Bioethics - Principles uye ichi ... nenyaya bioethics. Bioethics muRussia

Zvose zvoupenyu nyanzvi basa munhu anoenderana siyana avo kwetsika ounyanzvi. Panguva iyoyo vose vane zvimwe zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo.

Ethics - kurangwa kuti anoona tsika zvine chokuita nounhu hwevanhu. kudzidza Its familiarizes isu pamwe kusiyana mitemo uye ukama pakati vanhu. All nemhando kwetsika unyanzvi mamwe mitemo. Vari kufunga nzira, uye mimwe kwevanhu womukati murau. Hwaro ichi kugamuchirwa zvetsika zvinangwa. Imwe mhando chirango ichi chinouya vanachiremba zvekutepfenyura.

zvokurapa nezvetsika

Dzidziso iyi kutiudza chikuru tsika, izvo zvinofanira kuva munhu ane maoko ndiyo upenyu wevarwere vake. To musi, zvose dzinokosha mitemo chirango iri gwaro rinonzi "The Code of Ethics nachiremba wokuRussia." Rakazoshandiswa muna 1994. Traditional tsika yokurapa anotarisirwa kugadzirisa unhu uye ukama nachiremba uye anoshivirira.

bioethics

Life haadi mira. Panguva ino padariro kukura vanhu kwaidiwa mukusika zvimwe zvigadzirwa nenyanzvi dzokurapa tsika. Chiitwa ichi kuti delineate mumucheto, izvo akabvumira kuchinja upenyu hwevanhu uye rufu. Zviito zvose izvi zvinofanira hazvo kuchengeta tsika uye utano murwere. Uye pano anouya kudzivirira upenyu hwevanhu Bioethics.

History of budiriro

Bioethics - kunzwisisa chakajairika kuti kwakaitika mutsika yazvino uno. It yakabuda muna US ari 60s-70s wekupedzisira remakore. Shoko rokuti "bioethics" akanga aronga nomukuru American oncologist Potter muna 1970. Ndiye wakadana vanachiremba uye zvipenyu dziva Vachiedza nechokwadi dzakatsarukana ezvinhu muupenyu. Maererano Potter, bioethics - haisi sainzi yokupona. Uyu uchenjeri itsva, iyo chinayo zivo zvipenyu bhizimisi uye huripo munhu tsika.

Kana shoko rokuti "bioethics", pfungwa, kana panzvimbo yayo kugutsikana, pashure imwe nguva yachinja zvikuru. Pakutanga interdisciplinary kudzidza tsika, anthropological, ezvemitemo uye evanhu, panowanikwa iyo pave ichangobva transplantologicheskie anorapa achishandisa mitemo ruzivo magene uye pamuviri.

Mune manonwe remakore rapfuura iri America okutanga nzvimbo dzidzo uye tsvakurudzo, izvo vakadzidza bioethics zvakasikwa. It akavhomora nzeve kuranga kudzidza zvinetso vechitendero, vatori venhau, uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Vaiona dzimwe nyaya uye voruzhinji.

Development kuti bioethics vari gumi anotevera akwanise kuti vawane kuzivikanwa munyika Western Europe. Munguva nineties, kudzidza chirango ichi akagashira yakawanda nzeve kuEastern Europe (kusanganisira Russia), uyewo Asia (kunyanya China uye Japan).

zvikuru basa

Bioethics - dzidziso rakagadzirirwa kuti rione musiyano chinzvimbo ari kuoma dzetsika yomuka maererano kukura mberi anorapa achishandisa mitemo sayenzi tsika. chirango ichi ndehwokuti kupindura mibvunzo inotevera:

- Zvinoita nokuita cloning kwevanhu?
- Zviri bvumidzwa kuti nokuumba nemagene nzira "anoita" chinokosha munhu mukuru njere uye panyama unhu?
- Ndine mvumo yehama mushakabvu kana fenzi iri vakaronga kubudisa nhengo kuti nokuisazve kurwara vanhu?
- Ko Ndinoda kuti murwere kuti chirwere chisingarapiki? Etc.

