanhu nemhuka. It rinoumbwa mapuroteni, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi. Mapuroteni mukaka mhou ozeyewa pa 96-99%, lipids - 95, carbohydrate - 98%.

Nokuti kazhinji chikafu vanhu vanoshandisa mukaka mombe, zvishoma - mbudzi, mares, ngamera, nyati, nondo vakadzi, Zebu uye Yak.

Makemikari anoumba mukaka

anenge mazana maviri nomumwe zvinhu zviri mukaka. yeimwe izvi zvinogona kukamurwa shanu zvikuru zvikamu zviduku: munyu, mvura, makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids, mapurotini. In mukaka, mvura inogona kuvapo muna zviviri inoti: akasununguka uye kusungwa. Pamusoro kuramba, vachiyanikira uye dzimwe mhando kurapwa, mvura akasununguka iri nyore kubviswa. mvura akasungwa ndiyo chikamu solvate anoshongwa polydisperse hurongwa. In kutsva mukaka wevasungwa kuti akasungwa mvura anenge 3.5% kusvika 2.6% skim.

Puroteni Zvinoumba mukaka. Wevasungwa of mapuroteni mu bovine mukaka kunogona kusvika 4%. Skim mukaka rine kunyanya Alpha-casein. In mukaka, anoumba caseinate, karusiyamu phosphate yakaoma, iyo rinobatanidzwa paumbwe lipid spherules deko; thermostable α-lactalbumin, rinobatanidzwa biosynthesis kuti mukaka shuga (lactose) kubva monosaccharides (galactose, shuga); β-lactoglobulin denatures mune kwazvakarerekera svikiro (ph = 7) uye kudziyisa 70 ° C.

Globulins mukaka dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira samolecular uremu (kusvika 1 Mill. HONGU), avo morekuru maumbirwo rinosanganisira chinoumba carbohydrate, ivo vanoratidza kuti zvivako zviri makemikari (lipooksidaz). Non-mapuroteni senitrogen yeimwe dzinoturwa mumukaka urea uye kanenge amino acids, purine zvigadziko uye creatine.

The carbohydrate Zvinoumba mukaka. Kunyanya makabhohaidhiretsi akauya mukaka lactose (avhareji 4.7%), monosaccharides (shuga, galactose) uye phosphoric esters ose amino shuga monosaccharides. The soro Kuwanda lactose rinonyoreswa zviri Rhino mukaka.

The lipid Zvinoumba mukaka. The Zvinoumba mafuta mukaka ine triacylglycerols, sterols, sterols, phospholipids uye glycolipids. wevasungwa ravo mukaka mhuka kunoenderana siyana zvinhu pamusoro (lactation, erudzi, zvokudya, nezvimwewo). The mafuta mukaka residues stearic mujenya, palmitic, myristic uye oleic acids.

Vhitamini Zvinoumba mukaka. Cow mukaka chine mari yakakwana ave girisi (A, D, E) uye soluble (PP, B1, B2, C) mavhitaminzi. Kuwedzera wevasungwa mavhitamini mumukaka mhuka zvokudya raznoobraznyme Feeds kuti akapfuma mavhitaminzi vari kudya raitongwa vhitamini inonyanya A, B kana E. The mukaka uye rine pigments: carotenes, chlorophylls uye lactoflavin, kunobva wevasungwa kwavo ruvara mukaka.

Mumwe zvipi upfu mukaka ndechokuti kumbonyanya zvakaoma kuwanazve kuti mvura ezvinhu. Zvisinei, chigadzirwa ichi rinobudiswa kwemakore anopfuura 110, pasi nokukanganisika Zvinoumba mukaka woupfu kwakasiyana ayo dzinongoitika ezvinhu, saka kuti mvura mukaka zvakawanda kubatsira.