Zoologie - sayenzi mhuka. History of zvemhuka

Zoologie - kudzidza mhuka, iyo yave kudzidza panguva runoenzanirana mhando (Animalia). Izvi zvinosanganisira mhando dzose zvipenyu, vachidya chikafu pamwe mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta. Mhando idzi zvinomera zviri kusiyaniswa ndechokuti vanoramba aifanira synthesize upenyu Organic zvinhu kubva zvimwe zvinyorwa. Vamiririri Vazhinji mhuka vachikwanisa kutamira vakazvimiririra. Howa vagara vafunga zvinomera. Zvisinei, tikaona kuti vane kwaniso yekubata Organic zvinhu kubva nechitarisiko zvinyorwa. Panewo zvinenge vakadaro iyo synthesize starch kubva inorganic mamorekuru. Panguva iyoyo havana kukwanisa kufamba. Mune mamwe manzwi, hazvibviri kupa vakawanda pfungwa uye kutaura nzira dzekuziva pakati nemhuka uye zvinomera, sezvo havapo.

Categorization

Muchiitiko chino, pane kupesana mukati mirayiridzo yakawanda, izvo kusiyaniswa zvichienderana iyo chinhu ari kuongororwa uye chii nematambudziko zviri kudzidzwa. Zoologie - sayenzi, iyo rakakamurwa munzvimbo huru mbiri. Kureva kudzidza invertebrates uye vertebrates. Uyewo munzvimbo idzi dzingasanganisira anoranga dzakadaro:

- Protistology. Muchiitiko chino, kudzidza nyore.

- Ichthyology - kudzidza hove.

- Helminthology - kudzidza parasitic nehonye.

- Malacology - kudzidza molluscs.

- acarologists - kudzidza zvikwekwe.

- Entomology - kudzidza nezvipembenene.

- carcinology - kudzidza crustaceans zvipenyu.

- Herpetology - pakudzidza nezvinokambaira uye amphibians.

- Ornithology - kudzidza shiri.

- Theriology - kudzidza mhuka.

zvidzidzo zvemhuka vanhu kukosha?

Funga chinhu ichi zvizere. Pane yaingowanikwa iyi sayenzi nhoroondo. Zoologie Mhuka dzose akaita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Ndichitarisa vanhu ava, maitiro avo, unyanzvi, vanhu vokutanga kunzwisisa zvakatipoteredza nani. Pashure pezvose, vanhu vaifanira kudzidza kunovhima shiri nemhuka, kuredza, sei kuti vazvidzivirire pazvikara sei uye kupi. Uye zvose unyanzvi izvi zvinogona kudzidza kubva nemhuka. Zoologie - sayenzi kuti ane midzi vekare uye anonakidza akapfuma munhoroondo.

Kokutanga ari IV remakore BC nezvesayenzi ichi akadzidza kubva mumabhuku musayendisiti mukuru - Aristotle. Uyu chinokosha chokwadi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi zvaanorondedzera yakatangira anenge 500 mhando dzemhuka dzakasiyana. Vamwe vavo vaiva matsvuku, uye vamwe vakanga kunyange pasina izvozvo. Uye mabasa musayendisiti ichi chakataurwa kukosha neimwe mhuka marudzi, uyewo avo kukura uye mamiriro. Iri raiva tsanangudzo yakatodzama enisaikoropidhiya iyi.

KuMiddle Ages vakaramba kuva nyaya iyi sainzi. Zoologie nerimwe gore yakatama danho mberi. Vamwe anokosha ruzivo pamusoro mhuka, aizivikanwa kare, vave kukanganwika. Masayendisiti vaizoisa pfungwa dzavo maberekero, kunovhima uye mhuka zvakanaka. yakawedzera zvakare Kurasika kufarira chete Renaissance. Nepo Kuteerera wekushandisa uye kutengeserana. Nokuda vakawanda nzendo rakaitwa, zvainanga pakudzidza itsva mhando nemhuka, izvo haana chinhu kare anozivikanwa.

Karl Linney zvakare wakaita basa rinokosha kukura zvemhuka. Ndiye Classified mhuka nyika uye akapa mazita zvesayinzi mumwe kutsunga mairi.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kugumisa nhoroondo nesayenzi ichi. Zoologie yekudyidzana nani yechipiri yezana XIX remakore. Izvi pashure Charles Darwin yakabudisa bhuku iri "The Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection". In basa rake akavaratidza mumwe chokwadi. It iri ndechokuti nyika anochinjwa nokuda dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Kureva, vanhu vatsva vakatakura kurwira kuvapo uye kurarama, uye chete akasimba zviripo. Nokuda hwaro iyi zvemhuka - sayenzi mhuka - akatanga ichishanduka nokukurumidza. The mberi zvichazivikanwa muna taxonomy. Pachava tsananguro itsva kwemarudzi.

Uyewo nezvenhoroondo paumbwe Zoologie ngarinzi muRussia mushure dzakaitwa kumabvazuva uye kuchamhembe kweSiberia. Vakanga rwaiitwa A. F. Middendorfom, N. M. Przhevalskim, Semenov-Tyan-Shan. Zvakanzi zvekare kuitwa nesayenzi nzendo muna Central Asia pamusoro embryology I. I. Mechnikovym uye A. O. Kovalevskim, uye paleontology - V. O. Kovalevskim, muna Physiology - I. M. Sechenovym uye I. P. Pavlovym.

