Ndivanaani masayendisiti akakwanisa decipher yekare muEgipita? Sei kuzivikanwa zvahunoreva chakavanzika yekare muEgipita?

mararamiro ekare aiva akasiyana uye chinoshamisa ruzivo, vakawanda vakanga vakarasika pamusoro nguva, kana vakatakudzwa kuti guva kuburikidza yokuisira. Rimwe zvakavanzika izvi vaiva hieroglyphs muIjipiti. Vanhu vaida kukanganisika chakavanzika nokusvibisa kwavo guva ichi paguva. Asi akakwanisa kuzviita chete mumwe munhu. Saka ndiani masayendisiti akakwanisa decipher yekare muEgipita?

Chii?

VaIjipiti vekare vaidavira kuti vatambi - aya ndiwo mazwi aMwari. Vanoti zvekuratidza uye akanyarara. Ndiko, vaiva zvinangwa zvitatu: kunyora uye kuverenga, kuratidzwa pfungwa, nzira kuparadzira zvakavanzika pakati namarudzi.

Munguva yeMiddle Kingdom vatambi vanopfuura mazana manomwe dziri arufabheti muIjipiti. Characters vane muzvizhinji tsika. Mumwe chiratidzo aigona kutakura siyana pfungwa.

Uyezve, kwaiva anokosha vatambi zvinoshandiswa nevapristi. Vapinda-dimensional matatu pfungwa siyana.

Panguva iyoyo, vatambi vaiva zvikuru kupfuura tsamba vanhasi. Ivo vanokudzwa simba remashiripiti.

Rosetta ibwe

Muzhizha 1799 muIjipiti aiva Napoleon kuti rwendo. Panguva uone namakoronga kunhivi guta Rosetta revhu akachera ibwe guru akafukidzwa zvisinganzwisisiki vatambi.

Its yokumusoro chikamu yave akavhuniwa. It hwakachengetedza vatambi yakarongwa muna gumi pemitsara. Uye vakanga adzingwa kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, zvisina kwese kuti yokuMabvazuva mitauro.

The pakati Chikamu ibwe pamusoro Kunoumbwa 32 misara Character vabudiswa kodzero kuruboshwe. Ivo achiripo zvikuru zvachose.

Pazasi ibwe rakanga akanyorwa mabhii mumutauro wechiGiriki. Ivo riri 54 yamahwindo, asi hamuna zvakachengetedzwa zvachose, nokuti ibwe rakange akavhuniwa pakona.

navatariri Napoleon vakayeuka kuti vakanga vaita chinhu chinokosha zvinoshamisa. Tsamba echiGiriki pakarepo Kutamiswa. Vanotaura kuti chisarudzo kuisa vapristi kuva mutongi weIjipiti, Greek Ptolemeya Epifana, vakapoteredza chifananidzo mwari. Uye ugadze temberi mutambo mazuva yaakaberekerwa accession chigaro. Zvino paiva rugwaro urwu chinyorwa inodzokororwa yekare matsvene weIjipiti uye vatambi nemadhimoni. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Ptolemey Epifan akatonga 196 BC. e. Chimwe tsamba kushandura hapana munhu aigona.

The ibwe yakaiswa pa muEgipita Institute iyo Napoleon nheyo iri Cairo. Asi zvikepe yeBritain akunda hondo French uye akasimba muIjipiti. ibwe inoshamisa akapiwa kuna British National Museum.

Chakavanzika yekare veIjipiti ane masayendisiti vanofarira munyika. Asi zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuwana mhinduro yacho.

Shapmolon kubva Grenoble

Muna December 1790 Ini ndakaberekwa Jacques-Fransua Shampolon. Paaikura ari mukomana akangwara chaizvo, aifarira kupedza nguva aine bhuku muruoko rwake. Mumakore mashanu, akadzidzisa pachake arufabheti uye vakadzidza kuverenga. At 9 makore akanga achinyatsogona chiRatini uye nechiGiriki.

Mukomana aiva mukuru, munin'ina waJosefa, vaneshungu pamusoro Egyptology. hama dzakanga kamwe kushanyira wevarume, apo takaona dzakaunganidzwa Egyptian nenhokwe, scribbled zvisinganzwisisiki vanotaurwa. Panguva iyoyo, Champollion akasarudza kuti achaita kuzarura chakavanzika yekare muIjipiti.

