Nemakemikari omuviri makemikari. Mamiriro, zvivako uye mabasa

Sero zvipenyu muviri, mamiriyoni nemakemikari ngakuitike. Mumwe nemumwe wavo zvinokosha, saka zvakakosha kuti tirambe kumhanya chaivo pezvakaitwa pane mukuru pamwero. Zvinenge ose kuita iri catalyzed nokuda kwayo enzayemu. Ndezvipi makemikari? Chii basa ravo Sedendere?

Makemikari. tsananguro

Shoko rokuti "enzayemu" rinobva muchiLatin fermentum - nembiriso. Vanogonawo kunzi makemikari kubva muchiGiriki they zyme - "mune kusvetuka uye miganhu. '

Makemikari - pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu, saka chero zvakaitwa kuitika muchitokisi, haagoni kuita pasina pavo. yeimwe izvi vave catalysts. Saka, chero enzayemu ane ehupfumi huru mbiri:

1) enzayemu Inowedzera kuti nokukanganisika maitiro, asi haina kuparadzwa.

2) The kukosha zvakanyatsoenzana chenguva haachinji, asi chete Inowedzera kuti kubudirira chinokosha ichi.

Makemikari rikurumidze nokukanganisika chinja zviuru, uye dzimwe nguva, nguva miriyoni. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pasina enzayemu gadziriro zvose intracellular pezvakaitwa haana zvachose yakapera, uye sero pachayo anofa. Saka, basa makemikari sezvo unorapa zvakakwirira.

A-siyana makemikari anoita kuti zvibvire kuti Siyanisai waidzora masero muviri. Chero Pazvinoitika wanda kutora chikamu makirasi siyana akawanda makemikari. Biological catalysts vane refu selectivity kuburikidza yakananga conformation pamusoro Morekuru. T. To. Muzviitiko zvizhinji makemikari zviri mapuroteni zvakasikwa, ivo vari tertiary kana quaternary marongerwo. Chikonzero ndechokuti zvakare specificity pamusoro Morekuru.

Mashandiro makemikari muchitokisi

The chikuru basa the enzayemu - kumhanyisa runoenzanirana zvakaitwa. Chero Pazvinoitika pezvakaitwa, sezvo manyowa rehydrogen peroxide uye kupedza glycolysis, zvinoda pamberi zvipenyu tiwedzere.

Ichishanda zvakanaka makemikari kubudirira mukuru specificity chairo substrate. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tiwedzere anogona chete mhanyisa vamwe maitiro uye haachatongondipinduri, kunyange rakafanana chaizvo. By ukuru specificity pamusoro enzayemu, zvinotevera mapoka:

1) makemikari ne Mhedziso specificity kana catalyzed nomumwe chete chete kuita. Somuenzaniso, collagenase digests ari collagen, uye maltase unodokwairira maltose.

2) makemikari ne hama specificity. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvinogona catalyze imwe kirasi wanda Somuenzaniso, hydrolytic cleavage.

biocatalyst basa rinotanga kubatana ayo vanoshingaira nzvimbo kuti substrate. Panguva iyoyowo yokutaura pamusoro nopindirana kusakarongeka akafanana kuvhara uye kiyi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutambo Uzere substrate anoumba kushingaira centre, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwedzera kuita.

Danho rinotevera kunoratidzwa weboka kuita. Its kumhanya kunowedzera kubudikidza Zvakaitwa enzayemu zvakaoma. Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kuwana enzayemu, izvo chokuita kuita zvinhu.

Final Danho - kubvisa maitiro zvigadzirwa kubva enzayemu, pashure izvo basa nzvimbo kamwe zvakare inova akasununguka mumwe oparesheni.

