Manu: mukuru maitiro (pfupi), mukuru zvirimo

Manu muunganidzwa mitemo (dharma). Chavainyanya basa - kuona nomufambiro Indian vanhu muupenyu hwavo.

chakakoshera zvokutsvakurudza

Sei kudzidza Pagomo Manu? Source chinhu kunoita kuziva tsika uye socio-upfumi nhoroondo India. Budiriro iyi ndiyo imwe mukuru munyika. It kwakasimbiswa muna Indus Valley, anopfuura zviuru zvina apfuura. Centers yebudiriro ichi vaiva Harappa uye Mahendzho-Laro. Panzvimbo paiva maguta iwayo, matongo Zvakafukunurwa rwaiitwa. Dzavo zvakabudiswa makasimbisa chokwadi kuti nzvimbo yebudiriro, vekare Indian handicrafts yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, zvokutengeserana uye kurima. Paiva pakati pavo, uye stratification kwenzanga. About iyi Indian nhoroondo sainzi ane zvishoma mashoko.

Zvikuru zvakawanda mashoko pamusoro nemagariro uye socio-mamiriro ezveupfumi ari Indian vanhu vari kuti nguva pfupi, unotanga yechipiri yezana Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga BC. e. uye rinopera remakore rokutanga AD. Izvi zvinonzi Magadha-maudiysky nguva apo pane chikuru pachena dzidzo kwete chete muna India asi munyika yose ndima East yekare. Vaiva Mauryan Empire.

Mabhuku Zvivako izvi nguva dziri akawanda uye chitendero netsika pamutemo Brahmanic muunganidzwa - dharmashastr uye dharmasutr. Pakati pavo vane inonyanya kuzivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Izvi zvinosanganisira Dharma, kana mirayiro Manu.

tsananguro mukuru

kurayira Religious uye tsika huri chedetembo - ndizvo vari mirayiro Manu. A mukuru chinoratidza muunganidzwa ichi zvinopa pfungwa wacho uye munzanga upenyu kwavanhu India yekare. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti dzidziso kusimuka mubumbiro iri vanopiwa nokuda demigod pakati Manu, kuti kunozivikanwa tateguru wevanhu vose.

Shoko "Dharma" rinobva Sanskrit. Rinoreva "munhu anotsigira uye inosanganisira zvose." Dharma - ndiro nokusingaperi yepasi pose kuti kana mutemo, izvo zvinosanganisira kodzero wetsika uye dzemunharaunda hwakagadzwa hurumende. Dharma agara zvakurukurwa sezvo mutemo mumagariro uye munhu upenyu. Tevedzera zvose zvinofanira kunge fanira.

Zvikuru muupenyu rekare Indian vanhu vaiva Pagomo Manu. General zvechadenga zvinyorwa, sechivako muunganidzwa ichi zvino zvikuru akaongorora ne zvedzidzo dzakaitika.

gutsikana

Zvitsauko gumi anosanganisira ari nhengo dzaro mirayiro Manu. General unhu uye zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo mitemo yakadaro kuti vose nyaya yake (uye pane 2685) vari yakataurwa muchimiro couplets (slokas). Ichi ritmitizirovannaya zvitengeswa Ndiwo mitemo chekare chinoti zhinji dzechitendero. Muenzaniso iBhaibheri.

Ndeipi Mitemo yose Manu (general unhu)? Akapfupikisa chinangwa chikuru chebasa gwaro anogona kunzwisiswa kubva tsananguro zvitsauko ayo. The anogadza wekutanga kubva nezvokuzadziswa zvakasikwa uye naMwari kuzviremekedza aripo (Musiki). Inoti nezvemavambo vemapoka (4 makirasi huru), uyewo basa Brahmins uyo kuchengetedza pfuma Mutemo nokudenga, kare vanhu vose.