Chinangwa bioethics ndiko kuwana munzanga uye mutsika nezvisarudzo ruzha nyaya dzakadaro. Chokwadi, pane chepamutemo mubvunzo kana kurapwa bioethics ndinofanira? Handiti, pane Hippocratic mhiko. Rine emakore anodzidzisa zvidzidzo dzetsika vanachiremba. Ndichengetedze upenyu pasi redu rinoita basa reDare kutungamirira yefizikisi zhinji. Dzinoronga sangano, achirangarira kurambidza kuidzwa zvombo zvenyukireya. chidzidzo mutsika inodzidzisa vanhu uye zvipenyu, vachirwira kudzivirira zvakatipoteredza.
Zvisinei Hippocratic nezvetsika uye bioethics vane zvimwe kusiyana. The rokutanga dzidziso mbiri idzi chinokuvadzwa chepamusoro hunhu. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, izvozvo anoongorora basa chiremba mune tsika pasi, zvakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa ayo basa kumurwere. The murwere vaiona kuti kutambura munhu. Iye pusa uye haabatanidzwi muna zvisarudzo zvinokosha muupenyu hwake. Subject Bioethics - murwere sezvo chinoshingaira tsika nyaya. Panguva iyoyowo anokwanisa kuita nhaurirano kana kunyange ukama yemakwikwi pamwe vasayendisiti uye n'anga.

Features

A kurangwa itsva haina kunoshandurwa tsika dzechinyakare, akadai tsitsi uye rudo, tsika basa vanachiremba uye nheyo nenaneseneniya kukuvadza kumurwere. Chete tsika nemagariro mamiriro ezvinhu nhasi, zvose nguva aya kuridzwa itsva uye zvaanoreva.

Subject Bioethics - a kusiyana uye kusiyana nomumwe hwomunhu. Chirango ichi anoziva kodzero nomumwe munhu pachavo kutora sarudzo inokosha chokuita hwake.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvinhu zvipenyu kana vanachiremba sezvo nyanzvi vane ruzivo pamusoro kwevanhu cloning nzira. Zvisinei, kudzivirira zviito zvakadaro, havagoni. Zviri kwose kwose zvavo nyanzvi kugona. Ndokusaka mumwe zviri bioethics raro kukura pamwe kutora chikamu nyanzvi dzokununura kubva anoranga siyana. Pazvinhu izvi pane zvipenyu uye vanachiremba, vanachiremba, vazivi, vezvematongerwo enyika uye magweta, etc. Hazvishamisi, sezvo nezvinetso zvinomuka panyaya kukura zvokurapa uye zvipenyu, saka siyana uye kunzwisisa kuti avo mhinduro zvinogoneka chete nepavanogona kuedza vanhu vane ruzivo vamwe uye ruzivo.

Bioethics chimwe chinokosha: nyaya yagara vakaratidza kuti nokuiswa paruzhinji ezvinhu munyika, pfungwa nezvimwe zvinokosha - vane ngozi zvikuru. Ndokusaka bioethics haasi kudzidza dzetsika kunobva kukura kwenzanga. With kwayo kutaurawo akasika yakasiyana masangano hunhu pluralistic munzanga. Muenzaniso uyu ndiwo matare yetsika, kushanda muzvipatara uye tsvakurudzo nzvimbo.

Chii chinotaura bioethics?

Tsika uye utano - ndicho nheyo inotarisira kuti dzave zvakakodzera nokuda ano nesayenzi wetsika ukama. It anofunga nematambudziko anotevera huru:

- euthanasia;
- kuzviuraya;
- transplantation;
- kutsunga nezvokuti rufu;
- kwakaita vanhu nemhuka;
- hukama pakati chiremba uye kushivirira;
- The sangano munzvimbo dzinotarisirwa vanhu varwarisa;
- atinoitwa vanhu vari mupfungwa remara;
- kuberekana (surrogacy, kuvabereki engineering, etc.).

bioethical nyaya chokuita chokuita divi zviito akadai mbereko uye nhumbu, uye pamuviri. Ndivo zvose ano siyana kukanganiswa mune pamuviri mushonga.

