The karenda Gregorian yakasiyana kubva Julian. Julian karenda muRussia

Nokuti tose mukarenda ndiyo zvatinosiita chinhu, uye kunyange zvavo. Izvi yakagadzirwa nevanhu vekare rinoburitsa mazuva, nhamba, nemwedzi, nenguva, kuti kakawanda zvakasikwa, izvo kwakavakirwa kwegadziriro kufamba kwemiviri yokudenga: mwedzi, zuva, nyeredzi. Earth anotsvaira kuburikidza zuva muchadenga, achisiya kwemakore uye emakore.

making karenda

Nokuti Earth inoita imwe kwakakwana chimurenga kumativi ayo akabatana rimwe zuva. Nokuti gore iye anoenda kamwe vakakomberedza zuva. Solar kana muchadenga gore rinovapo matanhatu mashanu mazuva mazana matatu o'clock mashanu uye maminitsi makumi mana namasere nemasekonzi makumi mana namatanhatu. Somugumisiro, wose nhamba zuva haako. Nokudaro kuoma pakuswedera kukwira chaiwo karenda nokuda yakarurama nguva.

The VaRoma vekare, vaGiriki akashandisa mukana uye nyore karenda. Revival of Moon kunoitika ose mazuva 30, kuti chaiwo, mumazuva makumi maviri namapfumbamwe gumi o'clock uye maminitsi 44. Ndokusaka kuverenga mazuva, mwedzi uye ipapo chinogona rinosundwa kuchinja mwedzi.

Pakutanga karenda ichi aiva nemwedzi gumi, izvo zita vanamwari veRoma. Kubva muzana remakore rechitatu asati azvarwa Kristu munyika yekare akashandisa muenzaniso inobva-gore mana womudenga-zuva kutenderera, akapa kukanganisa iri kukosha gwenya gore musi iwoyo.

MuIjipiti, akashandisa zuva karenda, akambochera pachishandiswa zvaanorumbidza kwezuva uye Sirius. Gore rakanga mazuva matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu. Chaiva gumi mwedzi mazuva matatu. Sezvo akawedzera pashure mamwe mazuva mashanu. Zvinonzi akagadzira se "vachikudza nokuberekwa wavanamwari."

Nhoroondo karenda yaJulius

Uyezve kuchinja kwakaitika-mana yechitanhatu BC. e. Roman Emperor Yuliy Tsezar pamusoro muenzaniso muIjipita akasuma karenda Julian. Rakazoshandiswa zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri gore kukosha gore, yaiva shoma muchadenga mazuva matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu uye maawa matanhatu. Wokutanga January waiva pakutanga kwegore. Christmas maererano nekarenda Julian akatanga kupemberera rechinomwe January. Saka pakanga yezwi imwe letoischeslenie itsva.

In kuonga kuchinja weSeneti reRoma zita romwedzi Kvintilis apo Kesari akazvarwa Julius (zvino July). Kwapera gore, Kesari akaurayiwa, uye vapristi Roman kana kubva mukusaziva, kana ndeimwewo vakatanga zvakare vhiringidza mukarenda uye vakatanga kuzivisa nerimwe kuuya gore chetatu waruka gore. Somugumisiro, makumi mana namana kusvikira gore repfumbamwe BC. e. panzvimbo mapfumbamwe nemaviri achikwakuka makore pakaziviswa.

Akaponesa Mambo Oktivian August. On mirairo ake, munogodorerei makore akanga asiri inotevera gumi makore, uye karenda mutinhimira rukaporeswa. In rukudzo ake Sekstilis mwedzi Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Augustus (August).

Nokuti Chechi yeOrthodox aiva mazororo echitendero inokosha chaizvo simultaneity. Musi Easter chakakurukurwa panguva First Ecumenical Council, uye nyaya yava imwe huru. Akagadzawo pana Council ichi anotonga kukarukureta yakarurama mhemberero hazvigoni kuchinjwa pasi kurwadza rushambwa.

karenda yaGregory

Musoro Catholic Church, Pope Gregory nematatu muna 1582 anotenderwa uye akatanga nekarenda itsva. Akanzi "Gregorian". Zvaizoratidza sokuti zvose zvakanaka zvakanga mukarenda yaJulia, maererano iyo Europe akararama kwemakore anopfuura gumi emakore. Zvisinei, Gregory namatatu vaiona kuti zvinhu zvinokosha kuziva zvakawanda chairo Easter, uyewo pazuva rokutanga Vernal rinenge riine rakanga kudzokera maviri rokutanga March.