Muchitsauko yechipiri inopa yebhuku kurerwa Hindu, vanobatisisa kwemitemo. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, munhu anofanira kutanga kupinda zivo vedas. Chete muchiitiko ichi chinogona kunzi akagadzirira kuti itsva yomudzimu kuvapo. Chitsauko chechipiri rinotaura pamusoro basa reDare tsika uye netsika muupenyu ane vakirisito muHindu. Inoti nezvouchenjeri matsvene, inova dharmashastr.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zviri kuitikawo vanosanganisira Manu? General zvechadenga bumbiro rinotsanangura zvinodiwa nemitemo kushandiswawo upenyu hwemhuri. Vanogona kuwanikwa muChitsauko III. Murugwaro chino zvinoreva kodzero yokuroora (Anuloma) uye migumisiro kukodzera kwemhuri (pratilom). Pano vari nominated uye zvinodiwa aiitisa netsika.

Zvitsauko IV kuna VI anopa mashoko pamusoro utsanana nezuva, nzira sacralization upenyu hwezuva nezuva, uyewo yakarurama zuva nezuva. Vanewo yataura pamusoro wairambidza mabasa, rinorondedzera tsika yokuzvinatsa uye mararamiro.

dzimwe mitemo chii ane Manu? General zvechadenga chitsauko rechinomwe anogona kupa pfungwa dharma, izvo zvinofanira kuomerera mambo. It rinotaura nyaya basa reDare chirango kururamisira, kwerunyararo kurongeka uye kudzivirira "zvisikwa zvose." Anopiwa muChitsauko VII mazano mutero, administrative, mauto, uye zvimwe zviitiko.

Interesting Pagomo Manu, kuti hunhu midziyo gwaro iri pamusoro zvikonzero izvo zvinofanira kuenda kudare. Pamwe pane 18. Ava hunotaurwa muChitsauko VIII. Maererano nemitemo Manu, chikonzero pokutongwa kunogona mhosva kana pakakuvara contractual ukama, mhirizhonga kana kuba, kurohwa kana kuchera, upombwe, Craps uye zvakawanda. D. chitsauko chino rinorondedzera mitemo sarudzo iri kurangwa. Pano tinotaura nepakuchena vaya vakaita kuti kudzivirira vakadzi zvechisimba, mwana kana mupristi Brahmin.

Maitiro mumhuri se mirayiro Manu. General zvechadenga chitsauko repfumbamwe anopa muchidimbu chepfuma uye kodzero dzevanhu sezvo murume nomudzimai, uyewo avo mabasa uye kodzero nhaka. Ratinoparidza pano uye basa ramambo, nokugura vairangwa kutyorwa mitemo kurondedzerwa.

In Chapter X paMitemo yose Manu, unogona kuwana mitemo Varna. Vanosanganisira 7 chepamutemo nzira iyo inobvira pakuunganidza pfuma, uyewo 10 nzira, izvo zvichaita kuti kuvapo vaya vari pakutambudzika.

Chapter XI inodzora mararamiro rokuvaudza vanhu vakaderera, iro rinowanikwa pakupera mezhvarnovyh hwakakanyiwa, kwemashifiti wanano kunze zvaipesana dharma.

Chapter XII akapiwa murayiridzo zvine chokuita tsika yokunamata, uyewo basa vechikamu. Rinotiudzawo nyaya basa akatakurwa nevanhu vane zvishoma kudzora miviri yavo, pfungwa uye mashoko.

Ndivo Pagomo Manu. General maitiro (zvishoma) zvitsauko zvose unokubvumira pfungwa pamusoro gwaro iri.

paumbwe boka

Social stratification yekare Indian vanhu vakatanga vari mudumbu zviripo munharaunda dzemadzinza. Characteristics Manu anorega kuwana izvi mufananidzo kupfuura wakakwana.

Tribal ukama vari zvishoma yaora. Izvi zvakanga chikamu enhoroondo kukura vanhu. More wakurukura simba uye simba pfungwa dzavo kudzivirira rehondo, kuzvidzora uye evapristi mumaoko avo. Mugumisiro ichi chaiva kukura pfuma uye zvemagariro kusaruramisira, kuti chidzoke youranda. Tribal vepamusoro rava wedzinza vakakwirira.