Somuenzaniso, kubvisa pamuviri. kana anotyora inokosha pamusoro Hippocratic Oath, iyo inoti: "Itai hapana zvakaipa"? Kana anogona kuitwa kubva yetsika pfungwa maonero? Kana zvakadaro, nguva dzose kana chete pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi kuvimba tsika dzakanaka uye kurovedza nyanzvi dzokurapa.

bioethical matambudziko hanya uye chakagadzirwa insemination. Kudivi rimwe, michina mitsva dzokubereka sei hunhu muchato, inova munhu ukoshi inokosha. Kune vamwe - mamwe vawanani ndiyo chete nzira kuva nemwana. Bioethics muchiitiko ichi, anodana kumucheto rutanda kana ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai muchangosangana rinobatsira vakadzi kwazvo, kwete akatendeuka kumonyanisa ichi muchimiro kuchiitirwa chiedzwa.

Taurai nyaya nayo bioethics, ndiko surrogacy. In nzira iyi, zai kubva vabereki chaivo pave dumbu womumwe mukadzi zvachose. Izvi kuberekerwa mwana nomumwe runodikanwa akatakura mwana. Azvarwa, mwana achisununguka vabereki. Kudivi rimwe, ndiwo kuchinja akaita pamusoro omuzvarirwo mwana, pane dzimwe - chete mukana vamwe vakaroorana kuti pave nemhuri yakakwana.

Vanotyisa gakava vachiri dzitendererane nyaya dzakadai cloning kwevanhu zvinogoneka kuna achangobuda zvaizoitika yokugara okugadzira. In pokukurukurwa tsika divi nyaya akapindwa zvipenyu uye navanachiremba, vezvematongerwo enyika uye vazivi. Regai yokunzvenga rwuno dambudziko uye vafundisi. Pari zvino pane vaviri zvachose pakatarisana pfungwa maonero. Mumwe wavo rinobva pakuti cloning rakanyatsojeka unethical uye njodzi nokuda murume uye nzanga. Vanotsigira maonero uyu akatenda kuti cloning ndiyo nzira kubvisa zvirwere uye kusafa. Asi pane imwe pakatarisana pfungwa. Vatsigiri ake vanodavira kuti kuchinja kwakadaro unzenza. Uyezve, zvinokonzera ngozi, nokuti sayenzi haagoni asi kufanotaura zvose pezvingazoitika yetsvakurudzo ichi.

Very kunzwisisa zviri pamutemo uye zvetsika zvine nenyaya kunotangira transplantology. To musi, wakasimwa mwoyo, chitaka, yemapapu uye mumwongo etc. Zvinetso munharaunda iyi chokuita mabasa uye kodzero nomupi uyewo hama dzake, vashandi vezvoutano, wakateya chokwadi kusingarapiki rufu.

Chimwe chezvinhu hotly nharo yetsika nyaya nhasi nezvokunetseka euthanasia. kumhanyisa ichi nemaune murwere rufu, izvo hachirapiki. Euthanasia zvakagadzirirwa kumisa kutambura murwere. Chiito ichi zvinopesana maonero zvitendero zvose, uyewo Hippocratic Oath. Asi panguva imwe chete, pakupedzisira kugadzirisa nyaya hakunganzi.

Mirayiridzo inokosha chirango

In bioethics pane zvinokosha pfungwa. Science rinoshandisa pavo kugadzirisa zvokukurumidzira zvinetso nguva yedu. Mirayiridzo inokosha bioethics:

- kuremekedza chiremera hwevanhu;
- kuita chakaipa, uye zvisikwa zvakanaka;
- kuzvionera of munhu;
- kuchengetwa kururamisira.

Sayenzi inoomerera mitemo mina. zvakavanzika ichi uye chokwadi, akaudza mvumo uye inviolability pamusoro private upenyu. bioethics misimboti pamwe nemitemo yetsika vanoumba Coordonatele yepakutanga kuti munguva ukama murwere pachako.

