Chii kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yose anatomi? zvenharaunda anatomi

Shoko rokuti "kwakaita nzvimbo yacho" (Tsanangudzo akatanga kuoneka zvemaumbirwo) rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki se "kurondedzera munharaunda." Muzana XIX remakore. Vongai basa kumukuru chiremba Nikolai Pirogov shoko anokosha munzira itsva. Kubva sayenzi zvepasi nemamiriro rokuti akatamira kune dzidziso dzevanhu nomuviri, awana mukurumbira dzakawanda nokukurumidza. The chirango idzva rinonzi "Topographic anatomi."

Poznan

Chii kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yose mushonga, anoziva mudzidzi ose kwokutanga nzira ipi sangano runoenzanirana profile. Chirango ichi kwave kudzidza urongwa dzevanhu zvikamu uye nhengo dzomukati, uyewo kudyidzana kwavo pamwe chete.

Topographic anatomi ari kufunga chimiro uye nemamiriro zvinoumba muviri kuti vakachinja somugumisiro siyana siyana pathologies. Kuunganidza mashoko nesayenzi kwavo mamirire inochinja nokuda tyisa ezvinhu, izvozvo anoronga ruzivo, achivaita anobatsira ari kurapa uye kuvhiyiwa.

Zvaaiva Zvakarurama kurayirwa, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yose zvomukati yave kudzidza layered nemamiriro nzvimbo muviri womunhu, tichifunga izvozvo ndege zvakasiyana. Uyewo munzvimbo mubereko sayenzi ichi zvinosanganisira:

• urongwa ropa kutenderera;
• magadzirirwo masangano ari ganda ravo nzvimbo chokuita marangwanda;
• zvitengeswa masero etsinga, nyama uye node water drainage kubva kwavari zvepanyama uye pathological ezvinhu;
• zera, pabonde uye mitemo zviri mumuviri womunhu.

ruzivo nezvenyaya

Kuvhiya kwakaita nzvimbo yacho conditionally govera anatomical munzvimbo idzi:

• musoro (ndiro kutaridza wezvikamu kushanda nhengo dzakadai uropi, maziso, kuravidza nokunhuhwidza receptors, nzeve, muromo uye dokeriro);
• Mutsipa (sechikamu unobva musoro kumuviri, kuburikidza iyo ine kukosha nemushonga migwagwa, akadai yegurokuro, dokeriro, trachea nemidziyo ropa uye arteries);
• hunde (chaizvoizvo, muviri kana mutumbi, rine mukuru nhamba dzinokosha dzevanhu nhengo);
• kumugumo (sezvo discrete aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvinoshandiswa muukama hwavo nevamwe nhengo dzomuviri).

More kusiyaniswa nharaunda anoumba zvipenyu zvinoitwa munhu, uyewo muzvirongwa kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Bhuku kurayirirwa ichi, kuteerera zvikuru yakawiriranwa urongwa nhengo dzomuviri uye zvazvinoita pane muviri pamusoro, rinopa mukuru yemibvunzo nechirwere zvirwere.

Kushandisa ruzivo yesayenzi

The kwakaita nzvimbo yacho womunhu muviri sezvo kwegadziriro mashoko ayo marongerwo uye kushanda chikumbiro inoita basa rinokosha mune zvokurapa, zvichipa yokungotaura hwaro kushanda pakuvhiya.

ruzivo rwomene pamusoro akaturikidzana muviri nenzira kubva pemvura ganda kuti zvinyama kudzika zvakakodzera kuti chero tsika. Achirondedzera mamiriro muviri womunhu kwakaita nzvimbo yacho kunoita kuti nguva uye njodzi dawo kuti nharaunda vanoda kuvhiya kupindira.

