Space Shuttle "Challenger" (mufananidzo). Dambudziko chomuruki "Challenger"

Space - airless nzvimbo apo tembiricha iri kukwira -270 ° C. In akadaro hwehasha ezvinhu, vanhu havagoni kurarama, saka muchadenga kunoongorora vanogara vachiisa upenyu hwavo mungozi, ruchiyerera asingazivikanwi nokusviba wezvose. Mukuita kudzidza pezvakasikwa paiva njodzi dzakawanda kuti kwakaurayisa vanhu vakawanda. Mumwe akadaro zvinosuruvarisa kwawakabva munhau astronautics kwaiva rufu chimutundumuseremusere "Challenger", zvakazoita ose vashandi nhengo vakaurayiwa.

Muchidimbu pamusoro chikepe

Muna 1967, United States NASA yakatanga duku chokupisa chirongwa "Space Transportation System". Mukati ayo framework, muna 1971 zvakatanga kuvaka reusable chitundumusere-musere - Space chomuruki (Chirungu Space Shuttle, izvo chaizvoizvo anoshandura se "university"). Kwaiva kwakarongwa kuti shuttles izvi zvakafanana shuttles vanomhanya pakati penyika muchadenga, achifumira kuti kukwirira 500 km. Ravaifanira kubatsira kuti hurukuro payloads kuti orbital pazviteshi, kuita zvakakodzera chokugadza kuvakwa nemabasa, tsvakurudzo.

Imwe ngarava idzi kwaiva chimutundumuseremusere "Challenger" - kechipiri university yakavakirwa chirongwa ichi. Muna July 1982, akatamisirwako kuna NASA mukushanda.

zita rayo raiva rukudzo ane seagoing chikepe, uyo akadzidza gungwa iri 1870s. Rwemagwaro rwakaiswa NASA OV-99 midziyo.

History of ndege

Muna April 1983 yokutanga university "Challenger" wamuka gore kutanga translational Satellite. Muna June iroro, ndakatanga zvakare nokuda mu-muchadenga chokuendesa maviri kukurukurirana satellites uye kuitisa mishonga kuedza. Mumwe vaunoshanda waiva mukadzi American wokutanga muchadenga Sally Kristen Ride.

August 1983 - wechitatu chomuruki kanda uye usiku yokutanga munhoroondo nzvimbo chirongwa American. Somugumisiro, pasi raitenderera foni Satellite Insat-1b uye vaedzwa Canadian achifurira "Canadarm" kwakatangwa. Mission nguva yakanga 6 mazuva ane zvishoma.

Muna February 1984, ari chomuruki "Challenger" akakwira zvakare muchadenga, asi basa racho kubviswa zvimwe satellites maviri muruoko muchadenga rakakundikana.

Chechishanu kutanga muna April 1984. Kokutanga munhoroondo yenyika, kugadzirisa satellites muchadenga chakaitwa. Muna October 1984 paiva pakuparurwa rechitanhatu, iro kwakaratidzwa nokuvapo muchikepe chitundumusere-musere muchadenga kunoongorora hadzi mbiri. Panguva ndege iyi inokosha rakazova yokutanga munhoroondo yacho American nzvimbo ari muchadenga mukadzi - Ketrin Sallivan.

Wechinomwe ndege muna April 1985, wechisere July uye wepfumbamwe kutiza muna October gore rino, kwave kuchibudirira. Ivo vakabatanidzwa nechinangwa chimwe - kuita kutsvakurudza muchadenga murabhoritari.

Nechegumi kanda January 28, 1986 chaiva chomuruki uye vashandi zvinouraya.

In nhamba munhoroondo iri "Challenger" mishoni 9 vanobudirira, akapedza mazuva 69 ari muchadenga, 987 chete akaita chimurenga zvakakwana kunhivi yebhuruu nyika, "run" ayo - mamiriyoni 41,5 makiromita.

Dambudziko chomuruki "Challenger"

Njodzi yacho yakaitika pedyo nemhenderekedzo Florida, ari 28.01.1986 pa 11 o'clock maminitsi 39. Panguva ino, pamusoro Atlantic Ocean raputika chomuruki "Challenger." Adonha pashure mumasekonzi 73 ari kutiza pane imwe kukwira pamusoro 14 km pamusoro pasi. Achiuraya vose nhengo rakarira nomwe.

Panguva kutanga zvakanaka rakavhara mhete hwakasimba booster yave zvaparadzwa. Kubva mhiri inopiswa akisarareta yokutanga kubva umo ndege rukova amubvise panguva rokunze kurutivi mafuta mumota. The jeti akaparadza muswe anaro uye kubereka nemamiriro tangi. chikepe haachatauri zvinhu kuti kuputsa symmetry huru uye mhepo nemishonga. The chitundumusere-musere rakarasika kubva akaronga ndege akabatana, mugumisiro yaparadzwa pasi pokudzora aerodynamic zvinorema.

