Utsotso pfungwa yedare

Iron murume akatanga neImba (nokuchengetedza, utsotso) pashure chiuru makore mashomanana pashure kukura kwebasa pamwe mhangura. Wokutanga simbi chizvarwa muchimiro bundu yakawanikwa kuMiddle East muna 3000 BC. Nesimbi uye simbi, maererano nenyanzvi, kwamuka mashomanana nzvimbo panyika, vanhu vakasiyana kuva muitiro uyu panguva dzakasiyana. Nesimbi iri sezvo ari mashoko kuita maturusi kuvhima uye hondo chakatsiva ibwe uye nendarira.

Wokutanga simbi kugadzira muinonzi syrodutnyh. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti ini kukotsira mugomba simbi mhangura pamwe pamazimbe, izvo vakakurudzira uye zvakasimba chisimbiso, vachisiya muridze buri kuburikidza iyo mhepo yakachena iri vaipa kune Nokufema. Panguva kudziyisa kwakadaro, utsotso pfungwa resimbi, Chokwadi, asingagoni kubudirira, rwaiwanikwa Kwakapomhodzwa guru (maruva), iyo yaiva gang (nedota kubva huni, oxides pesimbi uye dombo).

Next, kunoguma kutumbuka prokovyvali akaramba kubvisa gang nezvimwe zvisingakoshi nokuchinja, muitiro uyu unoparadza nguva-akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kanoverengeka, zvichiguma zvachose kurema kumugumo oparesheni rinosvika cheshanu. Nokugadzirwa mvura vhiri akazviratidza zvichiita kupa yakawanda mhepo. Nokuda akadaro dutyu simbi utsotso aiva tembiricha panotirwadza, akaonekwa simbi iri mvura.

simbi iyi yaiva simbi, usina ndokugadzira, asi zvakaonekwa kuti zvakanaka anozadza fomu. Ndivo kuedza kutanga pamusoro simbi kutsinga kuti zvimwe zvinhu uye kuchinja kwakasvika mazuva edu. Nokufamba kwenguva, akawana nzira processing simbi kupinda vachibata simbi. Iron zvidimbu dzakanga dzakatakura pamazimbe, mune izvi, simbi kurigamuchira oxidation yakaitika netsvina, kusanganisira kabhoni. The zvichiguma simbi inova paukobvu, simbi utsotso tembiricha yakawedzera, i.e. Zvakazoitika yakabikwa simbi.

Nokudaro, metallurgists yacho nguva vakakwanisa kuudza chimwe mutoo muzvikamu zviviri. Izvi zviviri-danho kwacho pfungwa akapona kusvikira nguva ino, kuchinja chitarisiko zvikuru hanya kwemasayendisiti kuitika rechipiri danho. simbi yakachena kana simbi ane pasi kumwedzi kushanda ane inenge kwete. Utsotso pfungwa simbi iri dhayagiramu simbi - kabhoni iri nguva A, izvo unoenderana 1535 inegumi.

The Kubika pfungwa simbi kunoitika apo huwandu 3200 inegumi.

pakupedzisira Outdoor simbi akafukidzwa ane oxide firimu, Pedhi Ngura anooneka nyorovera ezvinhu. Iron kubva pakutanga kwayo uye nhasi ndiyo imwe huru simbi. Shandisa nedare, kunyanya muchimiro alloys, izvo zvakasiyana zviri sezvamunoita uye zvivako.

At chii tembiricha inonyunguduka simbi, zvichienderana kabhoni kugutsikana uye zvimwe zvinoumba ari chiwanikwa sezvamunoita. The kushandiswa nevakawanda vari kabhoni alloys - yesimbi uye simbi. Alloys ane anopfuura 2% kabhoni, inonzi simbi, asingasviki 2% muri simbi. Kandira simbi inotengwa mu kwebhosvo yamavira, kuburikidza remelting makapfumiswa mhangura iri sinter chirimwa.

Steel sezvainonyauswa mukati pachoto, uye yemagetsi induction yamavira, converters.

Sezvo mutariri rinoshanda chinyorwa uye nguruve simbi. By oxidation pezvakaitwa, kuti batch mangé chinobviswa kamwe uye kabhoni utachiona, uye yokuvirisa kubvumira alloying zvokuvakisa kuwana kutsvakwa simbi inotakura. Nokuti simbi uye dzimwe alloys vachishandisa ano simbi ESR ano, Vacuum, Erekitironi danda uye plasma utsotso.

Mukugadzirira muri nzira itsva simbi utsotso, kupa kushandisa michina acho uye pave yepamusoro simbi.

Zviitiko Scientific vasvika pamwero apo unogona kuwana zvinhu kuti huchadzivisa Vacuum uye yakakwirira kumanikidzwa, hombe tembiricha ndatsamwa, hasha zvakatipoteredza, mwaranzi, etc.