Inotungamirwa, Sainzi
Anatomy - chii? Anatomy somunhu sainzi
Kunzwisisa mamiriro kwevanhu, akafanana, mararamiro uye mhando nekuita zvose zvipenyu panyika kunomubatsira kushandisa ruzivo urwu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo, vabatsirwe kukura yebudiriro kwevanhu. Uye kufarira nyika zvagara zvinowanika mune vanhu nguva dzose. Kubvira munguva dzekare, vanhu vakaedza kufunga sei kuvaka Utachiona, sezvo vari chii uye chii dzinokosha.
Ndokusaka pamusoro nguva yakatanga uye akagamuchira kupfuura kukuru kukurumbira pakati kuranga sayenzi akadai zvipenyu. Pakutanga kunetseka chete miti, ipapo mhuka, munhu, microbial, uye pakupedzisira akazosvika mu kukura kwayo kusvika padanho zvakakwanisika kutarira mukati kupfuura zvisikwa. Kurutivi paumbwe zvipenyu vakakosa kure subsidiaries zhinji sayenzi, iyo zvino vose Integrated uye vanoumba ayo chaizvo.
sayenzi zvoutachiona
Kune akawanda sayenzi siyana, zvinosanganisira zvipenyu. Funga kupatsanura yavo.
I. General Science
- Systematics.
- Morphology (anatomi, histology, cytology).
- Physiology.
- Dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.
- Biogeography.
- Ecology.
- Dzinza rako.
II. Complex
- Parasitology.
- Hydrobiology.
- Soil sainzi.
III. private sainzi
- Bhotani.
- Zoologie.
- Anthropology.
nzira iyi sayenzi zvoutachiona weboka rakanga dzataurwa nokuda nemasayendisiti bg Ioganzenom muna 1969, uye haana kurasa kukosha kwayo nhasi. kupatsanura ichi anofukidza anenge zvose zvikuru anoranga, asi zvikuru ano - hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, nemakemikari omuviri, Gene uye masero engineering vamwe nesayenzi yezvokurapa.
Anatomy ndokurondedzera anoranga
Mumwe dzokutanga uye chinokosha utachiona anoranga ndiyo anatomi. Ndizvozvo, uye isu kunyatsotarisisa.
Chekutanga, mubvunzo unomuka: anatomi - chii? Chii chaakaita kudzidza? Replies zvinogona akagadzira chimwe. Asi musimboti zvinotevera.
Anatomy - sayenzi chimiro nhengo nenyere enyika, avo marongerwo uye ushande. Chirango uyu davi Morphology uye zvoga ine mhando mbiri:
- chirimwa anatomi - yakarongeka, chimiro, uye nzvimbo zvomukati uye nyama yacho chirimwa zvisikwa;
- anatomi yemhuka uye vanhu - zvose zvakafanana, chete vamiririri fauna of.
Anatomy sayenzi mamwe ari pedyo pamwe, uye ichi hazvishamisi. Zvakaoma kudzidza samolecular nemamiriro masero chiropa, kana usingazivi chii chiropa, apo riri uye chii mashandiro anoteererwa. Naizvozvo, chirango ichi anopindura nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru mukuru ezvinhu sayenzi zvoutachiona.
Roga, iro anatomi rakakamurwa zvinotevera mhando:
- okufananidza;
- zvakanyatsorongwa;
- zera;
- topographic;
- chikweshe;
- dzichipfekeka;
- Experimental Morphology.
Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine pachake zvinangwa zvayo uye zvinangwa kudzidza, pane nyaya yokudzidza uye anoita mupiro guru chaizvo kuunganidza yokungotaura ruzivo mune zvipenyu.
Zvinangwa nezvinotarisirwa nesayenzi
Anatomy - zvakananga zviri kudzidza chirango? Nokuti mhinduro tava kuenda zvinangwa zvebasa nesayenzi ichi.
Objective: Kuti vaunze yakarurama yokungotaura ruzivo, kutsigirwa anobatsira experimental zveBhaibheri muviri womunhu chivako, chimiro uye chinzvimbo zvomukati uye hurongwa, avo inotungamirwa mu nedanho shanduka uye kushanduka kubva pasi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu pamusoro nguva.
Nezvokumutswa kubaya anatomi - sayenzi, zvinotevera mabasa:
- Ongorora nzendo paumbwe munhu uye muviri wake nedanho shanduka kukura.