Development kuti bioethics muRussia

Prerequisites of vaiona chirango richiratidzwa nyika yedu mukutanga nineties. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti bioethics muRussia chete yakabuda pakupera rokupedzisira remakore. Mukupesana, ruzhinji anorapa achishandisa mitemo ruzivo zvakatanga kusikwa munyika yedu. Muenzaniso mudziyo uyu anogona kushumira kubvumira kuti extracorporeal riparadzirwe. It akasikwa SS Bryukhonenko shure muna 1926. Mugore iroro akavhura enyika Institute of Blood Transfusion rokutanga. Uyezve, JJ 1931 Raven ari kurapwa yokuvira itsvo allotransplantation chakaitwa. Kunooneka kwaiva muna 1937 uye vakabata yenyika kushanda kwomwoyo chakagadzirwa pomwoyo wokutanga. Akatarisira ichi chiedzwa VP Demihov, uye akanga ari yenguva yokumboongororwa Christian Bernard.

Zviri muRussia kokutanga munyika muna 1920, vose zvairambidzwa mitemo pamuviri zvakabviswa. Mune maviri remakore rapfuura, masayendisiti Russian Alexander School Serebrovskii dzinotevedzana inokosha tsvakurudzo somugumisiro izvo zvaiita kuti aratidze kunzwisisa maumbirwo majini.

A-siyana mabasa akasiyana nzvimbo rwokurapa muna USSR chaiitirwa dzose uye kwazvo zvinobudirira. Zvisinei, tsika pakati kwesainzi muRussia paitonga nehurumende yeSoviet akaumba Aisagona kuva. Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi ndiko dzematongerwe enyika mamiriro. Sayenzi iri USSR kwainzi kwete chete zvibereko simba munzanga, asi chikuru tsika ukoshi chelovekoobrazuyuschey.

Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, Bioethics muRussia zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kuwana nzvimbo yayo. Saka, muzivi Soviet Frolov akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro kukosha kuitwa nesayenzi kuti vabatsirwe yevanhu pfungwa maonero. Muna 1995, yokutanga rakabudiswa zvinyorwa M.K.Perova. Izvi Russian nzira kare 60s akagadzira pfungwa kuti sayenzi bofu kuti zvose zvevanhu.

Chikuva mutsva kukura bioethics

Pakupera remakore rapfuura, Russia atora nzira democratization. Izvi kwaiva inokosha pafungidziro kuti kuzviita akatanga kukudziridza Bioethics. Pfungwa chirango ichi nguva dzose akanga ngadzirambe kwete chete pamusoro tsvakurudzo, asiwo kutsikisa, ari yokungotaura uye dzidzo uye kudzidzisa mumatunhu.

Kwesangano hurongwa Russian tsvakurudzo Kudya zvino chaiwo STRUCTURAL dzakabatana. Izvi zvinosanganisira bioethics kwemauto, izvo unoshanda munhu Ras anotanga, mumarabhoritari Institute of Philosophy "Axiology zivo uye tsika nemasayendisiti" uye vamwe vakawanda.

Muna 2000, hurumende mureza rokudzidzisa rakagamuchirwa kuRussia. Maererano gwaro rino, kurangwa "Bioethics" akaitwa fanira pakugadzirira unyanzvi mune zvokurapa zvikoro munyika. Yakadaro nzira iri wokurera musangano rokudzidzisa muna 1995, izvo aitaurawo ounyanzvi dzidzo iri yepamusoro masangano zvokurapa uye mishonga kudzidzisa Russian Federation. Nhanganyaya Bioethics akanga ndaizoitwa siyanei kosi pakugadzirira vadzidzi mukuru kwemakore.

Muna 1995 akaona chiedza purogiramu inokosha. It akasikwa ari Institute of kudzidzisazve uye yemhando pakurovedza vadzidzisi sayenzi munzanga uye nevanhu pa MSU. Lomonosov. chirongwa ichi chiri chinangwa vadzidzisi, achidzidzisa vadzidzi ari dzakagadzirirwa "anorapa achishandisa mitemo Ethics".

