Muchina wokudhinda wakaita sei?

Kuvamba, pasina iro zvakaoma kufungidzira kuverenga vakawanda, ndiyo wokudhinda. Pasina mubvunzo, motokari iyi yakachinja nyika nani. Asi kana iye akazviratidza muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye chii nhoroondo yaro?

Nhasi nyika esayenzi pfungwa kuti wokutanga wokudhinda akavaka muzvinabhizimisi wokuGermany Iogann Guttenberg. Zvisinei, pane uchapupu hunoita kuti tibvume kuti zvakafanana mano dzinoshandiswa vanhu zvikuru adarika. Kunyange vagari veBhabhironi rekare kupfeka chevhu nomuti uye inoratidza. Muzana rokutanga remakore AD muAsia uye Europe dzakanga rejira zvakajairika, akashongedzwa mapatani. Munguva yekare tsika inoratidza kufuka enhokwe, uye Chinese vaiva pepa rakanga rakadhindwa munyengetero yematanda mapatani, kare muzana remakore rechipiri AD.

MuEurope, chinyorwa mabhuku rakanga rakawanda dzemamongi. Pakutanga vakanga nemaoko kubudikidza mamongi. Ipapo vakaita peji template uye rabva, asi anga refu, uye muenzaniso itsva rwaidiwa kuti bhuku idzva.

Pakarepo yakavezwa mapuranga yakatsiva tsamba simbi, iyo yaiiswa ingi yakavakirwa mafuta-vachishandisa muchina. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutora unzenza Fonts yakatanga kushandiswa Gutenberg (1436). Yakanga siginicha yake inoshongedza mukuru wokudhinda. Zvisinei, French uye Dutch nharo chokwadi ichi, achitaura kuti inokosha muchina imwe yakanga yakaitwa vomunyika dzavo.

Saka, mubvunzo wokuti ndiani akagadzira muchina wokudhinda, ruzhinji vakararama panguva yedu vachakuudza kuti aiva Johann Gutenberg. Akanga akaberekerwa wokuMainz mumhuri mhuri wekare vanokudzwa Gontsfleyshey. Hazvizivikanwi nei akasiya guta rake chizvarwa, iye akatora raanoziva uye akatora unonzi ramai vake. Zvisinei, muStrasbourg, akaita inokosha michina remakore.

Machine mudziyo

Sei ayo wokudhinda, Gutenberg nedebwe. Nhasi, zvisinei, zvinganzi nharo kuti pakutanga zvakanga zvakaitwa namatanda. Pane nhau kuti Fonts yaro yokutanga yaiva nenhanhatu remakore. tsamba imwe neimwe yakanga buri mukati iro akapfuura netambo unobva dialed tambo. Asi muti - zvokunyama havagutsikani basa. Tsamba pakupedzisira kuzvimba kana kuoma kunze, zvichiita kudhindwa chinyorwa gogonera. Naizvozvo Guttenberg akatanga veza chitambi yakagadzirwa mutobvu kana gaba, uye ipapo akakanda tsamba - zvinoitika nyore chaizvo uye nokukurumidza. The wokudhindisa chaizvoizvo vakatodzidza ano Kutarira kwayo.

Machine wokudhinda mabhuku mabasa seizvi: pakutanga yabereka tsamba girazi fomu. Kurova pamwe nenyundo paari, iye akapiwa tenzi yemhangura ndiro rinodhindira. Saka yaigadzirwa rworudyi nhamba tsamba kuti zvave nguva zhinji. Ipapo vanoumba mashoko uye mitsetse. Gutenberg aiva kugadzirwa girama pakati Donatus (gumi shanduro) uye makarenda vokutanga. Get ruoko, iye akatsunga zvikuru yakaoma nyaya: wokutanga kudhindwa Bhaibheri raiva 1286 mapeji uye mamiriyoni 3,4 vatambi. Bhuku akanga mavara, mifananidzo, uye ngowani ainyorwa noruoko vemifananidzo ruoko.

Case Gutenberg mberi. MuRussia, muchina uyu akauya 1563, apo murayiro Ivana Groznogo Fedorov akavaka motokari yake.