Holography - nayo ... Pfungwa, musimboti, kushanda

Holographic mufananidzo nhasi kuwedzera kushandiswa. Vamwe kunyange vanodavira kuti chinogona akatsiva anozivikanwa nzira yokukurukurirana pamusoro nguva. Like kana kwete, asi zvino ari zvinowanzoshandiswa maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, tose tiri akajairana holographic Stickers. A yakawanda vagadziri kuvashandisa senzira kudzivirira chitsotsi. The Photo pazasi inoratidza zvimwe holographic Stickers. Chikumbiro chavo - zvinobatsira chaizvo kudzivirira zvinhu uye nemagwaro pamusoro chitsotsi.

Nhoroondo pakudzidza holography

Three-dimensional mufananidzo vakawana somugumisiro refraction, akatanga kudzidza nekaupenyu yapfuura. Zvisinei, tinogona kutaura nezvokuvapo nhoroondo yacho yokudzidza. Dennis Gabor, musayendisiti British, kutanga kuzivikanwa muna 1948, ndiyo holography. Izvi zvakawanikwa kwaikosha chaizvo, asi kukosha kwayo mukuru panguva yakanga isati pachena. Aishanda 1950s, vaongorori vakatambura kubva kushaya chiedza tsime kuva coherence - rinokosha chaizvo chepfungwa kuti kukura holography. The Laser yokutanga yaigadzirwa 1960. With mudziyo uyu zvinokwanisika kugamuchira chiedza rine coherence yakakwana. Juris Upatnieks uye immet Leith, masayendisiti US vakashandisa kuti kusika hologram wokutanga. Uchibatsirwa kwavo vakawana-dimensional matatu mifananidzo zvinhu.

Mumakore akatevera, muchidzidza mberi. Mazana tsvakurudzo mapepa akaongorora pfungwa holography, Kubvira zvakabudiswa, uye yakabudiswa mabhuku akawanda nenzira iyi. Zvisinei, mabasa aya aitaurirwa nyanzvi uye kwete zvayo muverengi. Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro zvose mutauro nyore.

Chii holography

Unogona kupa zvinotevera tsananguro: holography - inotengwa by Laser volumetric photos. Zvisinei, tsanangudzo iyi haisi zvachose dzinogutsa, sezvo pane mamwe marudzi akawanda-dimensional matatu mifananidzo. Zvisinei, zvinoratidza kupfuura zvinhu achiti: holography - waishandiswa nzira unokubvumira "nyora" chitarisiko chinhu; rinogona kubatsira kuwana mufananidzo-dimensional matatu kuti sokunge chaicho; kushandiswa lasers kwave inokosha ayo kukura.

Holography uye kushandiswa kwayo

holography kudzidza kunobatsira kujekesa vazhinji nhau chokuita kwakajairika mifananidzo. Sezvo iwe wakanaka-dimensional matatu mufananidzo anogona kunyange kudenha zvapedzisira, nokuti kunoita kuti tiratidze nyika zvakarurama uye zvakanaka.

Masayendisiti dzimwe nguva emit nguva munhoroondo vanhu achishandisa pakukurukurirana, izvo zvaizivikanwa zviri zvimwe emakore. Unogona kutaura, semuenzaniso zviripo yekare kare yeEgipita, pamusoro nokugadzirwa muna 1450 pamusoro muchina wokudhinda. Maererano vakachengeta mazuva ano rwokugadzira zvinhu, nzira itsva yokukurukurirana, akadai TV uye runhare, vakagaramo hukuru chinzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo holographic musimboti iri kuchangotanga achiri kana totaura kushandiswa kwayo mune zvenhau, pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti mudziyo anoritsanangura vachakwanisa yokutsiva anozivikanwa nzira yokukurukurirana mune ramangwana, kana kuti vawedzere kukura kwebasa chikumbiro chavo.