- Funga mamiriro zvomukati, hurongwa uye ongorora mifananidzo shanduko somugumisiro zera-ukama kuchinja.
- Kuongorora simba mamiriro ezvinhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvikonzero pamusoro pokumuka uye paumbwe zvomukati uye mugadziriro yomuviri.
Saka, takagamuchira yakananga uye kwakakwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, "Anatomy - chii ichi?" uye tinogona mberi nokuongorora nhoroondo nesayenzi ichi.
Nhoroondo yakaitwa somunhu sainzi
Somunhu sainzi, chirango ichi yakaumbwa chete XVIII remakore. Zvisinei, yokungotaura ruzivo akatanga kuunganidza munguva dzekare, nemhaka mabasa Greats akadai Hippocrates, Aristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus nevamwe.
Zvizere uye zvakajeka ongorora sei anatomi kumhuka (sayenzi murume) kwemakore sezvo patafura.
| Ancient Greece, Egypt, Persia, uye China (460 d BC - .. XIII remakore AD) | Middle Ages uye Renaissance (XIII - XVIII remakore) | Modern uye panguva nguva (XVIII - XXI remakore) |
| 1. "Ayurveda" (Indian bhuku). Inorondedzera zvimwe dzevanhu nhengo, tsandanyama uye utano hwake. | Kutanga Middle Ages kunoratidzwa kurega kunotanga kukura anatomical ruzivo. Hapana ari kudzidzwa uye kuongororwa, sezvo izvi zvairambidzwa nechechi. Asi kuguma XVII - pakutanga XVIII remakore - nguva Renaissance. Panguva ino, zvakanga zvakunowedzera kakawanda kuti akava chiitiko chinokosha munhoroondo nesayenzi. | Nguva iyi kunoratidzwa pakusikwa pakukudza mano, hunoita kuvhura zvivako diki uye zvigare. Pane zvokurapa anatomi. Kuumbwa nzira itsva kuongorora kuti zvinhu zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu. Zvakajeka yokuti chii anatomi - sayenzi kuti zvidzidzo zviri kwete miviri, asi yose hurongwa basa ravo uye kuti paumbwe upenyu. |
| 2. "Neytszin" (Chinese bhuku). Chinosanganisira kurondedzerwa mwoyo, itsvo, chitaka uye dzimwe nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu. | 1. The Italian Mondino muna 1316 akasika rokutanga bhuku Tutorial, iyo inoti kuti anatomi - sayenzi miviri yevanhu uye hwavo. | 1. Carl Baer (Makore 1792-1876) - akavhura ovum kwevanhu vakadzidza zvigadziriswe pakati paumbwe utachiona akaturikidzana uye kutanga inotungamirwa kwemiviri izvi. Akava muvambi dzidziso recapitulation (nokudzokorora) mu embryogenesis kwevanhu mudumbu zvimwe zvekunze zviratidzo mhuka. |
| 3. Chiremba The Egyptian Imhotep kudzidza zvinoumba womunhu muviri inobva nokuda pakuomesa zvitunha miviri. All zvakawanika zvinorondedzerwa uye nokudaro kusika basa rake. | 2. 1473 d - rakabudiswa mabasa uye Avicenna celsius yakabereka anatomical zvokurapa duramazwi yematemu okutanga. | 2. Zhan Batist Lamark, Charles Darwin vakabatsirawo zvikuru kuti pave nedzidziso yokuti. Darwin - munyori kupfuura kwakapararira dzidziso matangiro dzevanhu kwemarudzi uye dzavo dzakaitika kukura. |
