Terevhizheni: nhoroondo yokusika uye kubudirira. Nhoroondo paterevhizheni muRussia

Tinoona zvakaoma kufungidzira upenyu pasina terevhizheni. Kunyange kana tisina kutarira, kuchiri chinhu chinokosha mutsika dzedu. Zvichakadai, kuvamba iyi zvishoma kupfuura makore 100. Terevhizheni, nhoroondo uye kukura anofambirana munzvimbo yakadaro diki maererano nezvinodiwa nhoroondo nguva, anenge zvikuru kuchinjwa kukurukurirana kwedu, mashoko chokuita pedu uye tsika.

kuvamba

Nhoroondo paterevhizheni kuvamba kunotora anenge 100 nemakore. Kusiyana redhiyo, iyo yakawanikwa panguva imwe chete maviri vanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, terevhizheni - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki, zvishoma nezvishoma zvigadzirwa. nyika imwe neimwe ine yayo shanduro nhoroondo kuwanikwa terevhizheni, iro rinonyanya kutora chikamu remasayendisiti yayo izvi. Izvi imhaka yokuti mabikirwo akasikwa muchimiro rose zvikwata anyorere dzakananga rwokugadzira nyaya. Pasina vachipinda zvekushandisa mashoko, dana chikuru mainjiniya dzinobatanidzwa chiitiko ichi.

At mudzi vanofanira Willoughby Smith, uyo akazogadzira photoelectric kushanda muna selenium. Inotevera Danho hwomukova chokuita nezita musayendisiti wokuRussia Boris Rosing, uyo patented wemagetsi nzira kutamira mifananidzo. Vanobatsirawo kuwanikwa chakaitwa P. Nipkow, Baird D., J .. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin, izvo pasina mumwe munyika dzakasiyana kusika zvinotakura kuti nhepfenyuro mifananidzo. Inotevera pavaipfuura kusimudzira unyanzvi chokuita nokuuya zvigadzirwa terevhizheni. M. uye G. Dickman vb vakanyorwa Create chubhu kuti mufananidzo chinja. Asi bvumidzwa wokutanga pamusoro mabikirwo, iro nhasi inoshandiswa materevhizheni, rwaiwanikwa Borisom Rozingom muna 1907. Next, vose renyeredzi remasayendisiti vari kushanda mukuvandudza unyanzvi. Uye muna 1931, injiniya V. Zworykin kusika Ike, izvo vaiona TV yokutanga. Pahwaro kuvamba ichi zvinoitawo F. Farnsuot kinescope. Saka nhoroondo kusikwa terevhizheni uye zvishoma anotarisa.

How akunoita

Muna 1928, pamwe kutanga dzose nhepfenyuro anotanga nhoroondo chaiye kwaita terevhizheni. Ulysses Sanabria kutanga kushandisa redhiyo mafungu wokushandura nemifananidzo. Nheyo kushanda kuri chaiyo paterevhizheni fungidziro mufananidzo uri photosensitive bwendefa ari cathode Ray chubhu. Nokuti nhoroondo terevhizheni aishamwaridzana kuvandudzika pamusoro chubhu kwenguva refu, izvi zvakakonzera kuwedzera nomufananidzo unhu uye kuwedzera chinovhara pemvura. Asi pamwe veMubatanidzwa digitaalinen kutepfenyura musimboti hwachinja zvino chete mufananidzo chubhu CRT haana kuda. It anoshandisa nzira yakasiyana zvachose kuti kuparadzira mifananidzo. Zvinonzi encoded uye inoparadzirwa inotumirwa digitaalinen hova uye kuburikidza neindaneti hurongwa.

mhando terevhizheni

The kare kukura terevhizheni kwakakanganisa kuti akaumba vakawanda maonero ake. Chekutanga, rakakamurwa matema uye chena uye ruvara. Vasati 1950, TVs zvose kuratidza mufananidzo chete black chena. Two ruvara TV mureza: NTSC uye SECAM - kushanda munyika kusvikira zvino. TV zvakare unogona kukamurwa kubhadharwa uye wakasununguka. In neimwe nyika pane mamwe migero anogona kutarisa chero wokuisira TV. Asi kunewo Mipata apo chiratidzo anogona kuonekwa bedzi nokuda mari. Payment siyana zvingava zvakasiyana, asi mugove terevhizheni iri zvishoma nezvishoma vakaramba mufananidzo 30% of zvachose kumusika.

