Nobel Prize vakundi Russia uye Soviet Union muna wefizikisi, dzezvoupfumi, uye mabhuku

Nobel mibayiro vari paakavapa gore negore Stockholm (muSweden) uye Oslo (Norway). Ivo vanonzi kupfuura nomukurumbira dzakawanda mibayiro. Nzira dzavo Alfred Nobel - the Swedish muvambi, nyanzvi, tycoon, humanist uye muzivi. Akaburuka munhau sezvo ivo vakatanga Dynamite (rakanga patented muna 1867), vakaita basa guru iri maindasitiri kukura redu. In rakanyorwa na Alfred Nobel testamende akaudzwa kuti nemari yake yose wakabura kuti mari, chinangwa iyo - awarding mibayiro yevaya akakwanisa kuunza kubatsira zvikuru vanhu.

The Nobel Prize

Mubayiro paakavapa nhasi muminda kemisitiri, wefizikisi, mushonga, mabhuku. Uyewo paakavapa Rugare Prize.

Russian Nobel laureates mabhuku, wefizikisi uye dzezvoupfumi zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino. Muchava tinyatsoziva nhoroondo dzeupenyu dzavo, zvakawanikwa uye zvayakawana.

Nobel mutengo zvakakwirira. Muna 2010, saizi yaro yakanga anenge $ mamiriyoni 1,5.

The Nobel Foundation rakaumbwa muna 1890.

Russian Nobel Prize Laureates

nyika yedu kudada mazita, ngaamurumbidze muminda wefizikisi, mabhuku uye dzezvoupfumi. Nobel Prize vakundi Russia uye Soviet Union munzvimbo idzi ndeinotevera:

• Bunin I. A. (mabhuku) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. uye Tamm I. E. (wefizikisi) - 1958.
• Pasternak p (mabhuku) - 1958.
• Landau L. D. (wefizikisi) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. uye Prohorov A. M. (wefizikisi) - 1964.
• Sholohov M. A. (Literature) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (mabhuku) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V. (dzezvoupfumi) - 1975.
• Kapitsa PL (wefizikisi) - 1978.
• Brodskiy I. A. (mabhuku) - 1987.
• Alferov Zh I. (wefizikisi) -. 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. uye Ginzburg, L. (wefizikisi) - 2003;
• Andre Geim uye Novoselov Konstantin (wefizikisi) - 2010.

List netarisiro acharamba mumakore tevera. Nobel Prize vakundi Russia uye Soviet Union, mazita yatiri ambotaurwa, vakanga vachipisira kwete zvakazara, asi chete munzvimbo dzakadai wefizikisi, mabhuku uye zvoupfumi. Uyezve, vatungamiriri nyika yedu vakanga chiratidzo mushonga uye physiology, kemisitiri, uye akagamuchira mibayiro maviri munyika. Asi kwavari, tichataura dzimwe nguva zvakare.

Nobel laureates mu Physics

yefizikisi Vakawanda nyika yedu vakanga paakavapa ichi nomukurumbira mubayiro. Tiudzei zvimwe nezvevamwe vavo.

Tamm Igor Evgenevich

Tamm Igor Evgenevich (1895-1971) akaberekerwa Vladivostok. Akanga ari mwanakomana ndiinjiniya. Mugore, ndaiva Scotland iri paYunivhesiti Edinburgh, asi akadzokera kumusha uye kudzidza muna 1918 kubva rorusununguko Physics. musayendisiti Future vakaenda mberi muna First World War, apo akashanda se mukoma tsitsi. Muna 1933 iye akadzivirira ake doctorate chinyorwa, uye gare gare gore, muna 1934, akava mutsvakurudzi panguva Institute of Physics. Lebedev. musayendisiti Izvi kushanda muminda nesayenzi, izvo zvave zvishoma kudzidza. Saka, iye akadzidza relativistic (kureva, chokuita yakakurumbira dzidziso relativity, zvinganaka Albertom Eynshteynom) quantum hurongwa uye dzidziso maatomu musimboti. In ake mukupera 30s dzakakwanisa pamwe I. M. Frankom kutsanangura kunoita Cherenkov-Vavilov - blue mvura sokupenya kuti kunoitika pasi pokudzora wegamma mwaranzi. Zvakakunakirai kuti zvidzidzo izvi iye akazopiwa Nobel Prize. Asi Tamm zvaainyanya kubudirira mune zvesayenzi vaiona basa riri kudzidza zvokutanga nezvimedu uye mabhomba nuclei.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) akaberekerwa Baku. baba vake akashanda ari peturu injiniya. Pazera makore gumi nematatu, musayendisiti yemberi kudzidza kukoreji pamwe kukuru uye dzimwe gumi nemapfumbamwe, muna 1927, akapedza kudzidza Leningrad University. Lev Davidovich akaramba dzidzo yake kunze somumwe zvikuru unyanzvi akapedza vadzidzi vari vhocha commissar. Pano aiitawo misangano inoitiswa kutungamirira yefizikisi European - Paul Dirac uye Max Akaberekwa. Landau ari kumba akaramba zvidzidzo ake. Mumakore 26, zvasvika mwero Dhokotera Science, uye gore gare gare akava purofesa. Pamwe chete Lifshitsem Evgeniem Mihaylovichem, mumwe wevadzidzi vake, akatanga kosi kuti akapedza kudzidza uye Rokutenderwa vadzidzi yokungotaura wefizikisi. P. L. Kapitsa akakoka Lva Davidovicha kushanda akatanga yake, asi kwapera mwedzi mishomanana musayendisiti muna 1937 pamusoro paanotsamwa wenhema vakasungwa. Kwegore rose akanga asina tariro zvokununura yaiva mujeri, uye chete nezve Stalin Kapitsa kwakaponesa hwake Landau akasunungurwa.