Pazera 13 akatanga kudzidza chiHebheru, Arabic, Persian, Coptic, uye Sanskrit. Paaiita zvidzidzo zvake panguva lycee François Ndakanyora kudzidza pamusoro Ijipita vanaFarao, izvo akasika furor.

Ipapo jaya raiva refu nguva yokudzidza basa rakaoma uye. Akaona kopi Rosetta Stone, iyo akaita havaratidzi. To nekukatanura mumwe nemumwe, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kunyatsotevera kutarira mariri.

Muna 1809, Champollion akava purofesa nhoroondo paUniversity Grenoble. Asi paitonga pakati Bourbons, akanga akadzingwa pairi. Mumakore akaoma musayendisiti yaaishandira pamusoro kuparara ari Rosetta Stone.

Akaziva kuti vatambi vari katatu kupfuura mashoko mumabhuku echiGiriki. Ipapo Champollion akashanyira yokuti vari akafanana tsamba. In basa ramangwana, akaziva kuti muEgipita hieroglyphs arufabheti rine mhando nhatu.

The mhando rokutanga - vatambi kuti rakacherwa pabwe. Ivo ichifananidzwa huru uye yakajeka, ane kwazvo unyanzvi pokuratidzwa.

The mhando rechipiri - hieratic vatambi kuti vanomiririra chete vatambi, asi anofananidzwa kwete zvakajeka. The chinyorwa chaishandiswa pamapepa enhokwe uye reraimu.

Mhando wechitatu - arufabheti Coptic, zvinosanganisira 24 tsamba echiGiriki uye nomwe tsamba, nemavara tsamba nemadhimoni.

Tips kubva kare

Definition of Egyptian kunyora, akabatsira masayendisiti mamwe kushanda. Asi zvakatora makore kuti aone zvaidiwa hieratic uye nemadhimoni vatambi.

Kubva chinyorwa nechiGiriki, aiziva nzvimbo Mabhuku eBraille zita Ptolemeya Epifana, iyo mutauro muIjipita kwainge Ptolemayos. Akawana pakati ibwe kutaurwa zvakafanana nayo. Ipapo unotsiva navo vatambi vakawana zvichiguma vatambi vari pamusoro ibwe. Iye wafungidzira kuti vaIjipiti vekare kazhinji vakapfuura nzvanyira ichirira, saka zita Farao zvaifanira kuridzwa zvakasiyana - Ptolmis.

In yechando 1822, Champollion mumwezve nyaya zvakanyorwa mumitauro echiGiriki uye muEgipita. Zviri nyore kuti kuverenga zita Queen Cleopatra nechiGiriki chikamu uye vakawana zviratidzo zvakakodzera muzvinyorwa yeIjipiti yekare.

Saizvozvowo, akanyora mamwe mazita - Tibheriyo, warsaw, Alexander uye Domitian. Asi iye akashamisika kuti hapana mazita veIjipiti pakati pavo. Ipapo vakasarudza kuti mazita vatongi vatorwa, uye nokuda vanaFarao phonetic zviratidzo vasiri kushandiswa.

Muna September 1822 musayendisiti akapiwa kopi zvakanyorwa pamadziro etemberi dzaRamses II. Kusiyana chivimbo chake haana kushandisa phonetic zviratidzo, akaedza kugadzirisa zita iri chaiyo. Saka, unhu nokuda hunhu akawana P-vakasuwa-fung-to-c. Kana iwe wedzera mavhawero, tinowana dzaRamses. Iye yakarohwa chokwadi ichi. Pakusarudza iyi nzira kuverenga zvakare, akawana mumwe Thutmose. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vakafa mabhii kutoitika.

It Zvaifadza kuziva. Egyptian kunyora kwakanga kurira!

The musayendisiti akakurumidza mukoma wake kuzivisa kwake kuziva. Asi, achishevedzera kuti: "Ndakawana!" Vakafenda. Zvinenge pavhiki akarara aneta.

Mukupera September, Champollion akazivisa ake incredible zvakawanwa rechiFrench Academy of Sciences. Hondo uye kukunda vanaFarao, nezvoupenyu kwevanhu munyika, akaudza muIjipita hieroglyphs. Achiongorora zvaive akazarura Danho idzva Egyptology.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake Champollion

Champollion - uyo masayendisiti akakwanisa decipher hieroglyphs veIjipiti, haana kugumira ipapo. Akaenda Italy nokuda zvinhu zvitsva, nokuti nyika iyi yakaramba magwaro akawanda muIjipiti.