N. Pirogov aidavira kuti mhaka mhedziso ruzhinji vakundikana kushanda panguva vanovhiya riri kucherechedza inoshanda ruzivo. Kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro chii kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, musayendisiti akaiti "muranda chiremba." Kuvimba chete yokungotaura ruzivo, izvo hapana kupfuura avhareji pakusarudza mashoko tsika iri yokuzogumbura kusangana isingatarisirwi muchimiro wacho zvechadenga dzemuviri.

kudzidza chidobi

Semunhu aishanda sayenzi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho (bhuku izvo anoteerera zvikuru weboka fascial munyama) chiremba inonyanya pfungwa duku mashoko muviri mamiriro. Kwazvo achiongorora dzichipfekeka ehupfumi ari runodzivirira Kamudzira kufukidza nhengo, tsinga uye tsinga fibers, izvozvo Anocherekedza huripo mitemo

Kuronga sezvo asi vasingazivi mitemo sayenzi anatomical, kutsvaka vakarongeka nzira itsva okuwana remapazi - nyaya dzose idzi vakabatwa anatomical kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Magungano akashandiswa chirango ichi uye raiparadzanisa muviri kumativi, pamwe kuvakwa pamusoro chete mazano sezvo mashoko akashandiswa sayenzi sechivako pepasi. Kune vaya Somuenzaniso, kusanganisira nyaya:

• medial uye lateral,
• okumusoro
• pedo nokure,
• kurudyi, kuruboshwe;
• huru neduku, etc.

Nokuti paumbwe pakunzwisisa chii kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yose anatomi pachena, unofanira kufunga izvozvo rinokosha chidzidzo zviitiko vezvokurapa zvakadai akadai anokonzerwa pamusoro CNS uye PNS. Sezvo sayenzi muviri rose, zviri kunokosha zvikuru nechirwere, uye pakupedzisira, anosarudza zvose zviripo kurapwa hurongwa.

Kusiyana zvavo anatomi

Wokutanga uye kupfuura pachena chikabviswa chinhu kuvhiya kutaura kuti kwakaita nzvimbo yacho tsananguro kwevanhu. Ipapo iye pachena hama nzvimbo mitumbi nzvimbo, iyo zimbabwe anatomi anopinda navo munyika: sangano, kufema, ropa kutenderera, etc. Mukuwedzera, sayenzi pamusoro nhengo dzomuviri synthesizes ruzivo. The venguva anatomi anopa pokutanga kune kuongorora (sezvo wakakwana gadziriro uye munhu zvomukati).

Mhinduro chii kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kufungisisa chaizvo kuti Exhibits sayenzi iyi kuchinja munyama muviri pachena kuti ose pathologies. Saka, nemhaka sainzi ichi chakazozivikanwa zvingani kufurira anogumbura pezvakaitwa kune yepakutanga chimiro uye hunhu miviri. Kakawanda, vakawanda nematambudziko pakuburitswa kushanda iri chokuita simba kutsvetera fibers pachena kuti bundu muitiro, hama kuti kwokutanga nzvimbo yavo.

Topographic anatomi musoro

Muganhu mugove ichi muviri pamwe pamutsipa kunosvika pamwe rezasi shaya mutsetse. In kwayo sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira chiso uye pfungwa zvikamu. Yokupedzisira anomira panze nechigadziko uye cranial denga, inova mugumisiro Joint matatu kumatunhu.

Lobnotemennozatylochnaya nharaunda akaturikidzana chinosanganisira:

• reDhura;
• mapfupa;
• periosteum;
• anongoremberera connective tishu;
• mudzira nengowani;
• mafuta;
• ganda.

Zvaidiwa sechivako epfungwa, kuunganidza uye collating mashoko pamusoro hama kushanda yenhengo dzayo munyaya kwakaita nzvimbo yacho wouropi. Panyaya rokuzadza dehenya, govera zororo rayo zvachose, uyewo hemisphere. Nyaya yokudzidza uye ayo zvemukati marongerwo. Kunyanya vaiona rezasi kuuropi uye nerimwe madhipatimendi.

