Renaissance - zviri ... ari Renaissance: tsika, iwe

The Renaissance, rwakatanga Italy rokutanga kota XV remakore, akashandura Ages nyika, kuchinja zvachose. Translated kubva French kana rokuItari "Renaissance" - a "kuberekwazve", riri chokuita kumutsidzirwa unyanzvi kwetsika yekare. Renaissance - a budiriro guru revanhu, hapana mubvunzo. Panguva iyoyo, akasikwa anoshamisa painting, chivezwa uye mapurani. Zvakanyorwa (uye akabudiswa) mabhuku makuru. Zvisikwa shasha kwevanhu, akasikwa kubudikidza vatenzi vakakurumbira vekare, rambai vanofarira saka kure uye havazombokundikani norunako rwayo.

kutyisa Middle Ages

Zvinonzi sechinhu inonyatsozivikanwa chokwadi chokuti Renaissance chakatsiva Middle Ages, vaiva, senguva dzose, nerima, Chokwadi, chakakomba, uye dzinoratidzwa siyana utsinye dzechitendero - Raibvunzurudza akanzwa zvose. Pane zvinyorwa vanoti chete kuti nokuda unokuvadza nemanomano Catholic Church uye Renaissance yakanga kuderera.

Muchikamu, maonero aya zvinhu anekodzero iripo, asi asiri zvemashoko nevafundisi mugadziriro iyi zvikuru. Just nzanga yevanhu yakavepo zvinogara, nerimwe chimurenga, zvichiteverwa maitiro, uye Renaissance akamboitirwa pamutemo urongwa, kunyanya vazhinji pfungwa dzayo dzakanga mutorwa kune vasingazivi, haanzwisisi vakawanda matenda kuti nzanga nguva idzodzo. Zvakaoma chaizvo kuti murume wake naMwari hunhu, iye murombo, zvaanoda kugombedzera, uye ari kuramba ezvinhu kutya.

The Church sezvo nhare yebudiriro

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika kupomera Ages zvakanaka zvakasiyana-siyana mhosva pamusoro pavanhu, kunyange apo ichi hachisi chokwadi. Somuenzaniso, vamwe mabhuku kutora rusununguko kutaura kuti kuMiddle Ages haana kutanga sainzi. Zvisinei, kumayunivhesiti akawanda ano European zvakaiswa nzvimbo yaimbova wemamongi (Oxford) kana nokuedza vafundisi (Sorbonne).

Hapana chikonzero chokuramba kuti zvinenge dzidzo zvose zvakanga Chechi yekare (uye akaramba kuramba saka mamwe emakore akawanda). Izvi zviri nyore kuti: soro chikamu chepuraimari kuverenga vanhu kusimbiswa vafundisi, uye kana zvakadaro - zvino ndianiko kudzidzisa uye "zvisina musoro kushamwari dzavo", asi mamongi nemamwe vafundisi?

Kukura yebudiriro dzose. Regai vanhu dzimwe nguva vaifanira kutora rimwe danho shure, asi tsika Renaissance zvaisamboita raitika muchimiro umo tinozviziva, dai asina nepaImba minzwa nzira murima kuMiddle Ages. Saka, mabasa makuru chaiko haana kuberekwa, kana vasiri pashure emakore basa vakawanda zvinokosha (ane basa ratinoti ngano chete nokuti mazita avo asingazivikanwi). Kudai kwakanga kusina Ages knight poetics, hazvingaiti kuti kuitwa uye "The Divine Comedy" Dante Aligeri, uye sonnets ose Petrarch.

Mbeu awire pasi yakaorera pasi

Vapikisi yapfuura yaitonga vakatevera - kwete chaizvo zvawataura. Voltaire aidzidzisa kuti nyaya - ndiko Manyepo iyo zvose vakabvumirana. Hazvibviri kuona chokwadi ichi witty ambotaura. Nhoroondo Renaissance, kutanga kunzwisisa uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, haagoni zvichishandurwa zvisingarevi zvakawanda. Kune shanduro dzakawanda achitsanangura ichi chinoshamisa mu yenhau yevanhu, vakawanda vacho vane kodzero iripo.

Kunoonekwa chikoro nechivimbo chokuti Renaissance vemifananidzo pakarepo akawana tsika dzekare uye pamwe akatanga kutevedzera naye, kuti kuonekwa somunhu schematic. Pashure pezvose, mienzaniso basa haasi kuenda uri vechiGiriki nevechiRoma, zvinokosha mabasa vanyori vekare rakashandurwa Ages Europe, kubvira VIII remakore, asi hapana Renaissance haizokuwiri mumwe mazana masere.