Social nokupesana India yekare akatora nzvimbo pamusoro vanhu vakaderera hurongwa. The yose vakawanda yakakamurwa muzvikwata zvina - Varna:

- brähmaëas (Vapristi);

- Shantou (varimi);

- Kshatriyas (varwi);

- Sudras (untouchables).

Zvinoitwa Manu anopa pfungwa zvakajeka ndezvipi chikuru dzekuziva kuti kupatsanura vanhu muzvikwata. Somuenzaniso, Brahmans vaifanira kudzidza vedas atova makore masere. Vakanga vaionekwa vakuru vanamakore gumi namatanhatu. Kshatriya zvaaifanira kudzidza vedas makore gumi nerimwe. Ravo ruzhinji runowanikwa nezera makumi maviri. With kudzidza vedas Vashj gumi nemaviri. Vari zvinoenderana Pagomo Manu vakava vakuru makore makumi maviri-nemana chete.

Chimwe chokuratidza kuti unobvumira kuziva munhu chomumwe imwe Varna ndechokuti aberekwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, paiva vakaroorana zvakasiyana. Panyaya iyi, kwaiva vaviri weboka kwevanhu munzanga isiri iyo kufungawo kwakabva vabereki vake.

Separate Varna ndiye rokuvaudza (shudras). Havana kugona kugara nzvimbo vamwe makirasi, uye kupfeka maererano Pagomo Manu, vakanga chete mamvemve. Maererano pamutemo vanhu ava kuenzaniswa imbwa.

Hwaro evanhu nemamiriro yekare Indian mamiriro ndiyo nharaunda. Raiva chikwata vakasununguka varimi, kana, kupfuura kungoti, musha. Community muna Ancient India - yakazvimirira muviri kuzvipira vedare. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro Pagomo Manu, kuti hunhu art. 219 ari chesamende uchapupu pakuti chikwata akakwanisa asunungure varimi kuramba pacharo zvoupfumi, kunyange kuita anobata vanhu.

Órgãos vanhu vakaderera (jāti)

With kukura kwenzanga uye kudzama weboka basa kwacho kunopfuurira pfungwa yokuzvimiririra. A kunyatsonzwisisa ichi anopa Manu (general maitiro). Division ne vanhu vakaderera uye jati (vanhu vakaderera) iripo muna India nhasi.

In romuMiddle vehurumende iripo zvinotevera akanyatsorongwa:

- dzakanga vemapoka, aimiririra kirasi svikiro uye makuru feudal madzishe;

- yakaderera vanhu vakaderera, yaisanganisira vatengesi uye moneylenders, feudalists diki uye nyika varidzi.

Jāti kusafanana varn yaimirira chaiyo Corporation. Inside vemapoka hurumende dzakaumbwa, paiva zvakananga tsika, tsika uye zvinoitwa. kambani iyi rinonyatsotsigirawo nhengo dzayo uye akamira achidzivirira zvavanofarira.

On chaizvo zhinji India angamuudza Manu (general maitiro). Division ne vanhu vakaderera uye jati dzaiwanika chete kuti State. In vanhu vakaderera ichi ane yakaoma hierarchical hurongwa. Manu akabvumira kuroora chete pakati nhengo jati, vaisimbirira nhaka nhengo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

uridzi

Pashure pokudzidza Pagomo Manu, kurondedzera mukuru kunobva nemasangano ose paruzhinji ukama of State anova pachena. Vose vari mumapoka akaparadzana pamatavi mutemo. Uyezve, vakawanda chikuru mirayiridzo. Uyu mutemo mhosva uye kodzero, uyewo nhaka uye kwairayirwa zvakanaka. Vose zvinoratidzwa mirayiro Manu.

Zvikurukuru yakatanga zvakanaka kuIndia yekare vaiva nekodzero pfuma. chinoumba Its chikuru anonzi nhaka (bhukti), murayiro (Swami) uye kushandisa (Bhagya).

