Podkopaev, MI Systemic sangano Voice Features

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh State Academy of Arts

System sangano Voice Features

(Podkopaev, MI System kurongwa Vocal basa // Mibvunzo Vocal Education: Matungamirire vadzidzisi nemasangano anokosha yepamusorosoro uye yechipiri rokudzidzisa Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Mumwe mukuru mashandiro uye zvinoshamisa kuti zvisikwa akapa munhu kutaura anzwike, zvikurukuru, ayo kushandiswa chimiro - kuimba kana kutaura Vocal (rinoshandiswa kana kuimba chiri kukurukurwa mumaonero physiology kana acoustics).

Zvinozivikanwa kuti inzwi basa, pova kurira chezvinonhuwira kuti Vocal rwokutaura, haana chaizvo anatomical nenhengo dzawo, izvo zvinogona kunzi nhengo kuti phonation ari yakaoma mupfungwa. Nokuti basa ichi munhu anoshandisa kufema, pakuparadza, kureva, zviremera pakutanga zvarakanyorerwa kukoshesa uye kukosha mune zvipenyu kukosha mashandiro; phonation ivo vanoshumira kana netsaona. Tikafunga kwemiviri izvi kwenguva refu nguva inonzi Vocal midziyo. Last nokuti muimbi hakusi chete mudziyo wake nyanzvi basa, asiwo chinhu yakananga pedagogical kuchinja nedanho nokudzidziswa Vocal. Nhasi shoma nharo kuti chinyorwa kuti zivo dzinokosha zvaitaurwa mabasa Vocal midziyo, mumwe anodiwa ezvinhu kuti vabudirire basa rayo zvisikwa. A.Varlamov richiri kwayo "School of Kuimba" (1840) akanyora kuti: "Kuti tiwane nokudzidziswa nokuimba kwete mukusaziva, unofanira kuisa naro pazivo yakarurama kufema uye Vocal mashandiro uye vaswedere dzinokosha nemitemo physiology vachiri miviri."

Kazhinji, anatomical uye vasiri pfungwa pamusoro Vocal midziyo, vaimbi, vadzidzi vanowana sezvo chikamu pedagogical kutenderera dzinokosha anoranga - mararamiro Vocal unyanzvi. Munguva pfupi nguva yakapiwa chirongwa, vadzidzi vanofanira kugamuchira uye nezvairehwa yakawanda uchapupu yakaitwa, physiology, acoustics uye kuwana pfungwa marongerwo uye mifananidzo basa Vocal midziyo. Panguva iyoyowo, unhu zivo iyi inofanira kuenderana zvinangwa paumbwe imwe vakadzidza uye vanokwanisa basa, kunyanya kana muimbi richibatanidza basa rake pedagogy. Maererano netsika, kudzidza chino zvezvaidzidziswa inovakwa nemaonero chekare (nhengo) physiology, kuvimba STRUCTURAL uye Analytical kusvika. Nechinzvimbo kwayo womunhu mumuviri rakagara richidudzirwa kare sourongwa dzakaunganidzwa mitumbi siyana, kukabatanidzwa Neural uye humoral (hormone) murau. Chero mabhuku yakaitwa, physiology, etc. akavaka panheyo yacho nhengo, uye inosanganisira zvikamu mumwe nomumwe anatomical hurongwa - kureva, zvemwoyo, kufema, tsandanyama, kwemakemikari anobudiswa, etc. Zvichitevera fanano ichi, sezvo nguva M.Garsia Vocal midziyo anoonekwa kuti panofanira zvinotevera zvinoriumba: "jenareta" nokurira - laryngeal chisungo-shure (resonator) the - of pharynx, kuti nasal mhango kune paranasal sinuses, kuti "simba" pamusoro mudziyo - the trachea, principales, mapapu , kufema tsandanyama, nekunyatsotsanangura nhengo - muromo. rurimi, mazino, miromo, zvakaoma uye nyoro mukanwa. Muchiitiko chino, rinotaura kuti "vose kumativi uye mashandiro anoita sangano vari interconnected nokudzorwa nechepakati tsinga" (mu. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, nezvimwewo Taptapova phoniatrics uye fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Asi chii chinobatanidza miviri izvi havana phonational specificity uye ndezvake zvakasiyana anatomical hurongwa, Integrated musangano, ndedzipi nzira nevanhu vakadaro uye kuva nechokwadi kuvimbika kushanda Vocal midziyo? Organic uye STRUCTURAL kusvika mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi haadaro. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kushanda nzira iyi kusvikira kudzidza izwi (vocal) mashandiro ishoma uye yakati dzisingapindirani kuti chikonzero chokuita mune iyi zvishoma paumbwe vadzidzi vanouya coherent sangano iri Vocal midziyo.