Chokwadi, kuwa Roma Second (Constantinople) muna 1453, apo mhirizhonga pakati vaitya vemifananidzo vaMuslim (uye kwete chete) vakamhanyira kuna West, achitora nawo raibhurari, mifananidzo, uye (Chikurukuru) ruzivo rwavo uye zvakaitika, akabatanidzwa rakakura basa. Pakupedzisira, simba Byzantine uri Renaissance hapana mubvunzo. Regai yeRoma vakaramba kuzvidhori, asi iye akabva kune mumwe munda. Icon of Amai vaMwari uye akakurumbira "Sistine Madonna" by Michelangelo zvose kusiyana - zvose zvemichina uye zvinodiwa - mufananidzo iwoyo mukadzi pamwe chete nomwana.

The confluence kuti wakakodzera ezvinhu

Rumutsiriro yakaitwa kuti confluence zvinhu zvakawanda uye zvikonzero, mumwe icho zvechokwadi kuti Renaissance zvichibvira ndatenda - rudzi kwaiita Catholic Church, ane simba panguva iyoyo yakanga zvakapfumisa - mashura, uye kuda simba - usingagoni kuguta. Izvi chamuita kuti simba munzanga ratidziro: aisapindira kunakidzwa hasha Dzidziso, uye ushandiswe munyaya neupenyu kunakidzwa. Murume aifanira kuramba kunzwa pamusoro Vishny (ari muvengi) simba kuti aigona chero nguva chikawira pamusoro pake, achiranga zvavo. Zvinodiwa chechi tsvene zvinopesana nechisikirwo munhu pacharo.

Chechipiri chakaita Chokwadi, ndiyo nokukurumidza paumbwe hurumende. Secular simba, achiva coherent akanyatsorongwa uye zvinhu zvakawanda kutungamirira vaanotonga, hakusi chido bvumidza pomuchindwe simba romudzimu. Mienzaniso mhirizhonga pakati mukereke uye simba madzimambo - Kazhinji munhau. Mumwe wavo, Renaissance inotumidzwa rufu kwayo.

Chikonzero chechitatu zvimwe ndechokuti zviri Renaissance - nguva apo upenyu nemagariro nomufaro vachisiya wemamongi, apo akanga mujeri kwemakore akawanda, uye pfungwa iri kukurumidza kukura uye kuwedzera akapfuma maguta. Zvakakomba dzidziso varwere Artists kunyora kuitira uye kwete zvimwe, pasi zvausingakwanisi uye zvichingodaro. D. Havagoni kukonzera mufaro zvechokwadi matarenda vanhu. Vakatsvaka rusununguko, vakatanga nayo.

Chechina, unokosha zvimiso pakaberekwa Renaissance, akanga mari sezvo yokutsoropodza. sezvo kunganzwika. Haasi masanga sezvazvakafanira akapfuma iwayo Italy vazukuru vanoonga chikwereti kuti pakanga ichi muchizvikudza kwazvo. Renaissance akaberekwa kwete urombo. Dzidziso kuti womufananidzo anofanira kuva nenzara, ndizvo untenable. All Renaissance - uchapupu. Musiki anofanira kuvawo - uye saka anofanira kurayira, mu vezvenhau uye nzvimbo kushandisa tarenda rake.

wakakomborerwa Florence

izvi zvose zvinowanikwa Florence, uye vokupedzisira asi kwete mudukusa ngaavongwe mubati weguta - Lorenzo zvikuru. The pachivanze akanga blistatelen vanokudzwa. Unonyanya unyanzvi Painters, vavezi vemabwe uye ezvivako kuwana Lorenzo zvakavimbika anorichengeta. Muguta akavaka nhare zhinji, machechi, makamuri uye mamwe mabasa mapurani. Painters vakawana dzakawanda mirairo.

Kazhinji, rakakamurwa zvitatu nguva ari Renaissance, asi vamwe vatsvakurudzi zvinosanganisira mumwe - anonzi Protorenessans achiri chokuita Middle Ages, asi zvinotora pamusoro itsva, nechiedza zvinhu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zviitiko nguva kuvakwa Florence Cathedral (XIII remakore) - zvivako zvikuru zvinoshamisa omukati.