Hemispheric pamusoro yokudzidza mihoronga uye kwakadzikira, izvo dziri pakati pavo. kukosha Great hunopiwa muenzaniso convolutions. Mihoronga kugoverana Hemisphere 6 mugove.

shaya mamiriro

Sezvo nesayenzi ruzivo kwakaita nzvimbo yacho kwemeno ndiko kuva mashoko nemamiriro uye kushanda nheyo mapfupa inotungamirwa pamuromo. Uyewo synthesizes mashoko pamusoro mudziyo rose ane rushaya mu interconnection ayo pamwe kwevanhu nomumukanwa mhango. Nhaka ruzivo urwu kunodikanwa achigadzirira mazino uye shaya kwezvokurapa zvinangwa: chisimbiso, wokunatswa mudzi canal in, deletion uye nokururamiswa mapfupa inotungamirwa.

The zino mamiriro kwakadaro kure nenhengo dzayo:

• korona (akaumba rusvingo zvina uye rine mativi, vamwe impaction kurutivi denga yakachekwa);
• pamutsipa;
• (Mudzi uri ari oga muchitokisi uye mapfupa mamiriro aro hwakasimba ane unyanzvi hwakasiyana connective zvinyama akafuka nyoro simende).

Pakati pezana pfupa inotungamirwa riri pamhango, tapering akananga pamusoro. Inside rine pulp pamusoro zino, yainzi pulp uye ndiye anokonzera zino chikafu. It articulates nevamwe machira uye fibers tsinga nemidziyo ropa, unganidzwa kupinda masumbu.

Topographic anatomi ziso

Maererano kwayo marongerwo Kureba pamazita yenhengo kuti muviri ichaongororwa kuva chinonetsa (pashure uropi). Yeziso, pasinei iduku saizi, rine guru chitsama zvakasiyana siyana enyika, chaizvo-siyana mabasa. Saka, optikobiologicheskaya ine vanopfuura mamiriyoni 2,5 zvinhu kubvumira kuti dzifunge uye kupa kuti uropi hombe akaturikidzana mashoko yambosvitsa imwe ramazana chechipiri.

ziso mudziyo kubva zvokuimba nemaonero ari fananei ine Photographic midziyo. It iri chikonzero kuti yakaitwa inowanzoshandiswa rokuti "Manyiminya kwakaita nzvimbo yacho", iro zvikuru akarurama kushandisa sayenzi ari rwokugadzira. Uyewo, zviri kushandiswawo munhu runoenzanirana nzira chirwere.

Gogorosi basa mupfungwa iyi nhengo reDare yakatarwa pakati cornea, mudzidzi uye izvo. Zvapedzisira, nokuda kugona rayo siyana pakona pakati curvature, anoshanda akaita pfungwa, nokugadzirisa tinoshandisa mufananidzo.

kwakaita nzvimbo yacho kwemitsipa

Kuwedzera ganda iri pandandanda nhengo dzomuviri unobatanidza musoro muviri zvinosanganisira:

• tsapo kuti tsandanyama fibers;
• "Chinopararira" unobva goko (fascia);
• vanonzi "Chirwere Triangle" (nzvimbo akanyudzwa ne tsandanyama mwanda);
• chikamu musana mbiru (rinoumbwa mapfupa nomwe hwakaderera muviri).

The topographic anatomi pamusoro mutsipa conditionally yakakamurwa wehunyambiri midline. Above nepano nomuviri ari hyoid pfupa, uye pasi - terminates ari rusesi repamusoro chikamu sternum. In nerimwe sezvikamu akasarudzwa maviri mhando zvokuridza: yacho medial uye lateral.

Chokutanga rakakamurwa zvitatu diki:

• submaxillary (shoma shure digastric tsandanyama);
• Vanotsimwaira (zvinosanganisira zvemukati uye zvimwewo arteries);
• scapular-tracheal.

The lateral miganhu pamucheto wezasi wenzeve munhu trapezoid, uye clavicle, uye zvinosanganisira zvokuridza maviri. In yokutanga mune:

• tsapo nemapazi uye papfudzi uye remuromo plexus;
• subclavian tsinga (nenhumbi dzayo chinoumba zvikamu).

Sechivako tsinga

Huru basa kuti anoita kunzwisisa ichi sangano chairo fibers, ari kuverenga kwokunze migumisiro kwezvakatipoteredza uye vateerera muna CNS.