Tarenda rimwe musayendisiti aiva chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Achitizarurira Chiitiko kuti fluidity emura nehelium, iye akasika Dzidziso quantum mvura uye vakadzidza oscillations ose Erekitironi plasma.

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich uye Basov Nikolay Gennadevich, Russian Nobel Prize vakundi mune zvesayenzi kuti wefizikisi, vakagamuchira ichi nomukurumbira wokuva nokugadzirwa yacho Laser.

Prokhorov akaberekerwa Australia muna 1916, apo vabereki vake wakararama kubvira 1911. Vakanga kuSiberia nokuda tsarist hurumende, uye ipapo vakatiza kunze. Muna 1923, mhuri akadzokera musayendisiti yemberi muSoviet Union. Alexander kudzidza pamwe chinokudza kubva Physics Department of Leningrad University uye akashanda kubva 1939 muna Institute. Lebedev. nesayenzi pamabasa ake chokuita redhiyo wefizikisi. The musayendisiti vakatapwa muna 1950 uye redhiyo-kakawanda Spectroscopy pachiimbwa Basovym Nikolaem Gennadevichem yakatanga vanonzi masers - samolecular oscillators. Nemhaka kuvamba ichi, vakawana nzira kuumba pfungwa yokushanda redhiyo mafungu. zvidzidzo kwakadaro, zvisinei vavo Soviet nevamwe zvidzidzo uye Charlz Tauns, chokuAmerica yefizikisi, saka nhengo dzedare akasarudza kugoverana mubayiro ichi pakati pake uye masayendisiti neSoviet.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

The ndandanda anoenderera mberi "Russian Nobel laureates mu wefizikisi". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) akaberekerwa Kronstadt. baba vake vaiva munhu nemauto, refutenendi-General, uye mai vake - muteresi kuti ngano uye mudzidzisi nomukurumbira. PL Kapitsa muna 1918 kudzidza Institute muSt Petersburg, apo akadzidza pasi Ioffe Abrama Fedorovicha, anoshamisa yefizikisi. Munguva yehondo yevagari nokumukira zvakanga zvisingaiti kuita sayenzi. mudzimai Kapitsa uye vaviri nevana vake vakafa panguva typhus chekorera. The musayendisiti akatamira kuEngland muna 1921. Pano akashanda yakakurumbira Cambridge University Center uye mubatsiri yaro masayendisiti Ernest Rutherford, yakakurumbira yefizikisi. Muna 1923, Peter Leonidovich akava chiremba sciences, uye makore maviri gare gare - nhengo Trinity College - neropafadzo kuwadzana remasayendisiti.

Pyotr Leonidovich aishanda kunyanya experimental wefizikisi. Kufarira cryogenics. Kunyanya zvidzidzo vake UK tichibatsirwa kuti Rutherford Laboratory yakavakwa, uye kubudikidza 1934, musayendisiti wakasika chinhu kugadzwa nokuda liquefaction pakati nehelium. Petr Leonidovich mumakore iwayo akanga kazhinji kumba, uye panguva kushanyira utungamiriri Soviet kunyengetedza musayendisiti kuramba. Mumakore 1930-1934 kunyange inovakirwa rabhoritari munyika naye. Pakupedzisira chete haana asunungurwa kubva Soviet Union panguva inotevera kushanya. Naizvozvo Kapitsa akaramba zvidzidzo ake kare pano, uye akakwanisa muna 1938 kuzarura chinonakidza kuti superfluidity. Nokuti ichi muna 1978 akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize.

