Geoecology - nayo ... What inodzidza geoecology

Geoecology sainzi - kurangwa panguva inowanikwa pakati ikoroji uye jogirafi. Mukati ayo framework, tikadzidza nziyo, marongerwo uye pezvakaitwa womunhu dzinogarisana. Nyanzvi munyaya ino vari kushanda kudzivirira biosphere kubva rwakashata kuchinja kunokonzerwa evanhu zvoupfumi basa.

nyaya dzokudzidza

The chikuru basa vanachiremba mumunda Geo-ikoroji nderokuwana nekuyanana pakati chavagari, kugadzirwa uye zvisikwa. Kuti vaite izvi, ivo kudzidza manyuko kwevanhu kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza, avo spatial nezvenyama kuparadzira uye zvikuru. Kutsvakurudza ndiko kuparadzwa dzinongoitika runyararo uye zvinoriumba kuteverwa mumashure pasi simba ravo.

The mutoro pamusoro geoecosystem - ichi ndizvo kudzidza Geo-ikoroji. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, inoongorora mhinduro zvipenyu kuti kukanganisa kwesayenzi kwendangariro dzavo. Masayendisiti vatevedzere, kufanotaura uye kuyera anthropogenic zvazvinoita. Mugumisiro basa ravo, sezvo mutemo, ndiwo achigadzirira vanorumbidza, wakaiswa kuti yakanakisisa yokushandisa GEOECOSYSTEM.

In sainzi

Kubva nemaonero musayenzi kupatsanura pakati Geo-ikoroji - ikoroji chinhu subsection rose (dzimwe nguva dzinonzi megaekologiey). Sezvo kumuranga ose, ane yayo chaiyo chinhu pachedu yokudzidza. Muchiitiko ichi geoecology yepamusoro zvinhu zvipenyu hierarchical pamwero (semuenzaniso Mainland, biosphere, biome, Ocean).

Pane dzimwe inofungidzirwa nzvimbo kurangwa nesayenzi. Uyezve, Geo-ikoroji - jogirafi ndicho chikamu chechina (pamwe zvoupfumi, panyama nemagariro). Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Geoecology ari zvakanyatsobatana zvemaumbirwo - nayo inodzidza Geological zvakatipoteredza uye ukama waro nedzimwe nhau, kusanganisira hydrosphere, mhepo uye biosphere. Kudzidza uku Anoongororawo kwevanhu kukanganisa vose.

kuranga muganhu

Chokwadi kuti kudzidza Geo-ikoroji, zvakasiyana systemic hunhu (izvi Somuenzaniso, nesungano pakati abiotic masango uye zvipenyu). Zvakananga, masayendisiti akatanga itsva izwi kuti sayenzi iyi. GEOECOSYSTEM ichi kunobva kubata pamusoro hydrosphere, biosphere uye tsiye lithosphere. Uyewo, zviri kuonekwa inogadzirwa kudhumhana hunhu uye vanhu. Mugumisiro ndiyo nechitarisiko nekuita kwavo akazarurwa uye yakavharwa geoenvironmental nehurongwa.

Kufanana chimwe chirango kwekumaodzanyemba, sayenzi iyi inoshandisa kutsvakurudza nzira dzakasiyana hunhu. Geoecology - hurongwa usingagoni kurondedzerwa nokuda chakarurama rimwe chete, izvo zvinoreva kuti iyi nyaya kunoda kusangana inoongorora, jogirafi, zvakatipoteredza uye dzimwe nzvimbo ruzivo kwevanhu.

Global uye pasi rose dambudziko

Kudzidza Geography uye Geo anozivisa mhando mbiri matambudziko. Vanogona rakakamurwa pose uye pahunosiya. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira matambudziko kukanganisa yose ecosphere (muenzaniso - inokudza kwepasi). By waifarirwa mhando inodzokororwa kunaka kuitika mushanduro dzakasiyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira rutapudzo pakati kusiyana upenyu panyika uye kuparadzwa kwakaitwa ozone rukoko panyika.

Special nzeve jogirafi uye Geo-ikoroji Department akabhadhara matambudziko ivhu kudzikisirana. Kushatiswa unhu kwayo kunoita kuti vasanyanye chokubereka. Sezvo kutonga, kudzikisirana anokonzerwa evanhu zvoupfumi basa. Kunyange zvakadaro, ayo chikonzero, uye inogona dzinongoitika chinhu (Madhaka, madutu, kuputika kwemakomo, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

tsvakurudzo misimboti

In geoecologists tsvakurudzo ane mazano akawanda anokosha. Wokutanga wavo - the emunharaunda. It inorangarira yomunharaunda Geo-zvipenyu ezvinhu. Historical musimboti anobva kuongorora zvezvinokonzera paumbwe maitiro uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kukura. Kudzidza vanamazvikokota kufungawo ayo mamiriro, simba uye kushanda kwendangariro. Mumwe nheyo pakutsvakurudza kwakadaro kwenzvimbo mepu.