Schematically, basa enzayemu padanho rimwe nerimwe anogona kunyorwa se:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, apo S - ndiye substrate, E - the enzayemu, uye P - chigadzirwa.

kupatsanura pakati makemikari

In womunhu, unogona kuwana vakawanda makemikari. ruzivo All pamusoro mabasa avo uye basa vakanga systematized, uye somugumisiro paiva zvakajairika kupatsanura, kuburikidza paunogona kuona nyore chii chimwe tiwedzere. Heano zvitanhatu makirasi inokosha makemikari, uyewo mimwe mienzaniso subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Makemikari vekirasi ichi catalyze redox siyana. Total akapora Sub-mapoka 17. Kazhinji Oxidoreductases vari asiri mapuroteni mugove inopiwa vhitamini kana heme.

Pakati oxidoreductases kazhinji kuwana zvinotevera subgroups:

a) Dehydrogenase. Nemakemikari omuviri-dehydrogenase enzayemu ari muchinamatira rehydrogen maatomu uye tama kunomumwe substrate. subgroup Izvi zvinonyanya chakajairika zvinoitwa afemeruke, photosynthesis. Sezvo chikamu dehydrogenase iri hazvo aripo muchimiro coenzyme ZWL / NADH kana flavoproteins kwechokwadi / FMN. Kazhinji pane simbi ions. Mienzaniso inosanganisira makemikari akadai tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, uye vazhinji chiropa makemikari (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

b) oxidases. A uwandu makemikari catalyze kuwedzera okisijeni kuti rehydrogen, mauri zvakaitwa zvigadzirwa aigona kuva mvura kana rehydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Mienzaniso makemikari cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase uye catalase - makemikari kuti catalyze kuti manyowa H ₂ O ₂ nemvura uye oxygen.

g) oxygenase. biocatalysts izvi mhanyisa okisijeni aida substrate. Dofamingidroksilaza - mumwe mienzaniso makemikari yakadaro.

2. Transferases.

Target makemikari zviri boka iri kutapurirana radicals kubva pafuma anyatsoronga fuma kusvika wacho.

a) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - makemikari anokosha kuti kudzora muitiro DNA kuberekana. Methylation nucleotides kukonzera iri mutemo nucleic asidhi basa.

b) acyltransferase. Makemikari ose subgroup ichi vari zvifambiswe kubva Morekuru chimwe boka acyl. Mienzaniso acyltransferases: lecithin-remafuta akawandisa acyltransferase (anotakura dzichipfekeka boka nuna asidhi pamusoro remafuta akawandisa), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (boka acyl iri kune lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - makemikari kuti zvinobatanidzwa kutendeuka amino acids. Mienzaniso makemikari alanine aminotransferase iyo catalyzes kubatana kwetunhu alanine kubva pyruvate uye glutamate nokutamisa iboka amino.

g) phosphotransferase. Makemikari catalyze kuwedzera ichi Sub-boka phosphate boka. Chimwe zita phosphotransferase kinase, zvakawanda zvakajairika. Mienzaniso inosanganisira makemikari akadai hexokinase uye aspartate, izvo vasiyana hexose phosphate residues (zvikurukuru shuga), uye aspartic inouraya , ukuwo.

3. Hydrolases - boka makemikari kuti catalyze kuti cleavage kusungwa vari Morekuru, kunoteverwa kuwedzera mvura. Zvinhu kuti muri boka iri - huru zvomudumbu enzayemu.

a) esterases - kuputsa Esteri zvisungo. Muenzaniso - lipases kuti kuputsa kwemafuta.

b) glycosidases. Nemakemikari omuviri makemikari dzino iri kuparadzwa glycoside zvisungo Polymers (oligosaccharides uye polysaccharides). Mienzaniso: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - makemikari kuti catalyze yokuparara kwemapurotini kuti amino acids. Peptidase zvine makemikari akadai pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - namatirai amide zvisungo. Mienzaniso: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase etc. Vazhinji amidase makemikari zvinowanika ornithine kutenderera.