By TV chiratidzo yedzimudzangara nzira inogona kukamurwa:

• zvinokosha, muchiitiko ichi, TV mugamuchiri anogamuchira chiratidzo kubva paterevhizheni shongwe, ndiyo nzira inonyanya vanoshamwaridzana uye zvinowanzovapo nhepfenyuro;
• waya, muchiitiko ichi chiratidzo chinobva wokutepfenyurisa pamusoro waya kuti zvakabatana TV;
• Fri - chiratidzo chinopfuudzwa kubva Satellite uye akabatwa ari kanyanga chaiyo transmits chifananidzo kuti kunyaradza chinokosha chokuita neterevhizheni;
• Internet TV, muchiitiko ichi, chiratidzo iri kuburikidza pemambure.

Maererano nzira yeEncoding ruzivo TV rakakamurwa analoginen uye digitaalinen. Wechipiri ane yepamusoro unhu pamwe azvino Coding uye hutachiwana mitemo.

TV basa

Terevhizheni vagara chinokosha munzanga chakajairika, ane zvakawanda zvinokosha mabasa. Nokuda kwayo yakakura kukura, Accessibility uye kutendeseka, terevhizheni unonyanya kukosha pachishandiswa Vanobudisa nhau. terevhizheni Ndicho kunobatsira kuparadzira mashoko pakati ruzhinji kwevanhu.

Saka, nhoroondo terevhizheni zvishoma kunogona kurondedzerwa neshoko "mashoko". Wechipiri kupfuura chinokosha - ndiye paumbwe voruzhinji, kwete vezvematongerwo enyika uye kushambadza zviri chaizvo kupinda TV, ichi ndicho gwara kunoita munhu abvume pamusoro yakarurama imwe nemaonero uye kugadzirisa maitiro ake. TV zvakare anoita tsika uye dzidzo ushande. It dzeredhiyo zvetsika nemagariro uye tsika, anopararira mumagariro kutenderwa mitemo, rinopa munhu ruzivo, anosika zviitiko uye mananara ose kuongorora zvinodiwa. TV anokwanisawo kuita chinhu integrative basa, sezvo inogona kuunza vanhu pamwe imwe munharaunda. Sezvazviri Vezvenhau vose, TV anoita basa rokudzidzisa: rinotiudza kuti pane zvakanaka nezvakaipa, rinoti mitemo yetsika uye tsika. Uye, chokwadi, terevhizheni iri ane zvemafaro chinowanika, zvinobatsira munhu kuzorora, kunakidzwa maonero telecast.

Types purogiramu TV

The munhau yose paterevhizheni - ndiyo nzira kuwana zvinogona itsva purogiramu dzeterevhizheni. Channels vari kurwira Fafitera uye saka vanomanikidzwa kuti kusika mhando itsva. Modern paterevhizheni kugutsikana inogona kukamurwa marudzi anotevera:

• Entertainment. Terevhizheni, nokuti vanhu vazhinji ndiyo nzira huru yokuzvifadza, saka migero vanoedza kupa zvakasiyana-siyana zvirongwa varaidzo nezvimwewo mapoka vaoni.
• Information chinja. Nyaya terevhizheni kwakabatana zvikurukuru kudiwa zvinozivisa mashoko, uye vachiri yakawanda vanhu batidza TV vanzwe nhau uye kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro zviitiko uye mashoko.
• Infotainment. The mubatanidzwa kukosha mabasa anobvumira kufarira uwandu vaoni uye saka vaburitsi vari kuedza nokubatanidza zvinogona zviviri chimwe muchimiro zvirongwa.
• Educational zvirongwa. dzeredhiyo aya nechinangwa kudzamisa uye achiwedzera nezivo pamusoro chero nyaya. Vanopa chinobatsira mashoko kuti vateereri, kubvumira kuti kudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva uye kudzamisisa horizons dzavo.
• Socio-simba hutachiwana. kugutsikana ichi nechinangwa achikurudzira vateereri, chokuita navo chero zvahunoreva mumagariro mabasa akadai sarudzo.