A kusvika vangasimudzira zvitsva kunzwisisa vasiri mashandiro anoita postulated systemic nzira, sezvo mumakore achangopfuura, kwakapararira uye anoshandiswa nzira nesayenzi. The physiology pamusoro ane hurongwa nzira uchifungidzira kuti dzichipfekeka gadziriro (musi TPS) vakava mudzidziri webasa IP Pavlova - Academician PK Anokhin uye akagamuchira kukura ano nemabasa kare mboni ake - Academician KV Sudakova.

Somunhu pedagogical kuedza iri Vocal dhipatimendi Voronezh State Academy of Arts nokuda muvambi basa iri rakanga vachiedza kusuma zvinhu TPS somunhu methodological hwaro kudzidzisa Vocal unyanzvi chete hurongwa nzira. The chikuru chinangwa basa ichi chaiva kudzidzisa mudzidzi rokusika mafungiro, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zviri izvo systemic.

In bepa iri isu vanamatai pachedu kuti uchitsanangura zvavo nemashoko zvakaitika kushandisa dzinokosha zvokudya kuna TPS ino kuti kudzidza nheyo sangano nenzwi (vocal) shanda murume.

Panzvimbo venguva physiology zvomukati, zvichitevera mitemo yakaitwa), TPS inozivisa systemic sangano mabasa. PKAnohin wokutanga akaita kuti tifunge kuti hurongwa zvipenyu, kwete chete kuronga munhu zvinhu zviri mazviri, uye nokubatanidza navo kuti vawane zvimwe kongiri migumisiro yemabasa, kureva kuita zvimwe zvinokosha mabasa. Naizvozvo, zvakadai hurongwa dzinonzi dzichipfekeka. Maererano Anokhin, mamiriro ezvinhu ari physiology munhu yakatarwa miviri chokuita zvakananga ushande. Nokudaro, mugumisiro mabasa kuronga hurongwa rinobatanidza nomumwe zvikamu ive yose, uye nokudaro kutungamirira nomuzongoza chinhu. Zviri kuita mumwe mugumisiro akawedzera dzichipfekeka gadziriro (FS).

Voice basa, kufanana nezvimwe zvose dzevanhu kushanda, chakavakirwa systemic sangano. The kutanga nzvimbo kududzirwa systemic sangano nenzwi mashandiro taishandisa dzinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero ari TPS. Kuva nevanhu vose faira gadziriro muviri, ivo anowanzoramba kuti FS phonation uye matauriro Vocal. Kazhinji, zviri inokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero TPS kunoderedza kuti zvinotevera. Sangano rose FS muviri ine mhando mamiriro, riri parumananzombe kuti FS phonation. maumbirwo Izvi zvinosanganisira nechepakati raiva pedyo nebundu uye peripheral zvinoriumba uye urongwa:

Ÿ Nemhaka basa sechinhu aitungamirira FS Link ( "kadhi" ayo) - chinhu icho akasika FS;

Ÿ Unit-kugamuchira ehupfumi (parameters) ari kubudirira migumisiro yebasa - receptors zvabuda;

Ÿ inofambiswa channel kuti nekufambisa mashoko nezvebasa tsinga pamusoro mugumisiro chiito uye parameters ose mugumisiro ichi, iyo inoita kuti muviri yose kuongorora ukuru nokubudirira uye unhu ayo nezviito;

Ÿ nechepakati kubatana FS, vachibvumira zvayo kwakarongeka nokushanda uye inomiririra sangano masangano akasiyana siyana ari nechepakati tsinga;

Ÿ FS Executive zvigadziriswe.