4. Lyases - makemikari kuti mabasa akafanana hydrolases Zvisinei muna cleavage kusungwa vari mamorekuru risingatsvi mvura. Makemikari vekirasi ichi nguva dzose vane chikamu asiri mapuroteni mugove, somuenzaniso, muchimiro mavhitamini B1 uye B6.

a) decarboxylase. makemikari izvi kuita pamusoro C-C chisungo. Miyenzaniso glutamic iine acid decarboxylase kana pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase uye dehydratase - makemikari kuti catalyze kuti cleavage pamusoro C-O zvisungo.

c) The amidine-lyases - achiparadza C-N chisungo. Muenzaniso: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. makemikari vakadaro kazhinji wakanamatira rimwe phosphate boka kubva substrate zvokunyama. MUENZANISO: adenylyl cyclase.

Nemakemikari omuviri kuti makemikari kwakavakirwa nechivako yavo

Mano neimwe enzayemu kunotemwa nomunhu pachake, ake chete yokusafa marongerwo. Chero enzayemu - ndiko kunonyanya mapuroteni, uye ayo mamiriro uye ukuru Kumbofungatira kutamba inokosha basa kuona kwayo ushande.

Mumwe biocatalyst kunoratidzwa pamberi yezviri centre, izvo zvinozoita rakakamurwa vakasiyana dzichipfekeka munzvimbo dzakawanda:

1) CATALYTIC Centre - chaiyo munharaunda puroteni, umo enzayemu kuomerera substrate. Zvichienderana conformation ari puroteni Morekuru CATALYTIC muzinda anogona kutora zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinofanira dzinoenderana substrate uyewo kuvhara uye kiyi. kunzwisisa mamiriro kwakadaro inotsanangura chikonzero nei enzayemu mapuroteni riri tertiary kana quaternary mamiriro.

2) Adsorption Centre - anoshumira "wokuisira". Pano, tanga pakukurukurirana zvose zvinoitika pakati enzayemu Morekuru uye substrate Morekuru. Zvisinei, kubatana kuti anoumba adsorption centre, simba kwazvo, uye nokudaro CATALYTIC kuita reversible Panguva iyi.

3) Allosteric nzvimbo zvinogona riri basa pakati, uye mhiri yose pechiso enzayemu. basa ravo - mitemo yacho enzayemu. Regulation anotora nzvimbo Via mamorekuru FIs uye activators mamorekuru.

The activator mapuroteni tichisunga kuti enzayemu Morekuru, mhanyisa oparesheni kwayo. FIs nekusiyana, tunodzivisa CATALYTIC basa, uye izvi zvinogona kuitika nenzira mbiri: kana ari Morekuru anosunga kuti allosteric centre nharaunda yezviri nechepakati enzayemu (yemakwikwi chinovhiringidza) kana wanamatira imwe munharaunda puroteni (noncompetitive chinovhiringidza). Yemakwikwi chinovhiringidza anonzi tibudirire. Mushure saka up nzvimbo substrate tichisunga kuna enzayemu, uye izvi zvinoita chete panyaya Munenge rakakwana masanga pamusoro inhibitor Morekuru uye kuumba achishingaira pakati.

Enzayemu kazhinji hahuzi pamusoro amino acids, asiwo vamwe Organic uye inorganic zvinhu. Saizvozvowo, yoga apoenzyme - proteinaceous mugove coenzyme - Organic moiety uye cofactor - inorganic chikamu. Coenzyme anogona kumiririrwa ulgevodami, mafuta, nucleic acids, mavhitaminzi. Uyewo co-chinhu - kazhinji anotsigira simbi ions. Enzayemu basa iri kunoyerwa ayo mamiriro: Zvimwe zvinhu dziri murwiyo, kuchinja CATALYTIC ehupfumi. -siyana makemikari - ndiwo mugumisiro mubatanidzwa zvose izvi zvinoita dzinoumba kunzwisisa.

Regulation basa makemikari

Makemikari sezvo pakugadzira rinobata fuma haisi nguva zvakakodzera kuti muviri. Nemakemikari omuviri kuti makemikari ari kuti vagone panyaya kunyanya catalysis kukuvadza vapenyu masero. Kudzivisa zvinokonzerwa pamusoro muviri makemikari zvakafanira kuti zvimwe waidzora basa ravo.