The chidzoke uye kukura nhepfenyuro munyika

Muna 1928 akatanga kushanda wokutanga dzepaterevhizheni. Ulysses Sanabria vakatanga wokushandura mifananidzo uye kuridza kubva frequencies waro yeredhiyo. Asi kutanga dzose dzeredhiyo zvakanga zvisingaiti kwavari Depression. Misa paterevhizheni nhoroondo pamwe dzose dzeredhiyo zvakatanga muna 1934 mu Germany. mushamarari German RRG nguva yokutanga munhau kwakakonzera Berlin yeOlympic inotepfenyurwa purogiramu yeTV. Muna 1936, nguva dzose nhepfenyuro hwakagadzwa muna UK. Papera chinguva, TV kambani kuitika muUnited States uye Soviet Union.

Muna 1950, United States kokutanga akasuma mureza itsva ruvara terevhizheni, anenge pakarepo, muitiro uyu akanga vakanonga dzose dzakabudirira. Muna 1967, Europe uye Soviet Union akatanga mwero ruvara pachavo terevhizheni kwayo. Zvishoma nezvishoma vakaumba terevhizheni netsika, kushanda zvakakwana Genres hurongwa pave yamabhuku purogiramu, pane nyanzvi TV venhau uye presenters. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20, terevhizheni kwazopararira, hwakagadzira zvaiitikawo dzinenge musha ose Nyika.

Nhoroondo terevhizheni inogona zvishoma se nechido nyika kutonga. TV hwagara vaikwikwidzana pamwe mabhaisikopu, yemitambo, varaidzo vakawanda, asi pakupedzisira akatora nzvimbo yaro munezvimwe mutsika, kwete kuhwina asi kwete kurasikirwa mutambo.

TV anouya Russia

Nhoroondo terevhizheni iri Russia anotanga kusvika mukuenzanisa nevamwe dzakabudirira. Izvi kudziviswa Second World War, vakaisa dzimwe, zvakawanda zvenzara, matambudziko kuti hurumende. dzeredhiyo Kugara yakatanga muna 1931, apo compiler Anomhanyira unosvikirwa wave. Chokutanga, rakundwa zvemaziso materevhizheni chete 30, pashure vatenzi Russian vari kutanga kuti vagamuchiri kumusha-yakaitwa. Muna 1933, rwunotanga kugadzirwa inonyaradza redhiyo "B-2" pakugamuchira mumhuri paterevhizheni mabiko. Muna 1949 akatanga Serial kugadzirwa mudzimba KVN terevhizheni. Muna 1951 iye akasika Central wepaterevhizheni of USSR. Muna 1959, kwakaita kushanda ruvara nhepfenyuro chaiitirwa. Muna 1965, Soviet Union anotangazve Satellite wayo wokutanga, izvo zvinoita kuti kutepfenyurwa TV chiratidzo munyika.

terevhizheni Soviet

Misa nhau paterevhizheni muRussia muna 1951, apo rwunotanga kushandisa nechepakati Studio. Hurumende Soviet zvakakomba vakaita pakasikwa terevhizheni, tichiziva yayo zvikuru chinotipa pfungwa vemo. Naizvozvo, sangano iri hurumende pedyo Studio kwazvo, izvozvo akavhura mamwe Category Shanduro: asi socio-political, vana uye vechidiki, mumhanzi, mabhuku uye kunoshamisa. A gore gare gare rakasvika Leningrad TV Studio. Vose terevhizheni Studio pasi Bazi Culture of USSR.

Kusvikira 1965 nhepfenyuro akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze chete muMoscow uye Leningrad. In yechipiri yezana 50s terevhizheni Studios kuonekwa munzvimbo zhinji, ivo filmed mifananidzo nokuda nechepakati Studio. Mukupera 60-ies kuti nhepfenyuro anotanga kupararira mumba European munharaunda, uye kubva muna 1965 - munyika yose. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mashoko matsva: .. "Breaking News", "purogiramu yokutanga," "Moscow chirongwa The", "Educational Program", etc. Kuparidzira Mukutepfenyura nguva, migero zvitsva ngapaonekwe pamusoro nguva. Chinonzi weboka manhamba, wokutanga digit dzeredhiyo Central Studio, enda kune zvirongwa vemo yechipiri. Mukutanga 80-ies kuonekwa Republican paterevhizheni Studio. Central Terevhizheni anotanga kumhanya akawanda zvinotora munzvimbo dzakasiyana.