The kutanga Nemhaka basa sechinhu chinoita iyo FS phonation uye matauriro Vocal ndiyo paumbwe inzwi nzira acoustic chiratidzo, iyo inoshanda sezvikonzero kare kuti magumo waivako - nomumwe kuimba matauriro phonemes rwakaimbwa shoko, mutsara. Sezvo prefinite, uye kuguma mugumisiro FS mabasa anoverengeka akazvimiririra variables, kureva, vari mnogoparametrichnymi. Vamwe vavo kutakura ruzivo nemamiriro ari acoustic izwi (acoustic parameters) - urefu, simba spectral akafanana (kuvapo kana kusavapo yakakwirira uye / kana yakaderera kuimba formant, etc.). Other parameters dzinosanganisira mashoko pamusoro phonemic kurira mamiriro - artikulyayurnye (kana kinesthetic) parameters. Kunyatsoongororwa nechokuita acoustic parameters, ekupedzisira kubvumira kusiyanisa uye kutsanangura nzvimbo uye nzira nenzwi dzidzo, kureva Pakusarudza zvechadenga madudzirwo mavhawero uye nemavara.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mugumisiro wacho parameters akasiyana kwete chete pakati inzwi nokuimba inzwi, asi mukati-siyana Vocal Genres - zvedzidzo kuimba, Pop nokuimba, chevarwere kuimba, etc. parameters All takatsunga ne mugumisiro mabasa vasiri uye biophysical pezvakaitwa kuti rive nechokwadi chekuenderera kubudirira, zvinoti: 1) phonation, iro rinopa rudzi inzwi rayo runoenzanirana acoustic chivako, uye 2) nekunyatsotsanangura, iyo inopa dzidzo uye kutsanangura mashoko rinonzwika phonemic inzwi mamiriro. Naizvozvo vakarongeka uye vaviri dzichipfekeka subsystems - FS FS phonation uye nekunyatsotsanangura.

Saka pane kuunganidza zvokusarudza kuti siyana nadzo uye munyama, izvo ndezvaJehovha yakasiyana anatomical enyika zvakakodzera FS. Kwebasa rinofanira siyana nadzo, izvo pamwe chete vanonzi Vocal midziyo, munhu Vocal FS inobva pana anosarudza tichibatanidza mu siyana nhengo FS. Panyaya iyi, mumwe chete muviri anogona kuva vakawanda FS, mukuwedzera, akasiyana-siyana PS kana PS mumwe subsystem (sokune nenzwi FS) kubudirira zvaitika anogona kushandisa masimba akasiyana kana chete. Panyaya iyi, imwe nhengo iri Vocal midziyo rinobatanidzwa vazhinji mashandiro chokuita phonation, uye mupfungwa iyi multifunctional. Zvichienderana mirayiridzo umo FS kana subsystem kunosanganisira reDare Vocal midziyo, kwariri zvadzinoda, asi kukosha kwokuwana zvivako ivavo chete izvo chinoratidza pachayo iri FS.

Sokuona ichi, mumwe chete muviri akasiyana FS Vocal Kutaura anowana chaiwo ehupfumi siyana. Somuenzaniso, trachea uye principales vanobatanidzwa mune FS zvukogeneratsii kuita mamwe mabasa, sezvo tichienzanisa chete trachea uye principales zvaisanganisira muna FS phonational afemeruke. Kana Vocal pazvirugu akasiyana zvachose dzinoratidza wayo dzichipfekeka ehupfumi, zvaisanganisira Somuenzaniso, muna faira gadziriro nekunyatsotsanangura, apo vanoratidza fonemoobrazuyuschaya basa, kana FS zvukogeneratsii, uko ivo vanoshumira seinokonzera acoustic simba. Saizvozvowo, kufema tsandanyama inhengo akasiyana FS chokuita phonation, kureva FS phonational mweya yavanobata munhu pneumatic nerevane FS nekunyatsotsanangura zvigadziriswe kuitawo hyphenation.