T. To. Makemikari zviri mapuroteni zvakasikwa, zviri nyore kuparadzwa panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. denaturation zvichiitika reversible, asi zvinogona yekudyidzana kukanganisa fuma.

ph unoitawo basa rinokosha murau. Kunonyanyisa enzayemu kuita kazhinji pasika kwazvakarerekera ph (7,0-7,2). Rinewo makemikari kuti vashande chete pasi acidic ezvinhu kana chete alkaline. Saka, muna cellular lysosomes vakaramba yakaderera ph, uko maximal basa hydrolytic makemikari. In zvinoitirwawo netsaona kubatana cytoplasm, apo mamiriro ezvinhu pedyo kwazvakarerekera, basa ravo ichava kutapudzwa. kudzivirirwa kwakadaro kubva "samopoedaniya" inobva zvaidiwa hydrolase.

Zvinokosha kutaura nezvokukosha coenzyme uye cofactor ari Zvinoumba makemikari. Kuvapo mavhitaminzi kana simbi ions yekudyidzana kukanganisa kushanda mamwe makemikari dzakananga.

Nomenclature kuti makemikari

makemikari ose muviri vakadamwa maererano kuva pakati makirasi, uyewo substrate nawo sei. Dzimwe nyika hurongwa Nomenclature yakashandiswa hapana mumwe asi mbiri substrate iri rokuremekedza.

Mienzaniso mazita vamwe makemikari:

1. Chiropa makemikari: lactate degidrogen Aza-glutamate-Aza-degidrogen.
2. Full zita enderana pamusoro enzayemu: lactate + ZWL-Aza -oksidoredukt.

Vakapona uye duku mazita, izvo vasingaomereri pamitemo nemitemo Nomenclature. Miyenzaniso zvomudumbu makemikari: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Muitiro kubatana kwetunhu makemikari

Mashandiro anoita makemikari takatsunga kunyange panguva majini chechetere. Sezvo morekuru pedyo uye makuru -. Protein, uye ayo kwetunhu chaizvo kufanana dzinotsanagura transcription uye shanduro.

Reongororo makemikari kunoitika sezvinotevera. Pakutanga, DNA verenga mashoko pamusoro aida enzayemu kuumbika mRNA. Messenger RNA inofananidzira zvose amino acids zviri chikamu enzayemu. Mutemo makemikari zvingaitikawo panguva DNA yakati sandara, kana zvibereko kuita catalyzed zvakakwana Gene transcription ichimbomira uye pamusoro zvinopesana, kana pane kudiwa iri chigadzirwa, zvaanopa simba iri transcription rikurumidze.

Kana mRNA rakabudiswa muna cytoplasm, chinotevera Danho - nhepfenyuro. On ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum synthesized chikuru cheni zvinosanganisira amino acids dzaibatanidzwa peptide zvisungo. Zvisinei, puroteni morekuru iri huru mamiriro haagoni asi kuita zvayo enzymatic ushande.

The enzayemu basa kunotsamira mapuroteni zvivako. Same EPS mapuroteni rikauya Achitsaudzira, nokudaro achiumba mamiriro wokutanga chesekondari uye ipapo tertiary. The kwetunhu mamwe makemikari anomiswa Panguva iyi, asi kuti kunatsiridza tiwedzere basa Kazhinji zvakakosha kungonzwa uye cofactor coenzyme.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo endoplasmic reticulum anouya wanamatira Organic zvinoumba ari enzayemu: shuga, nucleic acids, kwemafuta uye mavhitaminzi. Vamwe makemikari haagoni kushanda pasina pamberi coenzyme.

Cofactor wakakurira inokosha pakuzadziswa paumbwe pamusoro quaternary nemamiriro puroteni. Vamwe mashandiro anoita makemikari anowanikwa chete kana sangano mapuroteni soumambo. Saka zvinokosha chaizvo kuti kuvapo quaternary kwavo chivako umo Mubatanidzi pakati vakawanda mapuroteni globules ane simbi Ion.