Renyaya mabhuku uye yakakurumbira wokudhinda kazhinji anoratidzwa holography mhosva, akavhiringika chiedza. Kazhinji kusika munhu chakaipa pfungwa pamusoro nzira iyi. Three-dimensional mufananidzo, wakaonekwa kokutanga, inonakidza. Asi hapana zvishoma kushamisa tsanangudzo nheyo mano ayo chaiko.

The chipingaidzo muenzaniso

Anokwanisa kuona zvinhu zvakavakirwa yokuti chiedza mafungu vari refracted ne kana akaratidza kubva kwavari, apinde meso edu. Akaratidza chiedza kubva chinhu hwokuratidza zvinozunguzirwa chimiro chinozunguzirwa pamberi chaienzanirana Maumbirwe chinhu. Picture of rima uye chiedza mitsetse (kana mitsara) kusika mapoka maviri coherent chiedza mafungu izvo kupindira. Izvi zvikonzero rwakapetwa holography. The date micheka iri nechimwe vanoumba mubatanidzwa kuti kunobva chete pamusoro pezvakaita wavefronts nemafungu iyo anosangana mumwe. Mufananidzo akadaro anonzi chipingaidzo. Inogona wakaiswa Somuenzaniso, musi Photographic mundiro, kana ukaisa panzvimbo apo pane chinozunguzirwa chipingaidzo.

The siyana holograms

Method unokubvumira kunyora (kunyoresa) kwakaratidza kubva chinhu chinozunguzirwa pamberi, uye ipapo kuidzosera kuti Fafitera anzwe kuti anoona chaicho, uye ndiye holography. zvazviri ichi, izvo nokuti kuti mufananidzo-dimensional matatu inotengwa kune imwe kukura sezvo chaicho.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana holograms, pazviri nyore kuwana vavhiringidzika. Kuti uone ichi kana kuti mhando, apere mana kana mashanu adjectives. Kubva nemhando dzavo dzose, isu funga chete zvidzidzo zvinokosha anoshandisa holography ano. Zvisinei, unofanira kutanga kutaura zvishoma pamusoro chinozunguzirwa ichi chinonakidza kuti diffraction. Kuti tikwanise kugadzira (kana zviri nani kuti vakiridza) ari wavefront.

diffraction

Kana chinhu chiri munzira chiedza, iye Unobudisa mumvuri. Bends chiedza kumativi chinhu, kuuya pamwe mumvuri mudunhu. Izvi inonzi diffraction. Ndiye nokuda chinozunguzirwa hunhu chiedza, asi kutsanangura zvakaoma zvikuru kuti kunyatsoteerera.

Chete chidukuduku angled chiedza chinopinda mumvuri nharaunda, saka isu akapotsa regai kuzviziva. Zvisinei, kana paine munhu muzvizhinji nezvipingamupinyi duku, daro pakati iyo kunobvumirwa shomanana urefu chiedza chinozunguzirwa nenzira kwayo, izvi kunova kunyatsooneka.

Kana kuwa wavefront inowira chipingamupinyi chikuru kuroorwa, "inowira" kuMudzidzisi chikamu chacho, usingabereki kukanganisa nzvimbo vasara wavefront. Kana paine zvakawanda nezvipingamupinyi duku nzira yayo, zvinonzi dzakachinjwa nokuda diffraction kuitira kuti kupararira chiedza chipingamupinyi achava qualitatively yakasiyana chinozunguzirwa pamberi.

Kushandurwa rwakasimba chaizvo zvokuti kunyange chiedza anotanga kunyenga vamwe negwara. Zvakaratidza kuti diffraction kunotibvumira kutendeutsa chepakuvamba wavefront pane imwe chaizvo kubva mariri. Saka, diffraction - the mashandiro naro patinonyatsonzwisisa wavefront itsva. The mudziyo anotsanangurwa pamusoro nokuumba nayo, anonzi ari diffraction nesefa. Tichazvidudzira zvakawanda nezvazvo.