| 4. Roman Gerofil uye zvaainyanya basa "anatomist". Iye zvakananga kudzidza womukati nemamiriro mitumbi yevanhu, akaita mupiro mukuru kukura yevanhu anatomi, inonzi baba nechirango. | 3. mupiro chaiwo kukura chirango akatanga painter Leonardo da Vinci, uyo nounyanzvi akashandisa tarenda rake zvinoyevedza kuti zvakarurama zarisovyvaniya tsandanyama, nhengo, mativi marangwanda muviri. Zvaanazvo zvinopfuura 600 vakasiyana, yakarurama uye yakajeka vanodhirowa hunoratidza basa tsandanyama nokugadzirwa kwawo, akasiyana-siyana dzomuviri uye mapfupa. | 3. Louis Pasteur - kwakajeka musayendisiti, mumwe kemisiti, mumwe microbiologist. Akakwanisa kuratidza kuti hazvibviri vaingoerekana chizvarwa upenyu pasina kutora chikamu zvigare. Ndakapedza yakawanda kuedza kuratidza chokwadi ichi, baba zvidukuduku. Iyewo yakatanga wokutanga kuedza vanhu majekiseni pazvirwere. |
| 5. Erasistratus (Greece) akadzidzawo anatomi pamusoro zvitunha mhosva mutemo. Iye akaramba Hippocrates akaisa mberi dzidziso zvinwiwa, kudzora muviri womunhu uye zvirwere ayo. Akarondedzera zvimwe nadzo uye tsandanyama. | 4. Andreas Vezaly - chiremba, mumwe mutsvakurudzi, musiki semitomnika anatomi. Mumwe mukuru nyanzvi ake nguva anatomi. Kuzivikanwa chete pakuongorora uye kuedza, zvabuda vose yaunganidzwa kuvhuya chitunha nekunhonga mapfupa makuva. | 4. Caspar Wolf - muvambi embryogenesis, ayo chikuru dzinokura mirayiridzo. |
| 6. Klavdiy Galen - mabasa ake ndezvaJehovha panonyuka 400, izvo akarondedzera muudzame yakawanda STRUCTURAL nhengo dzomuviri, kusanganisira manzwiro uye tsandanyama. basa rake raiva rokutanga yokudzidzisa zvinhu vamwe vanhu vari kudzidza yakaitwa. | 5. Vilyam Garvey - akaita mupiro chaizvo kuti kukura pfungwa pamusoro kufamba kweropa kuburikidza nhumbi. The muvambi biogenetic mutemo, akaratidza pfungwa kwakabva zvipenyu zvose kubva zai. | 5. Luigi Galvani - akakurumbira yefizikisi akawana yemagetsi hunhu tsinga nomunhu munyama yokurarama venyama ndezvangu mavambo. Akatanga electrophysiology. |
| 7. Celsus - muvambi dzakawanda dzokurapa zvinhu yakaitwa. Kudzidza ligation midziyo, zvinokosha oparesheni uye hanya. | 6. Eustace - kuzarura auditory chubhu, zita rake (Eustachian), iro rinobatanidza pakati nzeve uye kunze mhepo. asiwo ndohwaJehovha kuwanika uye rondedzero adrenal mumasero. zvinorondedzerwa mitumbi yavo zhinji vakaiswa zvakafanana basa kuti ndipedze, haana kukwanisa. | 6. A mupiro rakakura kuti kukura yakaitwa uye mushonga muRussia hwakatangwa Peter I. Ndiye akaisa kumhanya iyo masayendisiti munyika yedu vakakwanisa kuita nhamba inokosha Zvakawanikwa sayenzi kupa mukana kutanga kuzviita. Pachake, mambo akatora pamusoro zvakaitika vashandi vokune dzimwe nyika. Pakusikwa Russian Academy of Sciences kwave yakaoma kukura anoranga zhinji. |
| 8. chiremba Persian Abu Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - kwakasimbiswa dzidziso kuti 4 huru nhengo basa rake rose womunhu muviri: moyo, testis, chiropa, uropi. | 7. Gabriele Fallopian - a mboni Vesalius. Iye muridzi tsananguro uye kuwanikwa vanoverengeka duku STRUCTURAL zvikamu pachitunha; eardrum, ziso uye palatal tsandanyama, zvinhu zviri nhengo pakunzwa. Akatsanangura zvinokosha sechivako nhengo dzokubereka cheka. | 7. Pirogov N. I. - chinoshamisa chiremba, muvambi okufananidza anatomi, ivo vakatanga nzira kuti "chando anatomi" (sawing zvidimbu yakagwamba nechando zvitunha yokudzidza uye kuenzanisa). basa rake rakava hwaro kukura pakuvhiya. |