FS phonation zvokusarudza zvinosanganisira Neural uye hormone murau mumatunhu. Recent Saka anopa "urongwa" akasiyana, zvokusarudza zvinosanganisira kwemakemikari anobudiswa thyroid, gonads uye adrenal mumasero. Huta mashandiro akauya usanganidzo zvokusarudza tsinga siyana nzvimbo.

Mumwe chinhu ari zvokusarudza zvaisanganisira mune FS phonation. kuwadzana nevamwe zvinhu wegadziriro, nokushingaira inobatsira kuti kubudirira yokupedzisira mugumisiro wayo FS. Kwakadaro kusakarongeka FS zvinhu mu TFS ainzi vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). Vzaimosodeystviya zvinoriumba inopiwa nokuvapo nutrisistemnyh zvisungo pacharo rinotsanangura vzaimosodeystviya kurongedza murau hurongwa.

, Chero faira hurongwa, kusanganisira faira hurongwa inzwi kuzvipira yokudzora hurongwa. Kuzvidzora mune FS kunosimbiswa ne kutonga Unit, vanoongorora yokupedzisira mugumisiro. In midziyo iyi dzinokonzerwa achiona ari parameters ari peripheral etsinga harinzwi - receptors, akaberekwa muna Vocal midziyo, uye distantly kwaari. Encoded ruzivo pamusoro mugumisiro kubudirira nokuda parameter Kanotokonya anopinda yakakodzera etsinga nzvimbo (cortex, chikamu ichocho ndicho chinoita maitiro ichipa mupfungwa chezvinonhuwira kutaura nokuimba, asi nzvimbo medulla oblongata). Pachishandiswa mashoko akapiwa iri zvokusarudza mune kuroorana FS inzwi uye kutaura Vocal mifananidzo yakasiyana kwevari nechepakati tsinga kuti achikurudzira Executive nhengo uye hurongwa (Zvaakazoita midziyo). By hunhu mashoko awanika nechepakati tsinga iri Vocal turakiti receptors kusiyanisa siyana kanenge zvishanu nehanya: auditory, vibratory (kuva, sezviri kuratidzwa V.P.Morozovym, resonant hunhu), tsandanyama, pneumatic (mhepo nevezera vaityisa resonance nzira, uye basa kufema tsandanyama), kutarisana. Muchidimbu, anopa dzakananga vanochengeta rokuimba nezvekufadza uye zvaanonzwisisa pamusoro yomukati nokushanda Vocal midziyo, kana sezvo vachiti, achiumbwa mupfungwa muimbi wacho Vocal uye pamuviri vanoronga - munhu nechomukati nezvekufadza maitiro kuti kunoitika apo nokuimba phonation. Tichibatsirwa muimbi nguva yose kudzora kurira inotungamirwa. Sei chaizvo ndine R.Yusson. "Marudzi ose Vocal unyanzvi zvinowanisa chaiwo Vocal venyama dunhu, kuvapo izvo nechokumusoro mabikirwo" (3. p. 109).

Nokudaro, vachifunga hurongwa izwi muchina (vanonzi "Vocal analyzer" muimbi) anoita supervisory uye pamutemo basa. Muchiitiko chino, FS phonation nokutaura Vocal ari kutungamirira inofambiswa chiteshi: vava, sezvo hwakaratidzwa V.P.Morozova, kuimba panguva resonance zvemichina chinhu vibrating mugero iyo anotakura encrypted mashoko nezvebasa iri Vocal resonators vari muduku kazhinji vanotambura masking kushanda kufurirwa nevamwe (acoustic chaitwa mamiriro, etc.).