diffraction nesefa

Ichi duku ndiro rine rakachengetedzwa payo mutete yakafanana yakarurama Kurohwa (mitsetse). Vari munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva kunze achishandisa ramazana kana kunyange kuzviuru ane millimeter. Chii chinoitika kana Laser danda nenzira kwayo remhosva afoot chine vanoverengeka damerau rima uye yakajeka zvisungo? Chikamu achapfuura zvakananga kuburikidza mbariro, uye vamwe - curl they. Saka akaumba matanda maviri idzva mbudo nesefa pane imwe pakona yorusvingo kusvikira danda yepakutanga uye dziri kumativi ose payo. Kana munhu ane Laser danda Somuenzaniso, ndege wavefront, vaviri inoumbwa panhivi danda idzva huchava planar wavefronts. Saka, nokuisa kuburikidza diffraction nesefa Laser danda, isu vanoumba itsva chinozunguzirwa fronts mbiri (sandarara). Sezvineiwo, diffraction nesefa anogona kunzi sezvo zvisiri muenzaniso hologram.

hologram Register

Kujairirana mirayiridzo inokosha holography vanofanira kutanga kudzidza maviri Ndege chinozunguzirwa fronts. Kutaurirana, ivo iumbe chipingaidzo muenzaniso, iyo yakanyorwa iri akaisa panzvimbo paiva chidzitiro, Photographic ndiro. Danho iri kwacho (wokutanga) muna holography chinonzi zvinyorwa (kana kunyora) ari hologram.

kudzoreredza mufananidzo

Taifunga kuti imwe ndege nemafungu - A, uye wechipiri - V. aiti bhuku wave, uye B - nyaya, kuti zvinoratidzwa kubva chinhu ane mufananidzo ndee. It hapana nzira yakasiyana nezvezvinotaurwa wave. Zvisinei, kana kusika hologram aumbwa-dimensional matatu chaiyo chinhu zvikuru kupfuura kunzwisisa wavefront chiedza kwakaratidza kubva chinhu.

The chipingaidzo muenzaniso, akapa pamusoro Photographic firimu (kureva, mufananidzo chendarira), - ndiwo hologram. Rinogona kuiswa munzira inokosha bhuku danda (Laser danda rine ndege wavefront). Muchiitiko chino, mativi vari kuumbwa 2 itsva chinozunguzirwa pamberi. Wokutanga wavo chaiyo kopi chinhu chinozunguzirwa pamberi iyo propagates mune imwe nhungamiro sechityu chinozunguzirwa W. pamusoro Danho iri rinonzi reconstructed mufananidzo.

The holographic muitiro

The chipingaidzo muenzaniso, izvo zvakasikwa vaviri nendege coherent mafungu mushure pakunyora pamusoro Photographic ndiro riri zano kubvumira kuti adzikunure dzimwe ndege chinozunguzirwa jekeso panyaya imwe mafungu izvi. The holographic muitiro, saka ane anotevera: kunyoresa uye hunotevedzana "kuchengetwa" chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa pamberi chinangwa ari muchimiro hologram (chipingaidzo muenzaniso) uye ayo reconstitution chero nguva pashure ndima achishandisa bhuku chinozunguzirwa hologram.

Subject wavefront anogona chaizvoizvo kuva chero. Somuenzaniso, zvingaoneka kubva chinhu chaicho, apo kana chiri coherent bhuku wave. Inoumbwa chero mbiri wavefronts vane coherence, ari kukanganiswa muenzaniso - iri zano unokubvumira exchange nokuda diffraction mumwe fronts izvi mune dzimwe. Ndiyo apo kiyi Chiitiko kuti holography yakavanzika. Dennis Gabor kutanga vawana pfuma iyi.

The akataura mufananidzo kunotangira ari hologram

Munguva yedu, zvakatanga kushandiswa zano unokosha kuverenga holograms - holographic purojekita. Kunoitawo kuti kutendeutsa mufananidzo kubva zviviri kusvikira matatu-dimensional. Zvisinei, kuona nyore hologram, holographic purojekita haisi kuzvireva. Rondedzera muchidimbu yekugadzirisa akadaro mifananidzo.