Space Shuttle "Challenger" haana vakapakata kwegadziriro kubvisa, saka mikana kupona vaunoshanda haana. Asi kunyange kana wakadaro hurongwa, ari muchadenga kunoongorora kuti vawira mugungwa ari kumhanya dzinopfuura 300 km / h. matambudziko mvura simba yaizova yokuti vachiri hapana angadai akararama.

Last vashandi

Panguva rechi10 pakatanga chomuruki "Challenger" akanga akatakura vanhu nomwe:

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - makore 46, vashandi wavarwi. American mutyairi wendege zvechiuto ari chinzvimbo wevarwi, NASA asitironati. Iye vasiya mudzimai wake, mwanasikana uye mwanakomana. Akanga paakanga afa paakavapa ari menduru "Space Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - makore 40, ari co-mutyairi wendege. Test mutyairi ari chinzvimbo mukuru, asitironati NASA. Iye akasiya mudzimai nevana vatatu. Akanga paakanga afa paakavapa ari menduru "Space Flight".
• Ellison Shoji Onizuka - makore 39, ane tsvakurudzo mazvikokota. American NASA asitironati raizouya Japanese, bvunzo mutyairi iri chinzvimbo wevarwi. Paakanga afa, akanga paakavapa pachinzvimbo chevatatu konoro.
• Judith Arlene Resnik - makore 36, ane tsvakurudzo mazvikokota. Mumwe yakanakisisa mainjiniya uye muchadenga kunoongorora NASA. Professional aviator.
• Ronald McNair - makore 35, ane tsvakurudzo mazvikokota. Yefizikisi, asitironati NASA. On Earth, akasiya mudzimai wake nevana vaviri. Menduru paakanga afa akanga paakavapa ari "Space Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - 41 makore, payload mazvikokota. An injiniya. US Air Force Captain. Kubvira 1984, asitironati NASA. Dzimba akasiya mudzimai wake nevana vatatu. Menduru paakanga afa akanga paakavapa ari "Space Flight".
• Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe - makore 37, payload mazvikokota. Civic. Akanga paakanga afa paakavapa ari menduru pamusoro Space - chemhando US mubayiro nokuda muchadenga kunoongorora.

About rokupedzisira vashandi vemo nhengo Christa McAuliffe ndiko kutaura zvishoma. Ndokuendeswa vaizosvika chimutundumuseremusere "Challenger"? Zvinoita incredible.

Krista Makoliff

Iye akaberekwa musi 02/09/1948 muna Boston, Massachusetts. Akashanda somudzidzisi Chirungu, nhoroondo uye zvipenyu. Akanga akaroora uye aiva nevana vaviri.

Her upenyu akaenda senguva dzose uye akayera kusvikira yakazivisa mumakwikwi "Mudzidzisi ari Space" muUnited States muna 1984. pfungwa dzake chaiva kuratidza kuti ose vaduku uye utano vanhu pashure kunyatsogadzirira angabudirira kubhururuka muchadenga uye kudzokera Earth. Pakati zviuru 11 akabvuma kushanda uye chikumbiro rakanga Christa - kunakidza, Dzinotangazve nesimba mudzidzisi kubva Boston.

Iye akakunda makwikwi. Apo Vice President George. W. Bush (Senior) pane imwe mhemberero iri White House akamupa Kumukundi ari tikiti, akatanga kusvimha misodzi mufaro. Yaiva imwe-nzira tikiti.

Pashure mwedzi mitatu-kudzidzisa nyanzvi vakaziva Christa akagadzirira kubhururuka. Akanga adzidziswa kubvisa kudzidzisa zvidzidzo uye muchikepe chimutundumuseremusere kuti tipedze zvidzidzo shoma.

preflight matambudziko

Pakutanga, panguva kwegadziriro chegumi kushanda chimutundumuseremusere yaiva yakawanda matambudziko:

• Pakutanga aronga kubata pakuparurwa musi 22 January kubva Baikonur John. F. Kennedy. Asi nekuda kwematambudziko musangano vanotanga kutanga 23 uye akabva atamira musi waJanuary 24.
• Nokuda dutu yambiro uye pasi tembiricha ndege akanga kumbosiyiwa imwe zuva.
• Zvakare, nokuda mamiriro okunze akaipa Akamboramba pakatangira musi wa27 January.
• Nokufamba chinotevera rokuongorora mitoo mukazvizarurira matambudziko akawanda, saka kwakasarudzwa kugadza itsva ndege musi - January 28.