Muna 1583 neDare Eastern madzitateguru muna Constantinople akashora kuitwa karenda yaGregory, inotyora tsika kutenderera uye kubvunza canons of Ecumenical Councils. Zvechokwadi, mune dzimwe makore, inotyora huru kutonga mhemberero Isita. Zvinoitika kuti Catholic Easter Sunday weveta nguva pamberi Easter, Jewish, uye kuti canons dzekereke haabvumirwi.

Chronology muRussia

In nyika yedu, kubvira muzana remakore rechigumi, New Year yaipembererwa rokutanga March. Mushure emakore mashanu, muna 1492, Russia akatamira kutanga kwegore, maererano netsika dzechechi, nezuva rokutanga September. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kwemakore anopfuura mazana maviri nemakore.

namapfumbamwe December gore rechisere zvinomwe namazana maviri namakumi kwaMambo Peter I chirevo kuti karenda Julian kuRussia kubva Byzantium pamwe rubhabhatidzo, akanga achiri kushanda. Ndakachinja musi pakutanga kwegore. It anzverwa munyika. Year New maererano nekarenda Julian zvakanga kupemberera zuva rokutanga January, "kuberekwa kwaKristu."

Pashure pokuchinja, regumi namana February chimwe namazana mapfumbamwe namasere, mitemo matsva akatanga mune nyika yedu. Karenda yaGregory Kutonga mukati mumwe quatercentenary matatu waruka makore. Kuti akatanga kuomerera.

Ndoupi musiyano pakati Julian uye Gregorian makarenda? Musiyano pakati pakuverenga waruka makore. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo anowedzera. Kana nemitanhatu remakore, aiva mazuva gumi, ari nemanomwe yakanga yawedzera kusvika gumi, regumi namasere remakore atova akaenzana gumi mazuva, nenhatu ari maviri uye-maviri okutanga emakore, uye zana remakore rechimakumi maviri rechipiri mufananidzo uyu kuchasvika mazuva gumi.

Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia anoshandisa karenda yaJulius, vachitevera Zvaitongwa Ecumenical Councils, yeRoma - Gregorian.

Kazhinji munhu anogona kunzwa mubvunzo kuti nei nyika yose iri kupemberera Krisimasi maviri namashanu December, uye isu - rechinomwe January. Mhinduro iri zvikuru pachena. Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia Krisimasi maererano nekarenda Julian. Izvi zvinoshandawo mamwe mazororo Zvitendero.

Nhasi, karenda Julian muRussia ainzi "manyorero yekare". Pari, ayo kukura ishoma chaizvo. Ndivo vamwe Orthodox Church - kuSerbia, vokuGeorgia, Jerusarema uye Russian. Mukuwedzera, karenda Julian rakashandiswa dzimwe dzemamongi Orthodox muEurope uye United States.

Karenda yaGregory muRussia

In nyika yedu, nyaya pakarenda kuchinja akamutswa kakawanda. Muna 1830, izvozvo akaisa Russian Academy of Sciences. Prince KA Lieven, uyo akanga Minister of Education, vaiona pfungwa rwaikurumidza kuuya. Chete pashure pokuchinja, mubvunzo akaiswa kuti musangano vanhu Commissars of Russian Federation. Nechekare January 24 Russia kushandisa karenda yaGregory.

Zvakakurukurwa yezwi karenda yaGregory

VaKristu Orthodox sumo rutsva kwokukurukurirana simba akanunura mamwe matambudziko. Gore idzva rakanga zvaizopedza muna Advent, kana ani kunakidzwa kugamuchira. Uyezve, musi waJanuary 1 - zuva kuyeuka St. Boniface, anorichengeta anonzi munhu achida kurega kunwa, uye nyika yedu wokupemberera nhasi girazi muruoko rwake.

Gregorian uye Julian karenda: misiyano uye zvakafanana

Vose umbwa mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu ari kuipa gore, uye mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu ari munogodorerei gore, vane mwedzi 12, iro 4 mazuva 30 kana 7 kusvika 31 mazuva, February - kana 28 kana 29. Musiyano chete iri kakawanda panowanikwa waruka makore.

Julian karenda waruka gore kunoitika pamakore matatu. Muchiitiko chino, zvinoitika kuti pakarenda gore kunopfuura muchadenga maminitsi 11. Nemamwe mashoko, pashure pemakore 128 Pane imwe zuva. Karenda yaGregory Anobvumawo kuti gore rechina chinhu waruka gore. The anosiyiwa ndiwo makore kuti vari multiples 100, uyewo avo kuti inogona kupatsanurwa 400. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, imwe zuva kungowanikwa pashure pemakore 3200.