Avo vanodzidza mirayiro Manu, kuti hunhu muzvitsauko gwaro rinoratidza kuti akawanda zvinodiwa zvainanga kudzivirira kodzero dzakasiyana siyana chinjwa pfuma, zvipfuwo, midziyo neimba, zviyo uye varanda. Munhu aigona kuva uye nyika. Zvisinei, chakava pfuma pamusoro yakareba varidzi izvozvo (makore 30-60), chero bedzi nokutenda zvakanaka naye kurapwa. Ani naani akakanda nyika yake panguva yokudyara kana kukohwa, maererano Pagomo Manu aifanira kuva faindi. Chete kurangwa akanga akamirira uye vaya vanotyora mitemo sero.

On tsaukana munzanga upenyu India yekare atiratidze Pagomo Manu. Zvinoitwa chikuru masangano mutemo zvinopa nzwisiso mamiriro ezvinhu ari mamiriro simba varanda. Vaigona kuva munharaunda pfuma kana private munhu. Vamwe varanda vakashanda zvakananga kuti hurumende.

A fanira kodzero

Maererano nemitemo Manu, mumwe zvibvumirano sechinhu chokuzvidira chibvumirano. Vamwe mitoro zvavakatemerwa mhiri, izvo chakairovera kana kunyanya yemwoyo.

Dzemunharaunda Ancient India mitemo dzinorondedzera zvinobvira mhando zvibvumirano, uyewo zvavo zvinokosha zvatinopiwa uye kunobva ukama ichi. Zvaidavirwa kuti gwaro racho raiva chete kushanda panyaya nokuzvidira tenderano vemapato. The chibvumirano akapedzisa akadhakwa kana anopenga munhu, uye mwana kana muranda simba akanga. It akataurawo mirayiro Manu. General unhu uye chikuru zviri muzvitsauko Mutemo Institute, kunoratidza kuti zvikuru zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira kuti chikwereti chibvumirano. The kwemitemo panyaya iyi yakaratidza tsika kuti akaumbwa pamusoro emakore akawanda. Saka, muna India yekare zvakanga zvakapararira mhindu. Panguva iyoyowo kwepamutemo akanga soro kufarira prices pasi zvibvumirano zvakadaro. The chikwereti kwemitemo yaiva akakweretesa zvachose kuzvimiririra. Kubvumirwa kuwana chikwereti timuteerere uye unyengeri, simba uye zvichingodaro .. In Manu kudzivirirwa zviito zvakadaro havana envisaged. Uyezve, mhosva uyo akamboda ikwidzwe chichemo womunhu anomukweretesa, akanga pasi akaisvonaka. Hakuperi mabasa ake kunyange rufu. Chikwereti ari kuchinja dzava kushandisa hama. High anomukweretesa rates dambudziko chavagari vaiva mhaka yakafara kuparadzirwa chikwereti kupfungwa rouranda.

Mumunda kwomutemo kuIndia yekare inzvimbo chaiyo yakapiwa basa chibvumirano. Articles Pagomo Manu mikana varanda uye vashandi vari kazhinji kutaurwa pamwe chete. Rights vaya vaishanda pasi chibvumirano basa yevashandi, kazhinji chibharo. Mushandi nguva dzose faindi somugumisiro iyo akapotsa kumbogamuchira muripo zvakafanira kwaari. dambudziko iri vanhu kumanikidzwa kurega kusununguka kuti kwomuzvarirwo kugutsikana. Panguva iyoyowo Manu rakarumbidza okumusoro vemapoka kudziviswa mubayiro.

Family uye muchato

Bazi iri mutemo kunoratidza rechipfumbamwe chitsauko paMitemo yose Manu. Nyaya yokutanga chaizvo yawo vanoti kune omurume nzvimbo vakadzi mumhuri, zvoda unquestioningly kuteerera baba vake uyewo murume uye mwanakomana. Pasina mambo akadaro vanofanira kupiwa mutarisiri.

The Pagomo Manu inoti, uye kuti baba haina kodzero kutora mwanasikana wake mubayiro. Zvisinei, muna India yekare, kuroorana hakuna sero yokuvanda. Kazhinji, vaviri aiva mukuru zera musiyano. mamiriro ezvinhu aya akanga nokuda yakaderera zera muchato.

Maererano nemitemo Manu, kuti munin'ina haana kodzero yokuroora pamberi mukuru. Sezvo mitemo akarambidza muchato hama ropa kusvikira kuchizvarwa wechinomwe. Nyaya akazvimirira vanozviitira kudzivirirwa wake uye "wakachena kuvazukuru." mhosva izvi Manu akarara pamusoro wake (musoro IX, Art. 6, 7).

Kodzero nhaka

In India yekare aiva tsika dzayo. Maererano nemitemo, maererano Pagomo Manu, baba pfuma vaifanira kugamuchira vanakomana chete. Munda vasina imbeciles zvakarurama, mamiriro mbavha, vanhu kudzingwa vanhu vakaderera, uye zvichingodaro. D. The mukadzi aiva nekodzero chete kushandiswa mwanakomana wake, kana akanga asina vana.

Mitemo Manu chakatangwa murayiro yokugara. The Nhaka hakufaniri zvose zvapa dzakaisirwa. The pfuma yakapfuura mumaoko chizvarwa vanakomana. Kana vakanga vasiri, ipapo nhaka yavo akapiwa vanakomana mwanasikana wake. Uyezve, vadyi venhaka vaionekwa vanakomana akasiya imba, uye ipapo rikadzoserwa. Pasina pfuma yakadaro aigona zvose kuenda wavakasarudza. Yakanga mupristi kumba. Kana akanga asiri iye, kana vanasikana, zvose zvavo vakatumirwa papfuma yamambo.

Inobva kuongorora mirayiro Manu, tinogona kugumisa kuti ndivo mukuru muenzaniso mutemo yokugara. Wills panguva havana kugadzirira. Kodzero nhaka akapfuura chete yakatarwa iyi mitemo.

Kutongwa uye kurangwa

In Manu akaratidza pfungwa chokuita nomutemo tsotsi se "kuitazve", "marudzi nemhosva," "rakabatanidzwawo" uye "mutoro mhosva" zvichienderana uko mutadzi ndowenyika Varna kana chepaseka.

Hunoratidza muunganidzwa mitemo uye dzemunharaunda India yekare uye mhando mhosva. Vari akakamurwa:

- hurumende;

- kuzorwa pfuma;

- kurwisa munhu;

- kanganisa ukama hwemhuri.

Manu vaizviti Varange siyana. Pakati pavo:

- rufu;

- cheka;

- kudzingwa;

- fines;

- mujeri;

- kuveura misoro (nokuti Brahmin).

Pezvakaitwa vose mhosva uye vehurumende nyaya akanga akafanana uye aiva zvemakwikwi hunhu. Supreme Court anotarisira mambo pamwe Brahmans. Mukuwedzera, kuMudzidzisi zviremera dzose administrative dzakabatana. For mumisha gumi ose achiita zvandakatonga purangazve. Zvinhu zvose vaiona, kwakavakirwa vakuru vemapoka.

Kwainyanya kwouchapupu uchapupu. Uye yoruvazhe, vaiva yakasiyana ukoshi. Zvose vairarama zvokuyamura uchapupu imwe Varna. Sezvo umboo, muedzo aigona kushandiswa nomoto, mvura, zviyereso, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Mambo sezvo Mutongi mirayiro Manu, aiva nekodzero ive amnesties wepagore.

mhedziso

Zviripachena, mirayiro Manu akanga akanyorwa nomumwe varume vakachenjera Indian anonzi Brahman zvikoro yekare. Vari wapiwa zita yakatarwa iyi mitemo nezita ngano mubereki wevanhu.

KuMiddle Ages Manu akaramba akatsinhira uye rewritten. Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kuti akanga dzakabatanidzwa India muunganidzwa ichi.

Muna 1794, mirayiro Manu vakatanga kubudiswa Chirungu. Translation munyori akanga V. Johnson. Zvadaro, mumwe muunganidzwa mitemo yekare Indian vanhu vakaramba rakabudiswa mumitauro yose yokuEurope.