The mangwanani yaJanuary 28 mumugwagwa kwaitonhora, tembiricha akadonha kuna -1 ° C. The mainjiniya nayo Akasakadza hanya, uye mune private kukurukura Vakakumbirisa NASA eutungamiri kuti akanyanyisa ezvinhu angava inokanganisa mamiriro ari O zvenzeve uye yakarumbidza zvakare kumbosendeka kanda musi. Asi mazano aya arambwa. Paiva neimwe kuoma: kushanda ikanyanya akafukidzwa chando. Yaiva chipinganidzo chisingakundiki, asi "Sezvineiwo", ne 10 am echando yakatanga kunyunguduka. Start akagadzwa kwemaawa 11 uye maminitsi 40. Rakanga kutepfenyurwa paterevhizheni yenyika. Vose America kuona zviitiko panguva cosmodrome.

Tanga-up uye kwokuputsika ari chomuruki "Challenger"

At 11 PM pakati maminitsi 38 ndakawana injini. Mushure 2 maminitsi ari chikwata kwakatangwa. 7 masekonzi kubva kurudyi mujinga akisarareta vakaputsa pfumbu utsi, izvozvo akanyora pasi ongororo kutiza. Chikonzero ichi chaiva matambudziko kuvhunduka mitoro panguva injini kutanga. Izvi zvakaitika munguva yakapfuura, izvozvo kunokonzera huru chisimbiso mhete chinopa yakavimbika voga enyika. Asi kwaitonhora mangwanani, saka rin'i yakagwamba nechando varasikirwa elasticity kwayo uye vasingagoni kushanda sezvaitarisirwa. Ndiyo yaiva mhaka tsaona.

Pashure 58 masekonzi kuti ndege university "Challenger", iro rine mufananidzo mupepa, ndakatanga kuputsa. Pashure 6 masekonzi kubva kwokunze tangi akatanga achigarira maoko mvura rehydrogen, pashure 2 masekonzi muimba zvokunze mafuta tangi nevezera aregedza kuti yakaoma pamwero.

Pashure masekondi 73 ari kutiza yakadhirika tangi emura okisijeni. Okisijeni uye rehydrogen vari detonated, uye "Challenger" akarasika ari fireball huru.

Search chikepe residues uye zvitunha

Pashure nokuputika university nemarara ndokuwira Atlantic Ocean. Search chitundumusere-musere kuparara uye mitumbi muchadenga kunoongorora vakatora pamusoro US Department of Defense achitsigirwa nemauto kubva kuna Coast Guard. March 7 pazasi penyanza akawana miviri nzvimbo yemutekenyi yacho chomuruki rakarira. Nokuda kwenguva refu uchinzwa yomugungwa kuvhuya chitunha vakatadza kumisa chaiyo chinokonzera rufu. Zvisinei, takaona pashure pokuputika kwacho, ivo muchadenga kunoongorora vaiva vapenyu nokuti kabhini ravo chete abviswa kubva muswe chikamu. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit Reznik, uye akaramba vanoziva uye kusanganisira pachako mhepo zvitengeswa. Ungangove, ari muchadenga kunoongorora vakatadza vapone hombe kukanganisa simba mumvura.

May 1 kutsvaka university masarasara apera kubva penyanza akakwanisa kuwana 55% of chomuruki.

Feya zvinokonzera njodzi

An womukati kuongorora zvose ezvinhu njodzi NASA yaiitisa pasi vanzurudzo chidhindo. Kuti tinzwisise zvose yacho uye kutsvaka zvikonzero, nokuti paiva rinooma university "Challenger", US President Ronald Reagan akasimbisa basa raikosha Rogers (akamiririra President William P. Rogers). It rinoumbwa vakakurumbira manhamba mune zvesayenzi, nzvimbo uye aeronautical mainjiniya, muchadenga kunoongorora uye zvechiuto.

Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare Rogers Commission akapa mushumo purezidhendi, apo zvinhu zvose zvakaitwa pachena somugumisiro paiva tsaona kuti chomuruki "Challenger." Zvakanzi akataurawo kuti NASA utungamiri inadequately vakateerera kunyeverwa nyanzvi nezvematambudziko vasangana pamwe nokuchengeteka vakaronga kutiza.

Zvakaipira pokuwa

Pokuwa chimutundumuseremusere "Challenger" charakashwa zvikuru kuti mukurumbira United States, chirongwa "Space Transportation System" akanga phased nokuda 3 years. Nokuda guru kwazvo panguva yacho chitundumusere-musere kwokuputsika United States vakatambura Nokurasikirwa ($ 8 billion).

kuchinja dzakaitwa kuti chomuruki mamiriro, kuchawedzera zvikuru vakachengeteka zvavo.

Rakanga kurongwazve uye NASA marongerwo. Created yakazvimirira sarudzo kuti atungamirire yakachengeteka ndege.

kuratidza tsika

Muna May 2013, pamusoro sefa kunze vanodzungunyika vhidhiyo Director George. Hawes "Challenger". MuUK, iye ainzi yakanakisisa kunoshamisa firimu kwegore. zano raro kwakavakirwa zviitiko zvechokwadi uye mabasa Achitaura Rogers Commission.