Andre Geim uye Novoselov Konstantin

Andre Geim uye Novoselov Konstantin, Russian Nobel Prize vakundi muna wefizikisi, vakagamuchira ichi honorary mubayiro muna 2010 kuti Kuwanikwa yake graphene. Ichi zvinhu zvitsva kuti iwe kuwedzera zvikuru kumhanya Indaneti mabasa anobvumira. Somugumisiro, anogona kubata uye kutendeukira zvemagetsi simba uwandu kupfuura chiedza ka20 kupfuura kare anozivikanwa zvinhu. Izvi kuwanikwa iri yazvakanyorwa 2004. Saka yakanga zvikamu ndandanda "Russian Nobel laureates remakore rechi21."

Prize pamusana Literature

nyika yedu kwagara inozivikanwa kwayo hwokudhirowa okugadzira zvinhu. Vanhu vane dzimwe nguva kukushorai pfungwa uye maonero - Russian Nobel laureates mune mabhuku. Saka, A. I. Solzhenitsyn uye I. A. Bunin vapikisi hurumende yeSoviet. Asi M. A. Sholohov aizivikanwa somunhu wepachokwadi yechiKomonisiti. Zvisinei, vakundi zvose Nobel Prize Russia vakanga vakabatanidzwa mumwe - tarenda. Nokuti iye, vakanga anokudza ichi nomukurumbira mubayiro. "Vangani Nobel Prize vakundi mabhuku muRussia?" - zvamunokumbira. Pindura: pane vashanu chete. Zvino isu tanga kuti vamwe vavo.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) akaberekerwa muMoscow mumhuri Leonida Osipovicha Pasternaka, yakakurumbira yokudhirowa. Amai yemberi munyori Rosalia Isidorovna, aiva matarenda Pianist. Zvichida ndokusaka Boris Leonidovich sezvinoita mwana vaifungidzira munyori wacho basa, kunyange iye akadzidza mumhanzi panguva chaizvo Skryabina A. N. Asi rudo nhetembo dzakakundwa. Boris Leonidovich mukurumbira vakauya nhetembo uye yokufungidzira "Doctor Zhivago", vakazvipira kusvika njodzi Russian intelligentsia, akanga atongerwa naye dambudziko. Chokwadi chokuti Vapepeti mabhuku magazini, izvo munyori akauya manyoro ake, basa anonzi Anti-Soviet uye akaramba zvizivisei. Ipapo Boris Leonidovich akapa zvaakasika kunze, wokuItaly, apo yakabudiswa muna 1957. Soviet navo chokwadi racho itsva kuMadokero rinoshora zvakasimba marudzi mhosva, uye Boris Leonidovich akanga adzingwa Writers 'Union. Asi bhuku iri akamuitira Nobel mubayiro weNobel. Kubvira muna 1946, munyori uye nyanduri nominated nokuda mubayiro ichi, asi paakavapa izvozvo chete muna 1958.

The awarding iyi nomukurumbira mubayiro izvi, maererano zhinji, zvinobikwa yokumusha Anti-Soviet ane dzinoronga zviremera. Somugumisiro, Lk tikatyisidzirwa kudzingwa Soviet Union akamanikidzwa vasarudze kubva kupiwa Nobel Prize. Chete pashure pemakore 30 Evgeny, mwanakomana munyori mukuru, baba vake vakagamuchira menduru uye chitupa.

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich

The njodzi Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha akanga asina zvishoma zvinoshamisa uye hunakidze. Akaberekerwa muna 1918 muna Kislovodsk, uye uduku nemakore remangwana akahwina mubayiro weNobel mangwanani kwakaitika Rostov-on-Don uye Novocherkassk. Ndapedza kubva rorusununguko Physics uye Mathematics pana Rostov University Aleksandr Isaevich aiva mudzidzisi uye panguva imwe chete, asipo akadzidziswa muMoscow, panguva mabhuku Institute. Mushure pakutanga Great Patriotic War, remangwana weNobel zvikuru nomukurumbira runyararo mubayiro akaenda mberi.

Solzhenitsyn, nguva pfupi asati hondo, akasungwa. Chikonzero ichi chaiva kutsoropodza yake Iosifa Stalina kero anowanikwa tsamba munyori rechiuto kusenza. Chete muna 1953, pashure pokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha, akasunungurwa. Magazini "World Itsva" muna 1962 yakabudisa yokufungidzira wokutanga munyori ichi chakanzi "Rimwe zuva Ivana Denisovicha", iro rinotaura nezvoupenyu hwevanhu vari mumusasa. magazini chaiko dzakawanda zvinotevera mabasa Solzhenitsyn anodhinda akaramba. The chikonzero akavashevedza Anti-Soviet nemunhu. Asi Aleksandr Isaevich haana kukanda mapfumo. Iye, kufanana Pasternak vakandowanikwa kumwe manyoro ake, apo zvakabudisa. Muna 1970, Nobel Prize muna Literature akanga paakavapa kwaari. At award mumhemberero Stockholm munyori handina kuenda, nokuti vakuru vakuru veSoviet haana kubvumirwa kubuda munyika. MuSoviet Union haana kubvumirwa, uye vamiririri Nobel Committee, iri kuenda muruoko mubayiro weNobel munyika yake.