New Russian TV

Pamwe kugadzirisa kuchinja nzira kuna terevhizheni, pane mukana sangano akazvimirira broadcasters. History kwezvisikwa itsva nemanyorerwo terevhizheni rinotanga chitarisiko TV Company "VID". Her kuronga vaduku venhau W. Leaf, A. Lyubimov, A. Rasbash, D. Zakharov. Mushamarari anotanga kusika zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana uye kutengesa kuti broadcasters itsva. Muna 1989, anotanga auctioning huripo TV pazviteshi, itsva sangano: "Ostankino", RTR, "Petersburg - Channel 5." Akagoverwa pakati huru kakawanda, terevhizheni duku vanotanga kupfura kwavari zvakasiyana siyana zvirongwa. Muna 1996, hunotanga Kuwedzera itsva nhepfenyuro makambani hukuru zvose, kubva huru, dzakadai NTV uye Ren-TV, kusvikira ruduku, guta pamwero. kusiyana kwakadaro kunotungamirira ndechokuti mhepo kunongova dzakawanda akasiyana zvirongwa kubva enyika varaidzo. The nyika ine vakawanda terevhizheni nenyanzvi, terevhizheni anova zvemari zvinobatsira nzvimbo yebasa.

Kubvira 2006, hunotanga pachena kusiyana pachena uye vezvokutengeserana terevhizheni, pakati izvo pane kukwikwidzana kuti vaoni. Nhasi muRussia kune TV makambani anenge 3,200 kuti asike zvinhu nemapoka ose vaiona.

Commercial paterevhizheni muRussia

Nhoroondo terevhizheni Russian inodzokorora nyaya yose. Naizvozvo, apo Soviet Union vapera uye pane mamiriro ine ezvoupfumi uye enyika nemitemo itsva, TV amanikidzwa kuchinja zvakare. Saka, pane TV zvokutengeserana, izvo, kuwedzera mabasa pamusoro apa, nokupa kusvina zvikomborero kweupfumi. Terevhizheni commercialization inotungamirira chimiro kushambadza, ndiro tsime rezvemari. Uyewo pane muripo-TV chidimbu, izvo zvinosanganisira waya, Satellite uye Indaneti TV.

MuRussia, izvi zvikuru kunonoka, vakawanda vacho hakusi agadzirira kubhadhara terevhizheni chigadzirwa uye rokutengesa migero haagoni kupa yakawanda yakasiyana kugutsikana, izvo zvaizoita kukwikwidzana vakasununguka terevhizheni. Zvimwe kunzwisisa kukura mubhadharo-TV chakaunza Indaneti, umo vokuRussia vakasununguka kuwana chero ruzivo. Zvisinei, unogona kuona kuti zvishoma nezvishoma tajairira kune Russian vagari mabasa akadai waya uye kuongorora terevhizheni, izvo kuti chiduku kunoita vakawanda makwara.

Tanetseka chaizvo, asi achiumbwa uye evasingatombonamati zvokutenga terevhizheni, rinongowanika kuburikidza kutengeswa kwayo TV chigadzirwa. Muenzaniso Somuenzaniso, yakazvimirira TV "Rain", iyo iripo nokutengesa magazini inoshandiswa wako uye chinokwezva vanoiona rakasiyana chirongwa vanyori. History of terevhizheni kuti muripo weUS kuMadokero kwazvo kubudirira zvikuru munhoroondo. MuRussia, Zvisinei, kusvikira TV vezvokutengeserana ari kuedza kurarama tichiregeredza kushambadza, achikwezva vazhinji vaiona pachena.

