Contemporary wemagariro evanhu

Contemporary wemagariro evanhu zvinosanganisira zvikoro mnozhetsvo kwesayenzi uye mumwe muviri, rimwe nerimwe yazvo nenzira anotsanangura musimboti Sociological nauki.Opredeleny sotsiaologii panguva ino danho, munewo chaizvo chaizvo. Zvinonyanyozivikanwa tsanangudzo dzakadaro se "sayenzi mitemo kupfuudzwa uye pave evanhu pezvakaitwa uye magariro nemunharaunda, kuti mashandiro neukama pakati vanhu uye voruzhinji", "sayenzi paumbwe mitemo pakukura uye kuvapo kwenzanga uye munzanga ukama."

Modern evanhu sezvo ayo pasi-dzinonzi vanhu kana nomumwe mumagariro mananara. Wemagariro evanhu apo kudzidza kwete bedzi mananara pachavo, asi rakajairika ehupfumi dzisina kufukidzwa nedzimwe sayenzi evanhu (history, uzivi, zvepfungwa, upfumi enyika, dzidziso mutemo).

Panyaya iyi, unogona akagumisa kuti ano evanhu - iri yoga Sayenzi mitemo mukuru evanhu mananara uye yamadzibaba zvivako zvavo. Muzvidzidzo wemagariro evanhu haasi kungoshamisira inobva empirical ruzivo, asiwo anopfupikisa dzidziso yake.

Wemagariro evanhu zvidzidzo kwete kumunhu vose zvavo, uye rinoongorora nyika yaro kuvapo, kuti izvo munzanga kwezvakatipoteredza, munharaunda umo Rinowanikwawo, network, mararamiro, nevamwe. Wemagariro evanhu anoona nyika sezvo nehurongwa. gadziriro yakadaro anonzi kwaari kwete chete kuva mashandiro neunhu, uyewo mune dambudziko. Contemporary wemagariro evanhu ndehwokuti kudzidza zvinokonzera dambudziko uye kuedza kuwana zvinobvira nzira kubva mariri, uye munhu achava mudukusa zvinorwadza kuti vanhu uye chinonyanya zvinovimbisa.

Features nesayenzi yemazuva iri kuti riri kuedza kugadzirisa zvikuru rikwanise dambudziko nhasi - kupona vanhu kuti ramangwana reserved yebudiriro uye kusimudza mumwe kupfuura azara ukama. Wemagariro evanhu ari kutsvaka zvinetso izvi, kwete chete panguva yose yakati sandara, asiwo pachiyero munhu evanhu munharaunda, magariro masangano, nokudzidza evanhu maitiro evanhu. Kudzidza uku rinoongorora nzendo kukura, kufambira mberi uye kushanda nzanga nenharaunda vanhu. Panyaya iyi, musimboti mananara vavo zvinokonzera, iye ari kutsvaka zvakadzama evanhu urongwa, ukama pakati vanhu nenharaunda.

Areas wemagariro evanhu ano yakakamurwa iri miviri zvinodiwa. zvikoro zvose wemagariro evanhu ano rakakamurwa mapoka maviri. It microsociological uye macrosociological dzidziso.

Mukupera boka ndivo mukuru simba evanhu kunetsana dzidziso uye STRUCTURAL functionalism. zvikoro zvose dzinobva nokubudirira nesayenzi yemazuva.

Kunyatsogona STRUCTURAL functionalism akatungamirira Talcott Parsons, uyo aida kutarisa nzanga hurongwa zvinosanganisira interconnected dzichipfekeka zvinhu. zvinhu izvi, akatora vanhu, mapoka, uye mamwe vomunharaunda mapoka, pakati iyo pane ukama. Dzidziso iyi rinonyanya kutsiga magariro evanhu uye shanduka chimiro okukura.

Dzidziso mumagariro kunetsana (conflictological mirayiridzo wemagariro evanhu) rave yakabuda vachipikisana STRUCTURAL functionalism. The inozivikanwa vamiririri vanopiwa mirayiridzo uye L.Kozer R.Darendorf.

Coser ndiye munyori dzidziso dzakanaka-yaishandiswa kurwisana, rinotaura kuti kutsiga magariro presupposes nokuvapo fanira kurwisana nezvido, iro richiratidzwa nemagakava evanhu uye Kusanzwisisana. Dahrendorf akakurukura pfungwa nokurwa muenzaniso mumagariro kukura. The chikuru zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzidziso yake ndeinotevera: nzanga iri kuramba muitiro yokuchinja, hakunzvengeki kurwisana, zvose nomumwe zvinhu kwenzanga kubatsira ayo shanduko uye kusangana munzanga anogara hunodzorwa dzimwe nhengo pamusoro pevamwe.

Microsociological dzidziso dzinosimbisiswa pamusoro kudzidza maitiro evanhu avo pasocial ukama. Huru dzidziso dziri microsociology phenomenology, yokufananidzira interactionism, magariro kuchinjanisa dzidziso, ethnomethodology.

Kwokufananidzira interactionism (Dzhordzh Gerbert Mead) rinoti vanhu kuita rinotungamirirwa chokufananidzira tsika dzaunoda kududzira. Phenomenology (Alfred Schütz) rinoongorora munzanga chokwadi kubudikidza kudzidza nezuva muupenyu vanhu. Ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel) anobata chokwadi sezvo ruzultaty nokududzira mabasa evanhu. Dzidziso mumagariro adzikinure (Dzhordzh Homans) anobva pamisimboti behaviorism kutsanangura mumagariro kwendangariro.