Zoologie nhasi

Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira raora hwemhuka nyika nesayenzi. Izvi inorangarira vamwe mirayiridzo. zvinoti:

• Zoologie munhu.
• Paleontology - kudzidza Zvisaririra mhuka uye kwokushanduka nedanho shanduka.
• Physiology - kudzidza mashandiro masero uye nhengo yose.
• Kubatana zvikuru zvemhuka - ikoroji. Zvinonzi kuna ukama pakati mhuka nyika iri uye nezvimwe zvinhu. Inoongorora kukanganisa kwavo panyika yakatipota, kureva, ukama hwavo zvakatipoteredza.

Sezvambotaurwa, zvemhuka zvidzidzo shiri, mhuka uye nezvipembenene. sainzi uyu rakakamurwa anokosha zvikamu kuti nyore maonero. Izvi zvichakurukurwa kutsanangurwa pashure.

The chikuru zvikamu Zoologie

Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Systematics yemhuka. Uyu chaicho nesayenzi. It rinoongorora mhuka. It inoshanyirwa weboka kupinda makirasi, kuvaka akanyatsorongwa. Uyewo, chitsauko chino chinopa tsanangudzo sei sei uye akaita mhuka yenyika, uye zvichingodaro.
• The Morphology yemhuka. Chinhu nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza nemamiriro muviri mhuka.
• Animal Ecology. It inoshanyirwa Kuongorora dzinogarisana uye kuziva ukama nemhuka dzaro.
• Kana kuenzaniswa shanduka Morphology. Chinhu nesayenzi kuti rinotsanangura matangiro akaita mhuka mhando dzakasiyana. hunotiba- kutsanangura hama shanduka.
• Ethology. Pane chiri kuitwa kudzidza maitiro mhuka mukufamba shanduka.
• Zoogeography. sainzi iri kuona dzinogarisana, kudzidza maumbirwo mhuka huripo munyika dzakasiyana runyararo.
• Paleozoology. Pane chiri kuitwa kudzidza mhuka prehistoric. Chikamu ichi rakafanana sayenzi kuti vanodzidza shanduka mhuka.
• Physiology. Chikamu ichi rinoitwa kudzidza akasiyana-siyana ari mhuka muviri.

Vakawanda zvemhuka - iri sainzi, iyo ine chokuita nevamwe anoranga uye nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, ine pedyo chaizvo ukama nemushonga.

Siyana nyika mhuka

Ndiye guru kwazvo uye multi-faceted. Mhuka kurarama pose pose - muminda, steppes uye masango, mhepo, makungwa, makungwa, Makungwa nenzizi.

Munyika yedu, pane vanhu vakadai tupukanana vakasarudza dzinogarisana mhuka kana munhu. Vanhu ichi mhando kunogona kuonekwa mune miti. Somuenzaniso, ndiko nomupedzachose, inda dzemuriwo uye mites.

Kukosha mhuka

Kune vanhu vazhinji kuti vanobatsirwa kwete chete zvisikwa asiwo munhu. Somuenzaniso, zviri nyuchi, zvipembenene, nhunzi uye kungozvifunga. Ivo pollinate maruva akawanda uye zvirimwa. Uyewo chinokosha zvakasikwa uye shiri. Ivo kutakura mbeu pamusoro madaro marefu.

Pane mhuka dzinokanganisa miti, nokuparadza zvirimwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazviratidzi kuti kuvapo kwavo maturo. Vanogona kuva huru link hochekoche romugove vanhu siyana. Ndivo zvose zvinokonzera kuti ane kukosha zvemhuka. Zoologie mune mirayiridzo iyi inokosha nesayenzi.

Domestic uye dzomusango

Nokuti mumwe munhu zvakakosha kuwana mapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi kubva nyama. Kare, paiva zvitoro uye muzvitoro, chigadzirwa ichi rwaiwanikwa kuburikidza kunovhima. Zvadaro, vanhu vakadzidza hove uye vawana unyanzvi kwake maberekero.

Humanity akadzidzawo kuti domesticate mhuka uye kurishandisa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. rutoto ake akaita kuti zvibvire kuti vawane zvinhu zvakadai nyama, mukaka, mazai, etc. Nemhaka mhuka, vanhu vakadzidza kubereka makushe, minhenga uye ganda, uye akahushandisa kuti zvavanoda.

About zviuru 10. Makore akapfuura murume wokutanga dzaichengetwa chikara mhumhi. Ava vaiva madzitateguru makare imbwa. Zvisinei, iye zvino, mhuka idzi shamwari vanhu vakawanda vakatendeka uye vakavimbika.

Asi zvipfuwo basa yakatanga domestication mabhiza. Ivo inokosha mumba.

Kusawirirana uye zvakafanana yemhuka

All vanhu munhu akapiwa rudzi kusiyanisa maererano mhando, mamiriro, afemeruke, kubereka, budiriro, uye zvichingodaro. Mhuka vakasiyana zvirimwa pakuti havana hwakasimba cellulose casing. Vakaguta vakagadzirira akagadzirwa Organic zvinhu. Animal dzinoratidzwa tichishingaira kufamba. Somugumisiro, vanogona kuwana zvokudya.

mhedziso

Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti chii pakawanda ndiye tsananguro. Zoologie inoita basa rinokosha muupenyu ose chisikwa panyika. Izvi zvataurwa kare. Zvose zviri interconnected munyika ino. A zvemhuka - ndiwo upenyu pachahwo.