Maererano nenjodzi munyori, ipapo akanga ari 1974 muBenin. Pakutanga akagara Switzerland, ipapo akatamira US kwaaiva uye akapa chaizvo kunonoka Nobel Prize. KuMadokero, rakabudiswa mabasa ake vanozivikanwa se "Archipelago Gulag" "The mashoko okutanga," "Cancer Ward." Solzhenitsyn muna 1994 akadzokera Russia.

Ndivo Nobel laureates Russia. List kuzadzikiswa rimwe zita, zvisingagone kukundikana kutaura.

Sholohov Mihail Aleksandrovich

We vachakuudza pamusoro mumwe Great vanyori Patriotic - Sholohove Mihaile Aleksandroviche. dambudziko rake zvakanga zvakasiyana pane vavengi reSoviet hurumende (Pasternak uye Solzhenitsyn), nokuti inotsigira hurumende. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) akazvarwa Don. ipapo Akarondedzera Veshenskaia, ake yokumusha duku, mumabasa mazhinji. Mikhail Sholokhov akapedza chikoro 4 chete. Akatora Zvinoshingaira mune hondo kwakatungamirira kusarudza zviyo surpluses kubva akapfuma Cossacks suborder. Munyori ramangwana rakanga kare achiri muduku akanzwa kudanwa kwake. Muna 1922 akaenda Moscow, uye kwapera mwedzi mishomanana akatanga kubudisa mumagazini nemapepanhau nyaya dzavo wokutanga. Muna 1926, kwaiva muunganidzwa "azure inowanzorimwa" uye "Don nyaya". Muna 1925 akatanga basa iri yokufungidzira "Uye Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don", yakatsaurirwa upenyu Cossacks iri yakaoma (Civil War, Revolution, Hondo Yenyika I). Muna 1928 zvakava pachena chikamu basa iri pakutanga, uye ari 30s kunyorwa uye akava pamusoro okusika Sholokhov. Muna 1965, munyori paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Literature.

Russian Nobel laureates mu Economics

nyika yedu mu munda uyu kusina kudaro hombe sezvo mumabhuku uye wefizikisi, apo pane yakawanda laureates Russian. Prize muna dzezvoupfumi achiri chete chete rimwe compatriot yedu. Tiudzei zvimwe nezvazvo.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich

Russian Nobel laureates mu dzezvoupfumi anomiririrwa nezita rimwe chete. Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich (1912-1986) ndiro chete Economist Russia kuti paakavapa mubayiro uyu. Iye wakaberekerwa musayendisiti mumhuri chiremba muSt Petersburg. Vabereki vake munguva yehondo, akatizira Belarus, uko akapedza gore. Vitaly Kantorowicz, baba Kantorovich vakafa muna 1922. Muna 1926, musayendisiti yemberi akapinda chambotaurwa nezvacho Leningrad University, apo akadzidza, kuwedzera sayenzi yepanyama, nhoroondo wepanguva, political upfumi, masvomhu. Rorusununguko Mathematics uye kudzidza pane nemakore 18, muna 1930. Pashure paizvozvo Kantorovich akaramba payunivhesiti somudzidzisi. At 22, Leonid V. anova muzvinadzidzo, uye gore gare gare - uye chiremba. Muna 1938 akagadzwa kuti yezvirwere consultant plywood mufekitari, apo basa pakusika zvakasiyana zvekuvaka yavaive nzira kuti maximize chokupika yakanga kufanorongwa pamberi pake. Saka zvakanzi nheyo kuraswa nzira mapurogiramu. Muna 1960 musayendisiti akatamira Novosibirsk, apo panguva iyoyo kombiyuta centre akasikwa, kupfuura mazhinji munyika. Pano akaramba zvidzidzo ake. In Novosibirsk musayendisiti akararama kusvikira 1971. Panguva iyi akanga paakavapa ari Lenin Prize. Muna 1975 akanga paakavapa, pamwe chete T. Koopmans Nobel Prize, raakanga apiwa mipiro vake dzidziso Resource yavaive.

Ava huru Russian Nobel laureates. 2014 kwakaratidzwa nokugamuchira ichi Mubayiro Patrick Modiano (mabhuku), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (wefizikisi). Zhan Tirol akagamuchira mubayiro mumunda dzezvoupfumi. Pakati pavo pane Russian Nobel laureates. 2013 akauya ichi nomukurumbira wokuva vomunyika yedu. vakundi All vaimiririra zvimwe anoti.