Yavaibvisa phenate: Preparation, Chemical Properties

Phenols - zvinonhuwirira yeimwe ndine mapoka rimwe kana kupfuura hydroxyl chokuita kabhoni maatomu benzenovogo neerekitironi. Maererano nenhamba OH mapoka Munokudzwa one-, zviviri uye trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - nomukaka zviri benzene wayo homologues ari musimboti mumwe rehydrogen atomu kuchatsiviwa rimwe hydroxyl boka.

Isomerism uye Nomenclature. In nyore mumiriri phenols - carbolic asidhi (phenol) kwete isomers, mune homologs ayo zviripo positional isomers zviri hydroxyl boka iri benzonovom chinoumba (ortho, Meta, a nzvimbo).

To zita phenols rinoshandiswa matatu Nomenclature - dzakaitika, musoro uye IUPAC. For dzakaitika Nomenclature phenols dzinonzi trivially - phenol (carbolic acid), cresols, etc.

Natural mabviro izvi zvinhu zviri marasha tara, mafuta tsanga, tara Beech, etc. Coal tara rinobudiswa panguva marasha yakaoma DISTILLATION. Sources nokuti kubudisa phenols vari Avharenji (achibika pa 170-230 ° C) uye rinorema (achibika pa 230-270 ° C) mafuta. Panguva kugadzira kwakaita yavaibvisa hydroxide rakagadzirwa yavaibvisa phenolate. The yemaitiro iyi zvinhu inoumbwa vakasara phenol uye yavaibvisa.

Under Murabhoritari mamiriro, kazhinji zvinonhuwirira sulphosalts (sodium uye potassium munyu pamusoro sulfonic acids) anoshandiswa kuwana phenols. Panguva nemakemikari, yavaibvisa kana potassium phenolate. Pashure paizvozvo, yeimwe ava kubatwa chicherwa acids kupa vakasununguka phenols.

Chemical ehupfumi inokonzerwa pamberi phenol OH boka iri benzelnom neerekitironi. Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kupinda siyana izvo yo alcohols (inotungamirwa esters, phenolates, halogenated) uye arenes (yaitsiva rehydrogen maatomu ari panozogadzirika benzenovom halogens, nitro boka, sulfo boka). Saka, vamiririri ava sei nyore chete nesimbi yokuumba yavaibvisa phenolate. Zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu aya zvinozarurwa zvikurukuru yemagetsi maumbirwo mamorekuru ose alcohols uye phenols.

yavaibvisa phenoxide (kana phenoxide) chakaumbwa zvokuverengera phenols pamwe alkalis. The acidic ehupfumi pamusoro phenols iziviswe zvishoma. Izvi zvinhu hazvina akasvibiswa litmus mapepa. yavaibvisa phenolate kusiyana alkoxides anogona kuvapo ari aqueous alkaline zvinogadzirisa, apo risingabereki anoora. Phenates vari nyore yaora ne maitiro pamwe acids (kunyange dukusa, semuenzaniso, marasha).

Asi ari acidic ehupfumi ose phenols zvakawanda raidudzwa kupfuura aliphatic alcohols. Nhanganyaya kupinda morekuru zviri phenol Erekitironi-dzirege substituents (nitro, halogen, rimwe sulfo boka, boka aldehyde uye zvakafanana) anowedzera hydrogen gidroksogrupp sangano, saka acidic ehupfumi vari kunowedzera.

Kuvapo phenols zvakanaka mesomeric zvazviri unovaparira nucleophilic ehupfumi, zvinova zvishoma raidudzwa achimuenzanisa alcohols. pfuma iyi inoshandiswa kugadzira esters, asi kwete kubatanidzwa zvinoitwa pachavo phenols uye phenolates uye halogenated Mahydrocarbon.

Ester inotungamirwa kunoitika kuburikidza zvokuverengera phenols vane chlorides kana anhydrides kuti carboxylic acids. Sezvo pakugadzirwa esters, maitiro nyore kuti ndifambire mberi potassium kana yavaibvisa phenates.

Kana zvinoitwa halogens vakaumba phenols halogen nomukaka. The bromination pamusoro phenols zvaishandiswa mishonga ongororo: 2,46-tribromophenol iri havaratidzi soluble mumvura uye precipitates panze, izvo anobvumira akati pavakanzwa kuona phenols iri mhinduro.

The nitration pamusoro phenol. The chiito phenol ane 20% nitric inouraya , musanganiswa iwe-uye peji-nitrophenols izvo dzakaparadzaniswa DISTILLATION pamwe chiutsi (O-nitrophenol akanga kwakadonhera kure, uye peji-nitrophenol unorambira mhinduro).