Kuchengeta zvepakutanga hologram mufananidzo aumbwa, zvakakodzera muriise chinhambwe 1 mita kubva ziso. Kuburikidza diffraction nesefa anofanira kutarisa mirayiridzo umo ndege mafungu (rakadzorerwa) vachibuda mairi. Saka sei chaizvo ndege mafungu kupinda Ziso mucherechedzi, chifananidzo holographic kuri sandara. Zvinoita sokuti kwatiri sokunge "rusvingo varara" kuti zvakaenzana rinovheneka chiedza muchiva ruvara sezvo runoenzanirana Laser. Sezvo chaiwo zviratidzo izvi "Wall" anobviswa, hazvibviri kuziva sei kure zviri. Zvinoita sokuti iwe kutarira riri pana kusaverengeka pamusoro pamadziro, asi unogona kuona chete chikamu chayo, izvo zvinoita kuti vaone achishandisa "hwindo" diki ari hologram. Naizvozvo, munhu hologram - iri zvakaenzana zvakavhenekerwa pasi yatisingagoni kuona chinhu chakafanira hanya.

The diffraction nesefa (hologram) kunotipa kuchengeta zvishomanana migumisiro. Vanokwanisa kuratidza kushandiswa holograms nezvimwe mhando. Nomunyika diffraction chendarira, chiedza danda riri paradzanisa, achiumba danda itsva mbiri. Kushandisa Laser matanda rinogona chero diffraction nesefa. The nemwaranzi inofanira kuva akasiyana ruvara kubva kushandiswa kwayo yakarekodwa. The pakona of ruvara danda vachikotama kunobva chii ruvara zvaanazvo. Kana yatsvuka (refu-wavelength), bango yakadaro akatsunga panguva yorusvingo kupfuura yebhuruu danda, iro rine zviduku wavelength.

Kuburikidza nesefa anogona tisangosiya musanganiswa mavara ose, kureva chena. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe ruvara chezvinonhuwira ari hologram anokotama pasi yayo angled. Panguva goho chakarondedzera aumbwa akafanana zvakasikwa prism.

Placement of nesefa mitsetse

Nokurova nesefa dzinofanira pedyo chaizvo kune mumwe kuti zvakanga kuoneka vachikotama chiedza mwaranzi. Somuenzaniso, kuti curvature tsvuku danda kubudikidza 20 ° zvakakodzera kuti kure pakati grooves asingaiti kupfuudza 0,002 mm. Kana vanoisa kunyatsotevera, kachiedza chiedza anotanga kufonyora kunyange zvakawanda. Kuti "kunyora" munhu akapiwa yekamuri ndiro kunodiwa, izvo zvinogona kunyora zvakadaro matete nhengo. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuti aiise mubishi dzokuteerera uye akaramba mira zvachose munguva kunyoresa.

The mufananidzo rinogona zvakazorwa zvikuru kunyange kuchangotanga sangano, zvokuti kwaizova zvachose indistinguishable. Muchiitiko chino, tinoona hapana chipingaidzo muenzaniso, chete girazi ndiro pamusoro wayo pepasi noruvara rutema kana pfumbu. Zvechokwadi, muchiitiko ichi, angarega kutamba diffraction migumisiro kunotangira imwe diffraction nesefa.

Transmissive uye tichifungisisa hologram

Tava amutsvaka diffraction nesefa anonzi sokuendesa, nokuti anoita muchiedza nepariri. Kana mhaka yekamuri mutsetse haisi läpinäkyvä mundiro, uye pamusoro pemvura girazi, tinowana diffraction nesefa reflectivity. Zvinoratidza chiedza panguva dzakasiyana pamakona mavara akasiyana. Saizvozvowo, pane vaviri dzakafara makirasi holograms - tichifungisisa uye transmissive. First kuchengetwa nechiedza, uye yechipiri - iri kupfuura.