digitaalinen paterevhizheni

Nhoroondo yose TV chokuita kukura kwezvinhu mberi. Zvinokanganisawo mufananidzo shanduko zvemichina kuchinjirwa uye anoita pakuonekwa pakubhadhara itsva terevhizheni. Saka, pamwe kwaita digitaalinen zvemichina rinowanika uye runoenzanirana makwara. Kune dzakasiyana siyana pamusoro digitaalinen chiratidzo yedzimudzangara wire, Satellite uye yenyika. Noungwaru zvigadzirwa achibvumira materevhizheni chaiwo decoder kuti ndima ine analoginen uye digitaalinen chiratidzo. Digital Michina runoita kuti nokukurumidza chero daro kutepfenyurwa mukuru-tsananguro mavhidhiyo. Zvichienderana mhando yeEncoding, pane dzakawanda zvinodiwa dzakawanda: European, Japanese uye American. The chikuru zvakanakira digitaalinen terevhizheni ndeinotevera pamberi analogue:

• chipingaidzo zvigadziriswe kana achitumira chiratidzo;
• kuwedzera zvirongwa chinopfuudzwa imwe Frequency siyana;
• chekunatsiridza kuti zvitange mufananidzo uye ruzha;
• mukana interactivity chete vateereri, anogona kusarudza kuona nguva kudzokorora chirongwa, kuti arayire vamwe kugutsikana;
• mukana kupararira mamwe mashoko, kuwedzera purogiramu dzeterevhizheni.

Nhasi, munyika yose yava kutsiva analoginen zvinotakura kune digitaalinen. Russia uyewo kushandisa purogiramu yaitsiva analoginen kuti digitaalinen nhepfenyuro, nhasi migero ose makuru kutepfenyura zviviri anonongedzera, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera uwandu analoginen makwara. Pakupedzisira, apo vose vaoni ichatsiva materevhizheni mudzimba dzavo pamusoro ano, analoginen terevhizheni richaparadzwa.

Modern nezvemaitiro kukura terevhizheni munyika

Nengano Kugadzirwa paIndaneti nhoroondo terevhizheni iri kuchinja vector kwayo. Nhasi, terevhizheni ose chikuru rezvebonde pave wemagetsi shanduro gwara, apo unogona kuona mhenyu TV, siya mhinduro, tokumbira vamwe. Terevhizheni anochinja muenzaniso nekuita chete vateereri, zvino migero vari kuramba tichiedza kuita vateereri pakukurukurirana. Uye zviri pachena kuti, izvi zvinenge zvicharamba chete kukura. Vanoiona kare anokwanisa kusiya mhinduro, kuvhota, kubvunza mibvunzo magamba mapurogiramu. Zviri pachena nokukurumidza chisanyanya kushanda kutepfenyura afoot, mumwe Fafitera kuchaita kuumba grid pamusoro chikumbiro. The ano Fafitera iri kuramba kuva Mutengi, uye zvaanofarira uye dzicharamba dzichitonga aibuda mashoko ari paterevhizheni fomu. Zvinoitwa TV kusangana pamwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvimwe wedzera. TV achava kwete chete mugamuchiri mumwe TV, asiwo multifunctional mudziyo.

Tarisiro kukura paterevhizheni muRussia

The ano nhoroondo mudzimba terevhizheni iri kufamba chete mirayiridzo sezvo yose. Muna 2004, Russia yakatanga kuvhurwa kusvika faibha-optic nzira kuparadzira terevhizheni anonongedzera. Saka akazarura mutsva nguva Internet TV. Nhasi, terevhizheni ruzivo simba kumanikidzwa zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinokwezva vaoni, kunyanya vakadzi vaduku. Naizvozvo pachena kuti nhoroondo terevhizheni muRussia achava kuva makwikwi uye pamwe chete Internet. Nhasi, 99% mhuri dziri kuchizvivanza terevhizheni nhepfenyuro, asi zvinenge zviri kurongwa kurega TV, kunyanya mumhuri muduku guru munharaunda. Sezviri pachena, huripo siyana TV dzemapurisa kuramba zvishoma nokuda akatamira kune Internet, kuchawedzera specialization makambani, zvikuru uchava kuparadzana broadcasters uye kugadzirwa makambani.