Organic nyaya unhu hwavo uye kupatsanura

Organic zvinhu - ndiwo yeimwe izvo maatomu ose kabhoni. Achiri tanga kukura kemisitiri, zvose zvinhu vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: chicherwa uye Organic. Munguva idzodzo zvaifungwa kuti kuti synthesize makemikari nyaya unofanira kuva zvisina kumboitika "upenyu simba" dziri rakasiyana kuti mupenyu chaivo gadziriro. Naizvozvo kwetunhu Organic yeimwe kubva chicherwa hazviiti. Yakanga chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, F. Weller akapikisa huripo pfungwa uye synthesized urea kubva Ammonium cyanate, kureva akagamuchira makemikari nyaya kubva chicherwa. Ipapo nhamba remasayendisiti synthesized chloroform, aniline, acetate asidhi uye namakemikari akawanda zvimwe yeimwe.

Organic zvinhu ndivo hwaro nezvokuvapo nyaya mhenyu, uye ndiye chikafu sadza kuti vanhu nemhuka. Most Organic yeimwe vari mbishi zvokuvakisa siyana maindasitiri - zvokudya, makemikari, chiedza, mishonga etc.

Parizvino, mune zvinopfuura mamiriyoni 30. A-siyana Organic yeimwe. Naizvozvo, Organic zvinhu Dzinomirira kirasi kupfuura chaizvo makemikari. A-siyana Organic yeimwe chokuita nedzimwe zvivako uye mamiriro Carbo. Carbo pedyo maatomu chokuita pamwe chete kana kakawanda (kaviri, katatu) zvisungo.

Organic zvinhu. Chemistry.

Organic yeimwe inozivikanwa nokuvapo covalent C-C zvisungo, uye polar covalent zvisungo C-N, C-O, C -Hal, C- simbi, etc. Zvinoitwa kuitika zvinobatanidza Organic zvinhu vane zvimwe kana tichienzanisa zvicherwa. In zvinoitwa inorganic yeimwe kazhinji ions kubatanidzwawo. Kazhinji Maitiro aya tichitsanya chaizvo, dzimwe nguva pakarepo panguva optimum tembiricha. In Maitiro vane makemikari zvinhu mamorekuru yemanyorero zvinobatanidzwa. Zvinofanira akati kuti iyi nyaya dzimwe zvisungo covalent hwakavhunika, uye nokudaro vamwe vari aumba. Kazhinji, Maitiro aya mberi zvikuru zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nokuda kumhanyisa kwavo zvakafanira kuwedzera tembiricha kana kushandisa anowedzera (asidhi kana garo).

Senzira Organic zvinhu zvakasikwa? Vazhinji Organic yeimwe mu sezvingatarisirwa synthesized mu nedanho photosynthesis kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura iri nyoro chlorophyll zvinomera.

Makirasi Organic yeimwe.

Kupatsanura pakati Organic yeimwe kwakavakirwa A. Butlerov dzidziso. The hurongwa kupatsanura kunokosha nesayenzi Nomenclature kuti inogonesa kudaidzwa makemikari fuma, inobva aivapo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa. The kupatsanura pazvikanganiso huru mbiri zvinhu - kabhoni skeletal chivako, nhamba uye placement of dzichipfekeka mapoka ari Morekuru.

Carbon marangwanda - zviri kugadzikana mune siyana nemakemikari ari mamorekuru ari Organic zvinhu. Zvichienderana ayo mamiriro, zvose Organic zvinhu vari mapoka mapoka.

By acyclic yeimwe zvinosanganisira zvinhu pamwe yakarurama kana mapazi kabhoni cheni. By carbocyclic yeimwe zvinosanganisira zvinhu pamwe Zvinonzi, vari rakakamurwa subgroups maviri - alicyclic uye zvinonhuwirira. Heterocyclic yeimwe - zvinhu yakavakirwa mamorekuru izvo zvishwe inoumbwa maatomu uye carbonyl maatomu nevamwe zvine maatomu akafanana (Kwezvokudya Nemiti, Nitrogen, Sarufa) heteroatoms.

Uyewo, Organic zvinhu dzinoiswa nokuvapo dzichipfekeka mapoka inova chikamu mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, yeHydrocarbon makirasi (Kunze - mu mamorekuru avo dzichipfekeka mapoka), phenols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, esters, carboxylic acids, etc. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti nerimwe dzichipfekeka boka (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, NH, NO) anosarudza mashoko physicochemical ehupfumi pakati mukomboni.