Pari, kuzivana nezvinetso mushonga ano zvinogona yetsika nyaya mumabhuku. mukurumbira chaizvo munharaunda iyi ndiyo magazini "Man" (mupepeti - bg Yudin) uye "Medical Mutemo Ethics" (mupepeti - Myl'nikov IS). Nokuti vadzidzi vezvokurapa uye yakabudiswa mabhuku, iyo anobata bioethics. Yudin uye Tishchenko, Ignatiev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, pfupi vari vanyori anoverengeka mapepa nezvenyaya iyi.

kwouzivi zvinhu

Pari kurangwa kuti vanodzidza tsika chinoumba ukama zvokurapa ano uye murume, akafukidza dzakawanda nyaya. Nemhaka bioethics uye kunowedzera zvinoshamisa anowedzera kunzwisisa munhu wake yetsika uye dzinongoitika uye chaivo zvinhu. Mibvunzo ichakurukurwa mudzidziso iyi, vari vava kuda sayenzi maviri. anthropology ichi uye zvipenyu. Sezvo chinokosha sayenzi iyi ndiyo nguva yacho kunotsvaka musimboti murume kwechokwadi.

Mumakore achangopfuura, kuwedzera pane inofanira inotungamirwa bioethical vanhu nyika. Izvi akwanise nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri - pose uye nemakanzuru. Wokutanga Munhu chokuita ndingangokuvara ngozi migumisiro zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi mune zvokurapa uye zvipenyu, izvo pamwe dzose chidzoke idzva dambudziko ezvinhu yetsika uye netsika hunhu. Izvi zvinhu kusvika pamwero kukanganisa zvinodiwa nevanhu yose. nguva kuwedzera agility pamusoro akati kwacho. Izvi imhaka kuwedzera democratization dzokusimukira ukama. Kana izvi kuonekwa mumwe chinokosha dzevanhu kodzero upenyu, kuti utano, rufu uye kugamuchira mashoko.

Chikonzero chechipiri pokumuka bioethics, emo, pakutsvaga chaicho hunhu sayenzi iyi. Pano nawo humanization kuti nzanga yose uye munhu, kwacho kuti hunokonzera kuchinja tsika uye zvokurapa nezvetsika, mushonga, etc. technologization All izvi zvinoita sei pokumuka bioethics mune zvose zvakanaka uye kunaka mazwi.

Nhasi munyika yedu hakuna unequivocal ukama kuti actualization chirango ichi. Zvisinei, kunyange vaya vanoziva humanistic kukosha bioethical nyaya, anobvuma richiitwa kuti paumbwe nhengo maonero. Dzimwe nguva zvakadai kunonzwisiswa senzira upenyu kwakaitwa isu West. Zvinofungirwa kuti izvi zvaigona kunetesa tsika munzanga yedu.

Pane kwazvo zvinopesana pfungwa. Vamwe vanodavira kuti bioethics muRussia hazviwirirani midzi, uye unoenderana ichi kudzidzisa uzivi asingarambiki kuumbwa. It akatsanangura zvose munyika yedu, dzimwe tsika, zvitendero uye magariro netsika, mafungiro uye zvepfungwa.

Zvisinei, pfungwa inotungamirwa bioethical maonero iri. Zvinoda kunzwisisa ouzivi dzimwe tsika matambudziko. Pakati pavo, tsanangudzo musimboti murume, hwake uye rufu, kurapwa uye kupora, zvirwere uye utano, etc.

Biomedicine parizvino dzichiri nokukurumidza chaizvo. Its dzinopikisana muzvinhu zvakawanda kubudirira chikonzero pane vamwe vanhu chido zvimwe streamline nokubudirira zvokurapa uye zvipenyu, ndikavaparadzira maererano ngozi. Izvi zvichaita kuti munharaunda kuti sezvo akagadzirira zvose pezvingazoitika kwaari.