Geo-ikoroji, zvakatipoteredza uye muganhu navo nesayenzi haagoni kufuratira Resource chinhu. Masayendisiti teererai huru zvenyama spatial mapatani kwenzvimbo yose hunhu zvavo. An rinokosha iri kuridzwa ne anonzi bheseni musimboti. Maererano naye, kuongorora inokosha hydrogeological mamiriro, simba nekubuda zvinhu uye vezvenhau.

Pfungwa uye pfungwa

The yokungotaura Panobva Geo-ikoroji ichaongororwa pfungwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza munharaunda, muhurukuro nyanzvi XIX remakore Karl Moebius. Iri izwi rinoreva kuti raora zvipenyu kurarama ezvinhu chete zvakatipoteredza. Chero Institute of Environmental Geoscience chinotarisa pfungwa dzakadai nenzvimbo butiro, zvinhu zvipenyu, nharaunda, noosphere, geosystem pfungwa, pfungwa geotechnical hurongwa.

The yokungotaura nheyo chirango kwakasimbiswa anoonga vaviri sayenzi mubereki, uye avo mberi yokupedzisira yezana remakore. Nokuda geography Geoecology kwakasimbiswa misoro pfungwa zvakasikwa ukama uye basa nomunhu geocomponent, pfungwa ine Kusiyanisa uye kusangana. Chinokosha rumwe mari iyi. Ecology kuiswa geoecology mashoko noosphere uye biosphere, kutenda marongedzero riparadzirwe zvinhu uye zvakatipoteredza unhu.

The prerequisites kuti sayenzi

The nomumwe maonero anowanzoramba pamusoro Geo-ikoroji, akaratidza kunyange vasati parinowanika. Saka, mukuru British Economist pamusoro XVIII remakore Adam Smit nezvokumwe muudzame zviwanikwa seinokonzera National upfumi. compatriot wake Thomas Malthus muna 1798, zvichida kokutanga akaedza hunonzi kunzwisisa nengozi yacho zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko zvinokonzerwa nokushomeka kwezvokudya aigona kuva. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, nokuti nesayenzi pane mubvunzo unokosha chaizvo kutanga pakati ichitanga yacho. Yake yokutanga akadzidza vaigara XIX remakore Yustah Liebig Saka dzatinogona Pfungwa chicherwa zvokudya zvinomera.

On kukura Geo-ikoroji rinoitei chinokosha basa "Origin of Species" Charles Darwin (1859), uyewo bhuku neAmerican geographer George Perkinsa Marsha "Murume Nature" (1864). Zviri mutsvakurudzi uyu rokutanga rakati kudiwa kurambidzwa zvoupfumi basa, zvakatipoteredza.

musayendisiti Russian Alexander Voeikov muna 1891 akatsanangura nzira kubata nematambudziko zvakasikwa (akaoma mhepo, frosts, kusanaya kwemvura, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Sezvo countermeasures, iye zvinganaka mvura reclamation uye afforestation. Purofesa St. Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev muna 1903 akapedza kukura pahwaro zvedzidziso umo iye akaonekwa wechisikigo-nhoroondo muviri. mabasa ose aya pashure zvange kukura Geo-ikoroji.

Mabviro Geoecology

Nhoroondo nokudzidza jogirafi, Geo-ikoroji, tourism nezvimwewo chokuita anoranga dzinowanikwa midzi. Vanogona kurondwa shure, kana iwe kunyatsoongorora dzidziso sayenzi iri XX remakore. The kwaita Geo-ikoroji chokuita kwaita nzvimbo ikoroji kwakaitika muna 1939. Muvambi chirango ichi raiva Carl Troll. Akadzidza ekunze, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, zvinomera, uye ukama-siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu. Kuti Troll sezvaari pfungwa nzvimbo ikoroji, izvo shanduro kubva German kupinda Chirungu akanga tinoshandurirwa Geological kwezvakatipoteredza kana geoecology.

Double-izwi akaratidza zvakajeka kwayo chaizvo. The nechirango itsva Carl Troll tsvakurudzo vasanganiswa ari pedyo maviri. One (chinjikira) riri kudzidza zvakasikwa uye dzavo mukukurukurirana, uye mumwe (kutwasuka) kwakavakirwa kudzidza ukama hwavo mukati mararamiro. New sainzi rashanduka counterweight kuna ipapo hunotovapo anoranga. Somuenzaniso, geoecology yakasiyana chaizvo kubva zvipenyu kwezvakatipoteredza, wakange ari oga maumbirwo (the ikoroji remhuka, zvinomera, tupukanana tusingaoneki uye zvakafanana. D.). The brainchild pamusoro Carl Troll zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzerwa ayo chepasi muna 1960. pasi pamberi rakarova geoecology dzevanhu zveupfumi basa rayo nezvainoita kwenzvimbo uye zvakatipoteredza.