An chinokosha Urongwa TFS ane kushanda chaiko Vocal pedagogy ndiwo mubvunzo pamusoro pamberi FS kudzora chikwata. Pano zvinokosha kune chinotevera. The FS phonation ayo nechepakati dhipatimendi - uropi ane kunzwisisa corticosubcortical tsinga Zvivako vaimiririra nokufanotaurirwa muchina ( "mberi Modelling") uye kunyatsoongorora mugumisiro kubudirira. chikwata ichi ( "acceptor kuti mugumisiro chiito" kubudikidza Anokhin), "anticipates" okupedzisira ehupfumi ari mugumisiro, anosarudza kuti feasibility uye kubudirira chirongwa kusarudzwa kunangidzirwa kuzadzisa mugumo mugumisiro, uye anotuma yomunhu maitiro kuburikidza kuenzanisa zvachose kupinda nechepakati tsinga kuti mugero wacho inofambiswa ruzivo pamusoro parameters yacho mugumisiro kubudirira. Zvinoita kuti "mufananidzo" ari kubaya, iyo muimbi chokuita kunonyanyisa basa resonators uye inofambiswa mugero, zvichiratidza basa iri mhando - vibration (resonator) nezvekufadza (Morozov, 2002, 2008). A chikuru muchinangwa paumbwe midziyo yose kufanoona uye kunyatsoongorora wokupedzisira mugumisiro une zvakawanda neezvitendero vocalist nokuimba manzwi ane Vocal-pedagogical kusakarongeka pakati mudzidzisi uye mudzidzi. Uyewo zvikuru vari vapfume mudziyo kufanoona uvakwe pakudzidza Vocal unyanzvi mudzidzisi nomuromo murayiridzo zvainanga wezvamatongerwe resonant kuimba nzira uyewo kuvapo vakaratidza chido zviri muimbi ari ugone riri resonant kuimba unyanzvi inopiwa ino unyanzvi rokuimba.

nzeve zvikuru kudzidza architectonic FS Vocal kutukana rwakabhadharwa kuna Executive zvigadziriswe nenzwi, anomirira chine vakurukuri uye vasiri urongwa, zvainanga kuwana pakupedzisira FS zvabuda uye kuona anodiwa nyanzvi unhu nokuimba inzwi chaienzanirana parameters Yedzidzo Vocal vomureza. Zvikuru muna kudzidza actuators ndivo zvidzidzo unokosha R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. A nzvimbo inokosha munharaunda iyi kwayo zvesayenzi uye yokungotaura uye anoshanda ukoshi mabasa vakaurayiwa mudzimba masayendisiti - mapurofesa uye V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym vane pfungwa dziri mudzidziso mavari dzakabudirira dzidziso - dzidziso kutaura (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) uye resonant vachiimba Pfungwa mifananidzo (The .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Last nokuti Vocal kwokugara uye Vocal-pedagogical tsika iri rinokosha. Resonance Dzidziso kuimba pamwechete dzidziso dzichipfekeka gadziriro tangochinja zvaanonzwisisa pamusoro yezvakaita actuators uye mashandiro ari Vocal midziyo.

Huru actuators kugovera Kutaura Vocal, muri phonation uye nekunyatsotsanangura izvo Anopiwa dzaari FS. Saka, izvi hurongwa zvinosanganisira chete peripheral Executive zvinoumba kwaro sezvamunoita, asi vane yakasiyana kwevari nechepakati murau. Biophysical hwaro yose actuators wegadziriro inzwi-resonance mashandiro. Kuti mhinduro iri zambuko pakati phonation uye nekunyatsotsanangura riri zvukogeneratsii hwaro, uye kuburikidza yekupindurwa kushanda modes uye acoustic resonators ari vorega kuzvidzora nzira uye Kukanganisika murau remazita dokeriro ndokurondedzera tembroobrazovaniya zvigadziriswe. Izvi kunosimbiswa nokuvapo ari resonance nzira FS phonation rinokosha inofambiswa pakati resonators uye zvinopa acoustic vibrations kuva mutauri (resonant) hunhu.

