Amphoteric oxides. Chemical ehupfumi, mumwe muitiro kuti kugadzirira

Amphoteric oxides (rine hunyambiri ehupfumi) - kakawanda simbi oxides izvo zvine yakaderera electronegativity. Zvichienderana kwokunze ezvinhu kuratidza chero acidic oxide kana zvivako. oxides aya inoumbwa Kuchinja nesimbi, izvo yemanyorero kuratidza zvinotevera oxidation rinoti: ll, lll, Leviticus.

Mienzaniso amphoteric oxides: zingi oxide (ZnO), chromium oxide lll (Cr2O3), aruminiyamu oxide (Al2O3), oxide ll gaba (SnO), tini oxide? Lv (SnO2), kutungamirira oxide ll (PbO), kutungamirira oxide? Lv (PbO2) , titanium oxide? lv (TiO2), manganese oxide? lv (MnO2), simbi oxide lll (Fe2O3), beryllium oxide (BeO).

Zvinoitwa runowanzoitika amphoteric oxides:

1. oxides aya anogona sei pamwe simba acids. In chimiro ichi munyu idzi chete acids. Zvinoitika kwakadai ane kuratidzwa zvivako anokosha mhando. Somuenzaniso: ZnO (zingi oxide) + H2SO4 (hydrochloric acid) → ZnSO4 (zingi sulfate) + H2O (mvura).

2. maitiro pamwe simba alkalis amphoteric oxides, hydroxides kuratidza acidic ehupfumi. In duality iri zvivako (i.e., amphoteric) kunoratidzwa pakugadzirwa munyu maviri.

Muna uchanyangadika kubudikidza maitiro pamwe alkali munyu aumbwa paavhareji kuipa, somuenzaniso:
ZnO (zingi oxide) + 2NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) → Na2ZnO2 (romuzvarirwo kunoreva munyu) + H2O (mvura).
Al2O3 (alumina) + 2NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) = 2NaAlO2 + H2O (mvura).
2Al (OH) 3 (aruminiyamu hydroxide) + 3SO3 (sarufa oxide) = Al2 (SO4) 3 (aruminiyamu sulfate) + 3H2O (mvura).

The Kugadzirisa amphoteric oxides nokuda maitiro pamwe alkali kuumba kunzwisisa munyu, somuenzaniso: Al2O3 (alumina) + 2NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) + 3H2O (mvura) + 2Na (Al (OH) 4) (kunzwisisa munyu yavaibvisa tetragidroksoalyuminat).

3. Mumwe chero amphoteric simbi oxide ane Kufambisa nhamba. Somuenzaniso zingi (Zn) - 4, aruminiyamu (Al) - 4 kana 6, nokuti chromium (Kr) - 4 (kushoma) kana 6.

4. Amphoteric oxide asingadi sei nemvura uye asingauyi nyunguduka mairi.

Chii Maitiro zvinoratidza amphoteric simbi?

Tichishandisa kutaura, mumwe amphoteric chingasataurwa kuratidza kuti zvivako zvose simbi uye nonmetals. Kwakadaro mamirire chinhu ari pezvokuvamba A mapoka: Iva (beryllium), Ga (gallium), Ge (negermanium), Sn (netini), Pb, SB (namavara akanaka), Bi (bismuth), uye navamwe, uyewo vazhinji zvinhu B -groups - mumwe Kr (chromium), MN (manganese), Fe (simbi), Zn (zingi), Cd (cadmium), uye vamwe.

zvino Tinoratidza zvinotevera nemakemikari amphoteric namakemikari chaikosha zingi (Zn):

1. Zn (OH) 2 (zingi hydroxide) + N2O5 (dinitrogen pentoxide) = Zn (NO3) 2 (zingi nitrate) + H2O (mvura).
ZnO (zingi oxide) + 2HNO3 (nitric acid) = Zn (NO3) 2 (zingi nitrate) + H2O (mvura).

b) Zn (OH) 2 (zingi hydroxide) + Na2O (sodium oxide) = Na2ZnO2 (sodium dioksotsinkat) + H2O (mvura).
ZnO (zingi oxide) + 2NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) = Na2ZnO2 (sodium dioksotsinkat) + H2O (mvura).