| 9. VaGiriki Empedocles uye Alcmaeon. Vakabatsira kukura ruzivo pamusoro nzeve uye nhengo nechaanoona, uye utano hwake rakapoteredzwa. | 8. Thomas Willis - chiremba, uyo anozivikanwa kuwanikwa nhamba zvirwere zvevanhu, uyewo kumbonyatsoongorora kuzviongorora tsinga vanhu. | 8. P. A. Zagorsky uye IV Buyalsky kutanga dzakabudirira uye akasunungurwa anatomi mabhuku uye kudzidzisa vadzidzi. |
| 10. The VaGiriki Anaxagoras uye Aristophanes. Akanga adzidza vakazvimiririra pfungwa yaro goko, amboona inorondedzerwa. | 9. Gleason. Richirondedzera zviremera uye vainyatsoongorora vana zvirwere zvevanhu. | 9. P. F. Lesgaft - muvambi dzichipfekeka anatomi. Akadzidza uye akarondedzera tsandanyama, mapfupa, basa ravo uye nemamiriro mapfundo. |
| 11. Euripides uye Diogenes vakakwanisa kuona portal tsinga, akatsanangura vamwe kweropa ezvinhu, dzimwe basa ravo dzakawanda. | 10. Casparo Azelli. Ndakaita tsanangudzo nokururamisira yakarurama intestinal nhengo dzinobudisa midziyo. A yakawanda nesimba muhombodo kukura pfungwa pamusoro Zvakaitwa kweropa uye nhengo dzinobudisa nehurongwa. | 10. V. N. Tonkov. Iye akataura kushandisa maekisirei kudzidza marangwanda. Akatanga experimental anatomi sezvo kurangwa. |
| 12. Aristotle. Ndakadzidza zvinomera, mhuka uye vanhu. Zvaakasika mabasa anopfuura 400 kubva siyana munzvimbo zvipenyu. Vaiona hwaro mweya zvose mupenyu, iye akataura kufanana nemamiriro hwemhuka uye yevanhu. | 11. It idanho rinokosha mberi kukura yakaitwa akava "anatomical yemitambo": iri kuvhuya chitunha wevakafa paruzhinji. Pazviitiko zvakadaro akabvumira vachida kudzidza mushonga. Munguva kuvhuya chitunha, aidzidza vadyi anokurukura zvaakaona. Nokusazvidzora pamusoro chikamu Church sezvo kubatsirawo kudzidza zvinokosha yakaitwa. | 11. DA Zhdanov, Bi Lavrentiev, NM Jakubowicz akaita mupiro mukuru kukura ruzivo nemamiriro uye zvigadziriswe uropi, kuti kuitisa nomunhu. |
| 13. Hippocrates - munyori pfungwa zvina uchityaira muviri zvinwiwa: ropa, phlegm, yellow bile uye dema. Waramba yezvouMwari maonero ari anatomi kwevanhu uye mhuka. | 12. I. I. Mechnikov - munyori dzidziso kutapata, akawana phagocytosis kwacho. Paakavapa Nobel Prize pamusana basa rake munzvimbo iyi. |
Chokwadi, ichi hachisi mazita rakazara mazita mabasa avo kwazvo yokungotaura uye kubatsira kukura sayenzi akadai yakaitwa.
Chii anatomi dzanhasi? Nyanzvi Modern uyewo regai kumativi laurels dzavo. Nguva nenguva kuitika zvose Zvakawanikwa itsva pezvivako siyana uye avo mabasa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvimwe pezvakaitwa dzichiri zvisingambonzwisisiki munhu, uye ndicho chinhu kuti kuedza.
Communication Anatomy uye Physiology
Vari takangofanana nevamwe anatomi uye physiology. Kufanana sainzi, vanongova yakasanganiswa inogona ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro mamiriro, chimiro, marongerwo uye nokushanda kwenhengo imwe nhengo hurongwa. Saka iri ndima pamwe sayenzi kuti runoenzanirana anatomical ikoko physiology zvinomera nemhuka, kusanganisira vanhu.
Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo kudyidzana, vachibvumira zvakadzama kunzwisisa nzira womunhu muviri. Saka, dzichengete zvakanaka. Uyewo, mashoko aya anokosha chaizvo achaporesa. Zvakaratidza kuti sayenzi anenge ose zvipenyu - kunyatsotevera zvakanyatsobatana tangle, kudhonza pamusoro shinda, unogona kuwana yakasiyana uye kwakakwana ruzivo pamusoro chero anorarama.