Chimiro Its zvikuru kunzwisisa. Nokuti kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri nechepakati tsinga tsinga anotakura uropi uye musana. The chiutsi kubva anokosha fibers izvi ikashandiswa kuva peripheral. Its basa iri remubatanidzwa wenyika nechepakati tsinga pamwe tsandanyama dzomuviri, mumasero uye nhengo zivo.

Kuburikidza convert muchimiro dzinokosha masero (receptors) zviripo kuratidzwa zvose dzevanhu kwezvakatipoteredza (muchimiro ruvara, kuravidza, kunhuwidza, uye zvichingodaro.). pulses aya mumutauro kuti tsinga fibers inoonekwa sezvo nokuchinja zvemagetsi kana makemikari ezvinhu.

Uyezve incentives nokuti peripheral huta afoot kusvitsa muna CNS, apo verenga vari uye kukonzera mhinduro muchimiro munhevedzano mirayiro vanotumwa saizvozvo kuti mitumbi kuti kubata (tsandanyama uye mumasero).

kwakaita nzvimbo yacho of hunde

Kwazvo uye voluminous chitsauko ari sayenzi urongwa zvomukati uye zvimwe STRUCTURAL zvinhu Muviri chinhu rondedzero kunze Mbabvu ake, mutsipa uye musoro.

Yokumusoro Chikamu muviri makapfeka wayo pamuganhu pamupendero jugular notch uye clavicles, uye chipfuva rusvingo unotora munhu mhango akanyudzwa rwokudzivirira mumuhara. Fascia lining, kusanganisira, uye unmatched tsandanyama kuti wakapatsanura nzvimbo yemuviri uyu kubva abdominal. Ndicho nomuzongoza pamusoro thorax, unova mhesano ari sternum, 12 yegwara mapfupa nomuzongoza.

Complex muviri nhengo uye anatomical hurongwa munharaunda inonzi mediastinum, iyo rakakamurwa okumusoro zvikamu mudzimba kuvhiyiwa.

The nzvimbo yaiva pazasi, anotaurwa so abdominal mhango. Inoitwa nokusunungurwa:

• rokumusoro (aka diaphragm);
• zvekunze;
• divi (paupamhi belted tsandanyama fibers);
• shure (nomuzongoza mapfupa chain);
• repasi (zvinoumba iliac munharaunda chiuno uye diaphragm).

mufambo nhengo Anatomy

Munzvimbo rokumusoro wamativi topology huru:

• skeletal pfupa (clavicle, scapula, mafudzi, TOUR, ulnar, etc.);
• tsandanyama fibers (fudzi bhandi, fudzi, honokono, ruoko);
• ganda.

A-siyana fambisa maoko evanhu anokonzerwa chaicho nemamiriro mapfundo nzira chaiye unobatanidza navo netsandanyama. A rakakura pakuita izvi, uye wakakurira hunhu marangwanda zvenguvo pafudzi bhanhire pamwe nomuviri. Tsandanyama dzinoumba akaturikidzana dzakawanda, kutangira pachiso - kuti zvakadzama.

Marangwanda kutsigira Mbabvu kunosanganisira chiuno uye vakasununguka chikamu (aiwanzopiwa wokushanda femoral, patella, tibia uye rutsoka). Pelvic pfupa unoumba nebhanire yepazasi muzvidimbu chinosanganisira pubic, ilium, ischium uye. Pamwe chete sacrum uye coccyx mapfupa, ndivo hwaro nokuda chiuno.

mhedziso

Topographic anatomi anoita dzinoverengeka dzakaoma mabasa, izvo zvinosanganisira rondedzero chaiyo nzvimbo yacho miviri, kugara zvose vivo uye pathological ezvinhu. Mashoko ndiwo muchero sayenzi iyi, zvinonzi nevakawanda uye kushingaira kushandiswa nechirwere zvirwere, kurapwa, uye Chikurukuru - mu kuvhiyiwa.