Ndadzoka kubva Italy, musayendisiti kwaita basa unorondedzera girama mutauro wekare yeEgipita, ine yekare muIjipiti, achiongorora zvaive yaiva chikonzero hwake.

Muna 1822, Champollion akatungamirira pakundopambara kunyika yacho mapiramidhi. Yakanga kurota kwake akwegura. Iye yakarohwa ukuru temberi Hatshepsut, Dendera uye Saqqara. Zvinyorwa, vanoratidzwa mamasvingo akaverenga nyore.

Kudzoka kubva muIjipiti, nyanzvi, akasarudzwa kuti French Academy. Iye kwave kwose kuzivikanwa. Asi Ndainakidzwa kubwinya hazvina refu chaizvo. The oga akakwanisa decipher kubva masayendisiti hieroglyphs muEgipita, akafa muna March 1832. Zviuru zvevanhu vakauya kutaura bhayibhayi kwaari. Akavigwa panguva Pere Lachaise kumakuva.

arufabheti Egyptian

A gore pashure pokufa munin'ina wake, musayendisiti akabudisa ichangobva basa, rine muIjipiti yekare pamwe rokushandura.

Pakutanga, tsamba muIjipita akaburukira nyore gadzira zvinhu. Kuti shoko rose chinomiririrwa mumwe muenzaniso. Zvadaro, muna pakuswedera simbi ivo manzwi anoumba shoko. Asi vaIjipiti vekare havana kunyora mavhawero. Saka, mashoko akasiyana kazhinji anoratidzwa mumwe hieroglyph. Kusiyana dzavo dzinokosha qualifiers dzakanga kufanorongwa vakakomba mutambi.

Kunyora muIjipiti yekare vaisanganisira kutukana, inzwi uye attributive vatambi. Sound zviratidzo kwaisanganisira anoverengeka nemavara. Characters, zvinosanganisira tsamba imwe, paiva 24. chete Vaiva uye arufabheti kunyora mazita yokumwe. Izvi zvose chakazozivikanwa pashure Parakabhedhenurwa chakavanzika yekare muIjipiti.

N'anga dzeEgipita yekare

VaIjipiti vaishandisa enhokwe kunyora. Madzinde chirimwa richivezwa lengthwise uye vakaisa kuitira kuti avo micheto vari zvishoma kuwanikwa mumwe. Saka lining akaturikidzana anoverengeka uye compressed. Zvikamu chirimwa vakanga glued mumwe vachishandisa muto kwavo.

The nyora anofanira anorodzerwa zvimiti. munyori ose akanga seinä ake. Tsamba dzakaitwa muna maviri mavara. Black pendi aishandiswa dzeShanduro, uye tsvuku - chete pakutanga mumutsara.

Vanyori wakagadzirira muzvikoro. Chaiva repamusoro basa.

Champollion ngaakuitirei mupenyu

Paakafa iye deciphered hieroglyphs muIjipiti, akanga kushushikana pamusoro kuenderera kudzidza tsika yeIjipiti yekare. Munguva yedu, nzvimbo iyi yakanga dzinounzwa ari oga nesayenzi. Zvino ari kudzidza mabhuku, chitendero, nhoroondo mubudiriro ino.

Pano tiri kupindura mubvunzo ndeupi masayendisiti akakwanisa decipher yekare muIjipiti. Nhasi, vaongorori ano vakasununguka kushanda zvikuru zvinyorwa. Pamusana Champollion risingazivikanwi nyika yebudiriro yekare anosimudza chidzitiro zvakavanzika ayo ose gore.

Vaichengetedza yomuIjipiti Literature Ancient

Thoth ainamatwa nevaIjipiti sechipiriso vaichengetedza mabhuku. Akanzi "munyori wavanamwari." Vagari muIjipiti yekare vaidavira kuti akazogadzira arufabheti.

Uyezve, akaita zvinhu zvakawanda mumunda zvokuongorora nyeredzi, alchemy uye mishonga. Plato raibva kuna venhaka Atlantean budiriro, achitsanangura kuti ake anoshamisa ruzivo.