Izvi inofambiswa acoustic unokubvumira kutsausa inodzivirira zvigadziriswe pakati dokeriro (kudzivirira kushanda resonators Morozov), uyewo kufambisa basa rayo, zvinoderedza kunyanya Makakatanwa pamusoro laryngeal tsandanyama (ichi mashandiro resonators rinogona kurondedzerwa se mubatsiri mashandiro Chirungu rubatsiro -. Batsirai, rubatsiro).

A pachena chepfungwa Vocal midziyo sezvo kwegadziriro sangano iri pamberi mberi uye shure linkages pakati varikutonga zvinoumba nyika (dokeriro, in, mweya) multimodal hunhu (acoustic, pneumatic, neuro-dzepanguva) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). Kuvapo mberi uye shure linkages vose vertically (pakati nechepakati utariri uye kuzvidzora uye Executive zvinoriumba) uye yakatambarara (pakati nhengo ezvinhu inobva musimboti vzaimosodeystviya zvinhu nevarikutonga hofisi - the dokeriro, kufema resonator) anosarudza basa FS inzwi uye Vocal kutaura sezvo kunzwisisa integrative hurongwa. Chero, kusanganisira pedagogical zvazvinoita nayo zvaanoita yose uye kukanganisa chero nhengo dzayo pakarepo kunooneka mune vamwe. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

mhedziso

1. Voice basa uye kufanana pakutaura Vocal (kuimba), uyewo zvose mamwe mashandiro anoita munhu, ane sangano hurongwa kuguma mugumisiro webasa unyanzvi dzichipfekeka phonation hurongwa, inova cyclic, sangano kuzvipira yokudzora, zvokusarudza tichibatanidza siyana nhengo uye kwevari huta uye humoral murau kusvika yaro yokupedzisira mugumisiro - paumbwe Vocal kutaura inzwi chinoumba - inzwi, matauriro Vocal sezvo phonetic dzakabatana siyana ation Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chokupika kuimba phonation, kuMudzidzisi parameters yemabhii zvedzidzo yokusiyanisa (kana zvimwe Vocal Genres) uye kupa basa unhu kuimba nenzwi.

2. Vocal FS vangazivikanwa nekaupenyu akazvimirira asi dyidzana subsystems, izvo kuurongwa kuti Executive effector zvigadziriswe pakati Vocal kutaura - chokuendesa "pfuma" inzwi - mhepo manyuko acoustic vibrations, zvukogeneratsii, nekunyatsotsanangura. Ane hurongwa nzira, ari refracted chiedza muna resonant kuimba dzidziso anova kururama kupatsanura pakati dokeriro kuti "jenareta" maitiro (dhipatimendi) ari Vocal midziyo. The yokupedzisira ndezvechokwadi zvikurukuru yose resonator turakiti Vocal turakiti dokeriro ndiye chete mumwe acoustic simba nokuda mumhepo aibuda vachisiyanisa inzwi vibrating Vocal pazvirugu.

3. Voice mudziyo - zviri chete FS chinhu kuti anoshumira varikutonga (effector) chairema mugadziriro.

4. pasi rose musimboti wenyika FS muviri, uyewo ruzivo rwavo zvinonyatsorehwa marongerwo uye zvivako zviri rudzi "kiyi" nokuda pakuvaka FS inzwi uye kutaura Vocal, architectonic mukaguta ichi FS uye ayo subsystems akakodzera kugutsikana.

5. Kushandiswa misimboti dzidziso dzichipfekeka gadziriro kudzidza mifananidzo Vocal basa iri kosi nzira, sezvo ruzivo akaratidza, kunosimudzirawo kukura vadzidzi 'hurongwa mafungiro uye yakananga algorithms pakuvaka basa pfungwa, uyewo chinokosha hunhu inotungamirwa pfungwa ano pamusoro mabasa ezvinhu inzwi uye matauriro Vocal sechipiriso vakuru revatema rose.

mabhuku

1. Phoniatrics uye fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Muri resonant kuimba. Kunyatsogona resonance dzidziso uye unyanzvi. - Moscow, 2002 (2nd ed -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin Pfungwa kugadzirwa kutaura. - Moscow, 1985.
4. Yusson R. nokuimba izwi. - Moscow, 1974.