Anatomy vadzidzi
The kosi kwakarongwa rimwe zvinokosha nyaya vokusekondari ndiyo anatomi. In kirasi anotanga kuridzidza? zviri Somunhu sainzi akadzidzisa, kubva wechisere. Asi ruzivo yokutanga nemamiriro nomuviri womunhu uye kushanda mitumbi vatova kuchikoro chepuraimari.
kudzidza muchikoro chepuraimari
Sezvingatarisirwa, kudzidza kuranga hakutangi kirasi yokutanga, kunyange chaihwoihwo uye mune imwe svikika muchimiro vana inotsanangura mamwe anatomical pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, nokugara kukodzera pane dhesiki kungaita kuti curvature yacho nomuzongoza. Kazhinji, pazera iri, vana vose munotoriziva kupi nomuzongoza. Yakanga chete ari mugwaro rechina anotanga "chaivo" anatomi. 4 kirasi - zavershayushy padanho dzidzo yepuraimari. Vana zvakakwana akadzidzira kudzidza kunzwisisa inokosha anatomical kwendangariro. Kurovedzwa kunoitwa kuburikidza chirongwa mukufamba chirango "kunze nyika". Babies kupiwa mukuru kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri nhengo mumuviri womunhu, zita ravo uye zita hurongwa vanoumba. Anofungawo pamusoro mabasa anoitwa.
Anatomy nokuti mamakisi 8
Panguva pakati padariro kudzidzisa kupfuura hwakadzama uye kwakakwana kudzidza anatomi kwevanhu. Grade 8 rinoratidza gore Tikanyatsoongorora nyaya uye ruzha chirango ichi. Panguva iyi isu kudzidza zvose kubva munhoroondo yakaitwa uye anopera dzakanga kutya basa uye vana.
Vana vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvose zvaidiwa marongerwo uye kushanda nenhengo dzawo, mumwe zvinoriumba uye rinopa mashoko hwakadzama pamusoro matambudziko kwokunze zvikonzero pamusoro pokumuka vanhu. Unozvitaura nhau shanduka uye paumbwe rwevanhu. Kureva, chisinganzwisisiki nevamwe sayenzi kudzidza anatomi kwevanhu.
Tutorial "Grade 8. Anatomy" kunosanganisira zvakajeka mifananidzo, yepamusoro uye mharidzo nyore mashoko ose nyaya chirango. Uyezve, ndaisa, zvemagetsi zvinooneka, waunotarisira kudzidza pamusoro sayenzi rakapotsa. By bhuku akasika Workbook vadzidzi, uyewo vakawanda pakudzidzisa vadzidzisi.
Izvi zvinoita kuti kusimbisa zivo inopa zvipenyu (human anatomi). Grade 8 - kwete chete umo njodzi mibvunzo anatomical, asi mukuru mumwe.
Kudzidza zvidzidzo mugiredhi 9 chikoro
Mune zvimwe zvikoro, sainzi iri rakakodzera pane imwe nguva gare gare - mukufamba mugwaro rechi9. Vanhu vakawanda vanodavira kuti nekuda kunzwisisa nyaya ndiyo yakanakisisa kuitwa kuchaitika munguva yokuyaruka iyi, nguva paumbwe akura womwana kuziva.
Zvisinei, hapana mubvunzo kuti ane kwokutanga kudzidza haidereri inobudirira. Pashure zvose, pane yakawanda zvikamu, iyo inopa vadzidzi uye zvipenyu. Grade 9 "anatomi Human" vachambokanganwa kuti kwokutanga zvokukura kudzidza nyaya yakaoma yakadai samolecular nemamiriro masero uye nhengo yose, dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Saka, kutaura pazera zvakanakira kudzidza anatomi Chokwadi, zvakaoma. Anatomy - sayenzi kuti inodzidza zvikurukuru marongerwo uye kushanda dzemuviri. Naizvozvo, kunonoka kudzidza "shelved" izvozvo zvakaoma musoro.
Grade 10 uye anatomi
Kare (pamberi 1980s), chirango ichi kazhinji rakauya chete kuva chesekondari. Zviri yekupedzisira padariro kurovedza akazviratidza anatomi. 10 kirasi kwainzi kupfuura dzakakodzera nguva ino.
vana vanhasi vari kukura panguva zvikuru transformations mune zvesainzi. kuziva kwavo izere, vakava zvikuru kukura uye vanogona. Bhuku zvinhu chidzidzo rakawedzera yekudyidzana kushanduka (nani) nzira uye unyanzvi pakudzidzisa. Naizvozvo, kuchinjwa pakudzidza yakaitwa panguva mugiredhi 8 ine zvichinzwisisika rayo uye hachisi chinhu asina kunaka.
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