Multiple mhando makemikari

Kune mamiriro ezvinhu kana zvakakodzera pamberi makemikari akawanda kuti catalyze nemaitiro akafanana, asi vakasiyana mumwe mune zvimwe. Somuenzaniso, ari enzayemu Angashandira 20 madhigirii, asi pa 0 madhigirii, iye havazokwanisi kuita mabasa ayo. Zvokuita mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mupenyu muviri panguva yakaderera tembiricha?

dambudziko iri nyore kugadziriswa kuvapo makemikari akawanda kuti catalyze nemaitiro akafanana, asi akasiyana rinobudirira ezvinhu. Kune mhando mbiri siyana siyana makemikari:

1. Isoenzymes. mapuroteni akadai encoded ne majini siyana, vari anoumbwa akasiyana amino acids, asi catalyze nemaitiro akafanana.
2. Chokwadi vakawanda siyana. mapuroteni aya transcribed kubva chete Gene, asi rinowanikwa pamusoro ribosomes nadzurudzo peptides. Panguva goho zvinoberekwa dzakawanda zvakafanana enzayemu.

Somugumisiro, vakawanda siyana wokutanga mhando achiumbwa panguva nemagene pachiyero, kana wechipiri - nomusi post-translational.

zvichireva makemikari

Kushandiswa makemikari mukurapa anoburuka nenhau mishonga itsva, sezvo chikamu iyo zvinhu vanotova zvakanaka zvizhinji. Masayendisiti haasati vakawana nzira kuti vabatsire kwetunhu zvisipo makemikari mumuviri, asi zvino akagovera mishonga anogona ya varombo zvavo zvikuru.

Various makemikari muchitokisi kuti catalyze vazhinji wanda chokuita kwerunyararo upenyu. Rimwe Vamiririri ava vari enizmov nucleases boka: endonuclease uye exonuclease. basa ravo riri kuramba kuramba azvipire nucleic acids muchitokisi, kubviswa tagovera DNA uye RNA.

Usakanganwa pamusoro Chiitiko ropa pakugwamba. Sezvo anobudirira mwero yokudzivirira, muitiro inotongwa anoverengeka makemikari. Chief pakati pavo thrombin, izvo vatendeuki akaneta mapuroteni fibrinogen kupinda fibrin vanoshingaira. shinda dzaro pave samambure imwe mhando kuti occludes ngarava zvinokuvadza nzvimbo, nokudaro pasave kunyanya kurasikirwa neropa.

Makemikari zvinoshandiswa winemaking, doro, kugadzirwa vazhinji dheri zvigadzirwa. Zvisinei, nokuti doro kubva mbiriso shuga inogona kushandiswa, vakabudirira panowanikwa izvi uye kusvina zvakakwana vavo.

Interesting zvinhu pamusoro amusina kuziva

- All of muviri makemikari vane guru huru - 5,000 kusvika 1.000.000 Da. Izvi imhaka pamberi mapuroteni ari Morekuru. Enzanisa mashoko samolecular kurema shuga - 180 Hongu, uye carbon dioxide - vanosvika 44 Hongu.

- To musi, akazarura zvinopfuura 2000 makemikari kuti zvinowanika masero zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, vakawanda izvi zvinhu zvichiri kwete aizvinzwisisa.

- enzayemu basa rinoshandiswa chokuwana zvinobudirira Washing Nezvakakuyiwa. Pano, makemikari kuzadzisa chete rokuva mumuviri: ivo kuputsa makemikari nyaya, uye pfuma iyi kunobatsira muhondo mavara. Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa sipo yakadaro pagungano tembiricha kwete kupfuura 50 madhigirii, zvikasadaro zvingaita kuenda denaturation muitiro.

- Maererano nenhamba, 20% vanhu pasi pose vanotambura kushaya chero makemikari.

- Pamusoro ehupfumi kuti makemikari inozivikanwa kwenguva refu, asi chete muna 1897, vanhu vakaziva kuti kwete mbiriso, uye mushoma kubva mumasero avo anogona kushandiswa nokuda chinovira shuga kupinda doro.