Pakadaro, kana chinhu pamwe hunyambiri ehupfumi pakati mukomboni ane zvinotevera oxidation, ayo hunyambiri (amphoteric) ehupfumi zvikuru zvinooneka kuitika mune imwe zvenguva oxidation danho.

Sezvo muenzaniso inogona Chrome (Kr). chaikosha Izvi zvinotevera oxidation rinoti: 3+, 2+ 6+. Kana zvitatu zvinokosha uye acidic zvivako akataurwa inenge zvakafanana, apo, y Kr +2 zvinokosha zvivako ukakunda, uye muna Kr +6 - acid. Heano Maitiro kuti aratidze mashoko aya:

Kr + 2 → CrO (chromium oxide +2), Kr (OH) 2 → CrSO4;
Kr + 3 → Cr2O3 (chromium oxide +3), Kr (OH) 3 (chromium hydroxide) → KCrO2 kana chromium sulphate Cr2 (SO4) 3;
Kr + 6 → CrO3 (chromium oxide +6), H2CrO4 → K2CrO4.

Muzviitiko zvizhinji amphoteric oxides kwemakemikari zvinhu zviri oxidation mamiriro +3 zviripo Meta chimiro. Sezvo muenzaniso inogona akanyorwa: Aluminum hydroxide oxide (namakemikari payakavakirwa AlO (OH) uye simbi metahydroxide (namakemikari FeO (OH) fomura) ...

How amphoteric oxides vari?

1. zvikuru yokuita nzira gadziriro dzavo kunayisa kubva aqueous mhinduro achishandisa Ammonium hydroxide, kuti ane simba nechimwe. Somuenzaniso:
Al (NO3) 3 (aruminiyamu nitrate) + 3 (H2OxNH3) (aqueous mhinduro kubva amoniya hydrate) = Al (OH) 3 (amphoteric oxide) + 3NH4NO3 (maitiro rinoitwa pasi kupisa madhigirii maviri).
Al (NO3) 3 (aruminiyamu nitrate) + 3 (H2OxNH3) (aqueous Ammonium hydroxide) = AlO (OH) (amphoteric oxide) + 3NH4NO3 + H2O (maitiro anoitwa pa 80 ° C)

In exchange maitiro kwakadai kune zvakawandisa alkali aruminiyamu hydroxide haingasviki precipitate. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti aruminiyamu zvinoenda anion nokuda kwayo hunyambiri zvivako: Al (OH) 3 (aruminiyamu hydroxide) + OH- (zvakawandisa alkali) = [Al (OH) 4] - (aruminiyamu hydroxide anion).

Mienzaniso iyi mhando kuita:
Al (NO3) 3 (aruminiyamu nitrate) + 4NaOH (zvakawandisa yavaibvisa hydroxide) = 3NaNO3 + Na (Al (OH) 4).
ZnSO4 (zingi sulfate) + 4NaOH (zvakawandisa yavaibvisa hydroxide) = Na2SO4 + Na2 (Zn (OH) 4).

Munyu izvo kuumbwa panguva imwe chete, muri kunzwisisa yeimwe. Vanosanganisira kunzwisisa anions: (Al (OH 4)) - uye mumwe (Zn (OH 4)) 2-. Naizvozvo ndakashevedza munyu: Na (Al (OH) 4) - yavaibvisa tetragidroksoalyuminat, Na2 (Zn (OH) 4) - yavaibvisa tetragidroksotsinkat. Zvaakazoita zvibereko aruminiyamu kana zingi oxides pamwe yakasimba alkali dzinonzi zvakasiyana: NaAlO2 - yavaibvisa dioksoalyuminat uye Na2ZnO2 - yavaibvisa dioksotsinkat.