Chii chakamirira nesu ramangwana

Kusiyana Gregorian, Julian karenda nyore letoischesleniya, asi zviri mberi yokuongorora zvomuchadenga gore. Yakava hwaro rokutanga wechipiri. Maererano neChechi yeOrthodox, karenda yaGregory anotyora zviitiko zvizhinji zvebhaibheri.

Nokuti kuti Julian uye Gregorian makarenda pamwe nguva kuwedzera musiyano iri misi, machechi Orthodox kuti kushandisa wokutanga wavo Krisimasi pamwe 2101 kwete January 7, sezvo zviri kuitika iye zvino, uye wechisere January, uye pamwe mapfumbamwe zviuru mazana mapfumbamwe nerimwe, kupemberera kuchaitika nokuda wechisere March. In tsika karenda, musi acharamba kusangana maviri namashanu December.

Munyika umo Pakutanga remakore rechimakumi maviri, yaishandiswa mukarenda yaJulia, somuenzaniso kuGreece, misi yose yenhau zvakaitika pashure October namashanu namazana mashanu namakumi masere gore rechipiri, dzinonzi ungaona saizvozvo nhamba vakati zvakaitika.

Migumisiro karenda zvinhu

Pari karenda yaGregory yakarurama zvakakwana. Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, hakufaniri kuchinjwa, asi mubvunzo kwayo zvinhu kwave ichikurukurwa kuti emakore. Muchiitiko ichi hatisi kutaura pamusoro kutanga pakarenda idzva, kana chero nzira itsva rokuzvidavirira kuti waruka kwemakore. Zviri pamusoro regrouping mazuva gore kuitira kuti pakutanga nerimwe gore, akadonha kubva nokuti zuva rimwe, somuenzaniso musi weSvondo.

Nhasi karenda mwedzi munhoroondo kuti 28 kusvika 31 mazuva, nokureba chinogumbura neeSultan kubva mapfumbamwe kusvikira mapfumbamwe navaviri mazuva, riri pfupi kupfuura kutanga hafu rechipiri mazuva 3-4. Izvi zvinoomesa basa zvemari uye nokuronga zviremera.

Ndezvipi idzva mabasa makarenda

Mumakore mazana matanhatu makore, mabasa akawanda. Muna 1923, Dare iri kuchinja zvinhu pakarenda pasi chaMarudzi rakavambwa. Mushure Second World War, nyaya yakanga akataura Economic uye Social Committee yeUnited Nations.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda vavo, zvinodiwa anopiwa mbiri zvokusarudza - karenda mwedzi 13-of muzivi wokuFrance Auguste Comte uye pfungwa nyanzvi kubva France G. Armelina.

In wokutanga shanduro mwedzi nguva dzose rinotanga musi weSvondo uye rinoguma musi weMugovera. Mugore rimwe risina zita uye akaiswa pakupera okupedzisira gumi mwedzi. Mune waruka gore rino zuva rinouya mumwedzi wechitanhatu. Maererano nenyanzvi, karenda ichi ane vanoverengeka zvinokosha payakaipira, saka pfungwa iri rwakabhadharwa kuna chirongwa naGustave Armelina, maererano iyo, gore inoumbwa gumi mwedzi kana mina mapfumbamwe rimwe zuva.

In wokutanga romwedzi kota mazuva makumi rimwe, mune chinotevera miviri - matatu. Zuva rokutanga nerimwe kota gore uye inotanga musi weSvondo uye rinoguma musi weMugovera. In randinenge gore, imwe zuva riri akawedzera mushure ramakumi matatu December, uye mune achikwakuka - mhiri 30 June. Chirongwa ichi chakanga zvatenderwa France, India, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia uye dzimwe nyika. Kwenguva refu, iyo General Assembly yava kunonoka kufarirwa chacho, uye pamisi ichangobva kupfuura, basa UN kupururudza.

Pasinei Russia vachadzoka "manyorerwo wekare"

Vatorwa zvakaoma chaizvo kutsanangura zvinorehwa pfungwa "Old New Year" sei isu Krisimasi pashure vokuEurope. Nhasi kune vanoda kuita yezwi Julian karenda kuRussia. Uyezve, anotanga anobva zvakakodzera zvakanaka uye anoremekedzwa vanhu. Maererano navo, 70% of Russian Orthodox vokuRussia vane kodzero yokurarama maererano nekarenda, iro rinoshandiswa neChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia.