Cholinergic synapses: mamiriro, shanda

Cholinergic synapses muri nzvimbo umo kuonana pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu maviri kana masero neuronal uye effector kugamuchirwa chiratidzo. The synapse rinoumbwa membranes maviri - presynaptic uye postsynaptic, uyewo kubva synaptic mumukaha. Kupararira tsinga nomunhu rinoitwa pachishandiswa murevereri, i.e. wokutepfenyurisa fuma. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nesungano pakati Kanotokonya uye neurotransmitter pamusoro postsynaptic membrane. Ndiro huru mashandiro cholinergic synapses.

Murevereri uye receptors

The NA parasympathetic neurotransmitter ndiyo acetylcholine receptors - maviri mhando cholinergic receptors: H (chikakananda) uye M (muscarine). M-cholinomimetics kuva zvakananga chiito mhando angaita receptors ari postsynaptic Kamudzira mhando.

Kwetunhu acetylcholine rinoitwa munyika cytoplasm pamusoro cholinergic neuronal harinzwi. Zvinonzi aumba kubva choline uye atsetilkoenzima-A, iro rine mitochondrial mavambo. Reongororo kunoitika pasi Zvakaitwa cytoplasmic enzayemu choline. The synaptic vesicles rinowanikwa deposition kuti acetylcholine. Pose matema izvi zvingava kusvika zviuru zvakawanda mamorekuru ose acetylcholine. The tsinga zvairatidza kunomutsa kusunungurwa acetylcholine ari synaptic mumukaha mamorekuru. Zvadaro, anopinda kudyidzana pamwe acetylcholine receptors. The nemamiriro cholinergic synapse yakasiyana.

mamiriro

Maererano data, izvo anowanikwa biochemists, acetylcholine Kanotokonya neuromuscular synapse zvingasanganisira shanu mapuroteni subunits kuti vakombe Ion chiteshi nokurebesa kuburikidza yose ukobvu pamusoro Kamudzira ina lipid. Hangaiwa acetylcholine mamorekuru anosangana peya α-subunits. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti chinozarura Ion mugero uye postsynaptic Kamudzira iri depolarized.

Mhando cholinergic synapses

Cholinergic receptors vari vemunyika nenzira dzakasiyana uye zvakafanana munzira dzakawanda inonyatsoziva zvinokonzerwa pharmacological nevamiririri. Maererano musiyano uyu:

• Maskarinochuvstvitelnye cholinergic receptors - inonzi M-cholinergic receptors. Chinhu alkaloid muscarine yokusafa nhamba muchetura howa, Amanita somuenzaniso.
• Nikotinochuvstvitelnye holinoretseptora - anonzi H-cholinergic receptors. Chikakananda chiri alkaloid kuwanikwa mashizha fodya.

dzavo nzvimbo

Chokutanga riri postsynaptic muchitokisi Kamudzira anoumbwa effector nhengo. Ivo chiri panzvimbo harinzwi ose postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Mukuwedzera, vanewo mumasero Neural, autonomic ganglia uye cerebral cortex. It Vakawana kuti M-cholinergic receptors dzakasiyana localization vari heterogeneous, iyo inosvitsa yakasiyana aikanganiswa pafuma cholinergic synapses pharmacological hunhu.

Types zvichienderana nzvimbo

Biochemists marudzi vanoverengeka M-cholinergic receptors:

• Iri autonomic ganglia uye epfungwa. A chepfungwa wokutanga kuti vari riri kunze synapses - M1-cholinergic receptors.
• Zvinowanikwa mumwoyo. Vamwe vavo kubatsira kuderedza kusunungurwa acetylcholine - M2-cholinergic receptors.
• Zvinowanikwa iri kumeso tsandanyama, uye vakawanda kwemakemikari anobudiswa mumasero - the M3-cholinergic receptors.
• Zvinowanikwa mumoyo, mu masvingo pulmonary Formação de, muna CNS - M4-cholinergic receptors.
• MuNzvimbo CNS, ari Iris ziso, mate omumuviri, mumasero mononuclear ropa - M5-cholinergic receptors.

The nezvainoita cholinergic receptors

Vazhinji zvinokonzerwa inopiwa anozivikanwa pharmacological zvinhu kukanganisa M-cholinergic receptors, nokuda kukurukurirana izvi zvinhu uye postsynaptic M2 uye M3 cholinergic receptors.

Funga kupatsanura mari inotokonya cholinergic synapses pazasi.

H-cholinergic receptors riri Kamudzira of postsynaptic Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu mu ganglia harinzwi nechimwe preganglionic fibers (mu parasympathetic uye tsitsi ganglia), munzvimbo yacho carotid sinus, muna adrenal medulla, muna neurohypophysis, mune Renshaw masero ari skeletal tsandanyama. The aikanganiswa of H-cholinergic yakasiyana receptors zvichisiyana kuti zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, H-cholinergic receptors ari autonomic ganglia zvivako (kwazvakarerekera mhando receptors) kunokosha kusiyana kubva H-cholinergic receptors mu skeletal tsandanyama (tsandanyama-mhando receptors). Ndicho ichi chinoratidza dzinovabvumira zvokusarudza kuvhara ganglia chaiyo zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kurarepodnye fuma inokwanisa ichivharira neuromuscular hutachiwana.

Presynaptic cholinergic receptors uye adrenoceptors zvinobatanidzwa murau gadziriro acetylcholine kwebhuku iri synapse neuroeffector zvisikwa. Kweiyi receptors izvi zvaizoita tunodzivisa kusunungurwa acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine ikasakendenga pamwe H-acetylcholine receptors uye kuchinja conformation dzavo, anowedzera padanho permeability pamusoro postsynaptic membrane. Acetylcholine kunobatsira pamusoro yavaibvisa ions, iyo zvino kupinda munzvimbo muchitokisi, uye izvi zvinotungamirira pakuti postsynaptic Kamudzira iri depolarized. Pakutanga pane munharaunda synaptic kwaniso inosvika imwe kukosha, uye anotanga muitiro generating nezvezvakaitwa zvinogona. Pashure paizvozvo, veko mafaro, izvo chete synaptic nharaunda rinotanga kupararira mhiri muchitokisi membrane. Kana paine kweiyi M-choline Kanotokonya, iri rinokosha reDare wechipiri nhume uye G-mapuroteni ari chiratidzo hutachiwana.

Acetylcholine anoita pfupi chaizvo nguva. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuti nokukurumidza hydrolyzed nokuda enzayemu acetylcholinesterase. Choline, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore hydrolysis kuti acetylcholine iri hafu Vhoriyamu presynaptic chinouraya ndokubatwa uye zvifambiswe kuti cytoplasm kuti haizopereri biosynthesis kuti acetylcholine.

Zvinhu kuti aite pamusoro cholinergic synapses

Pharmacological uye zvakasiyana-siyana namakemikari vanogona kufurira zvinoverengeka pezvakaitwa dzinoitwa synaptic hutachiwana:

• Process acetylcholine usage.
• Process murevereri kusunungurwa. Somuenzaniso, carbacholine vanokwanisa dzekugonesa acetylcholine asunungurwe mutoo, mumwe botulinum toxin anogona tunodzivisa neurotransmitter kusunungurwa rikurumidze.
• Pfungwa nekuita pakati acetylcholine uye choline Kanotokonya.
• Hydrolysis pamusoro acetylcholine enzymatic hunhu.
• The kubatwa zviri choline, inoumbwa hydrolysis pamusoro acetylcholine presynaptic inouraya. Somuenzaniso, unogona tunodzivisa gemiholiny kuti dzouropi kubatwa uye yokufambisa kuti choline kupinda muchitokisi cytoplasm.

kupatsanura

Zvinoreva anotokonya ari cholinergic synapses, inogona kwete chaizvoizvo, asi anticholinergic (mwoyo) kushanda. Sezvikonzero nokuda kupatsanura akadai zvinhu biochemists kushandisa mirayiridzo zviito yeimwe izvi pamusoro akasiyana cholinergic receptors. Kana ukaramba musimboti zvakadaro, zvinhu kukanganisa cholinergic receptors inogona Classified sezvinotevera:

• Zvinhu izvo kuva nezvahunoita M-cholinergic receptors uye N-cholinergic receptors: mumwe holinomimetikami vari acetylcholine uye carbacholine uye kuti holinoblokatoram - tsiklodol.
• anticholinesterase hunhu zvinoreva. Izvi zvinosanganisira salicylate, physostigmine, Neostigmine, galantamine hydrobromide, Armin.
• Zvinhu chokuita cholinergic synapses. By cholinomimetics zvinosanganisira pilocarpine hydrochloride uye aceclidine kuti holinoblokatoram - atropine sulfate, matatsin, tartrate platifillina, ipratropium bromide, hydrobromide skopalamina.

• Zvinhu pamwe vlinyanie H-cholinergic receptors. By holinomimetikami vari tsititon uye lobeline hydrochloride. H blockers nicotinic acetylcholine Kanotokonya inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zviviri. Chokutanga - a kunoreva ganglioblokiruyuschimi hunhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira benzogeksony, gigrony, pentamin, arfonad, pyrylium. Boka rechipiri vkulyuchaet munhu Curariform fuma. Izvi zvinosanganisira tsandanyama relaxants, ichipa peripheral chiito akadai tubocurarine chloride, pancuronium bromide, bromide pipekuroniya.

Takurukura muudzame nzira kukanganisa cholinergic synapses.