mangwanani Renaissance

Mushure "pre-kurapwa" pachikuva kubudikidza Early Renaissance: makore mavambo uye kuguma nguva kare vanodana runako aibvumirana - kubva 1420 kusvika 1500. masere makore zvaida kubvisa yakasimba canons zvinosiyana muchechi, uye nhaka yemadzitateguru mbiri. Panguva iyi, kutevedzera mienzaniso yekare yava hombe. Mifananidzo akashama muviri pamwe kuratidzwa kworudo duku tsandanyama uye mutsinga dzinoratidzwa itsva, asingazivikanwi kuti Catholic Europe maitiro. Renaissance akava rwiyo chaiyo kunaka kwenyika, izvo dzimwe nguva rwakaimbwa akadaro dzakajeka siyana, izvo zvaizoita sembura vateereri chii makore zana nemakumi mashanu apfuura.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti nezveizvi vakawana kunzwisisa mumarudzi ose zamu varwi pamwe Renaissance, iyo kuburikidza mabasa ayo mumunda obscurantism yakasvika kubwinya dubious kusingaperi. Muenzaniso mukuru ndiye musoro Florentine Dominican wemamongi - Savonarola. Aiva perennial achitsoropodza "mufambiro kukodzera" humanist uye havana kuzeza kupisa chigadzirwa, saizvozvo nekusiyana. Pakati irretrievable nezvinhu - akawanda mifananidzo vatenzi nomukurumbira pakati yaitonga, kusanganisira Sandro Botticelli. Maoko ake amene dzakadaro mifananidzo inozivikanwa of Renaissance, sezvo "Kuberekwa Venus", "Spring", "Kristu korona Thorns." Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zvigadzirwa zvinenge zvose kurarama ari munyori vakazvipira yemubhaibheri misoro, uye murume ano zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti vaikwanisa kunokanganisa Dominican chakakomba.

Zvisinei, izvi chakatangwa, uye zvakanga nomunhu zvinogoneka kuchimisa. Savonarola akafa muna 1498, uye kutangazve akaramba kufamba munyika, anokunda guta idzva - Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples.

Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa uye maitiro vamiririri mangwanani Renaissance muvezi Donatello akadana, Painters Giotto uye Masaccio. Panguva iyi, muna kupenda vakatanga akashandisa mitemo nemaonero, yakazaruka iri XV remakore. Izvi akabvumira vakazoroorwa kusika-dimensional matatu,-dimensional matatu Mufananidzo Renaissance - ichi chakanga kumboparidzirwa kuwanikwa vemifananidzo.

Mavakirwo Vector pakati pakuzadzisa wakabvunzwa Filippo Brunelleschi, kutanga kwazvo rising Santa Maria Del it fiore.

soro Renaissance

Yepamusoro apo kwaiva nguva Renaissance rechitatu - High Renaissance. Vava nemakore 27 chete (1500-1527) uye kunobatanidzwa zvikurukuru basa vatenzi huru, vane mazita vakajaira mumwe nomumwe wedu: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo uye Raphael.

Panguva ino, guta guru tsika Europe akabva Florence kuRoma. The Pope mutsva Julius II (paakangogara pachigaro muna 1503) aiva akasiyana murume, mumwe admire kukuru makanaka uye muridzi wacho achida zvikuru. Kana kwete nyasha pakunamata, vanhu vangadai vasina kuona mabasa mazhinji muri iyo anonzi parera wenyika nhaka nemagariro.

The yakanakisisa vatenzi, vakatakura chiratidzo shasha, vanogamuchira dzakawanda mirairo. City Vachiita pamwe kuvakwa. Architects, vavezi vemabwe uye Painters kushanda parutivi (uye dzimwe nguva "tsitsi nzvimbo"), ndinosika mabasa avo pachavo usingafi. Panguva ino, zvakanga yakagadzirirwa uye dzakatanga kuvakwa St. naPetro Basilica - temberi kupfuura akakurumbira uye chikuru kutenda Catholic.

The mufananidzo of Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo akaita rwake, rinosanganisa yose zvinoreva, kunaka uye runako, uyo akatipa Renaissance vemifananidzo, vakasarudza musimboti wezvose yake, murume (hongu, nemabhii makuru): vakaita savanamwari munhu, Musiki, izvo mikana dzinenge risingaperi.

Zvose anouya kwapera

Muna 1523 Papa akava Clement VII, uye pakarepo vakapindira munyaya yehondo pamwe Emperor Carlos V, ndinosika Yaunoti Coniacian sungano, hwaisanganisira wokuItaly guta-inotaura kuti Florence, Milan, Venice uye France. Papa haana kugovana simba pamwe Habsburgs uye aifanira kubhadhara nokuti wekusingaperi City. Muna 1527, Charles V kwakaita hondo, refu nguva havana kugamuchira mari (Emperor overspend muhondo), kutanga akarikomba uye ipapo yaaigara uye sacked Rome zvayo dzoushe uye temberi. guta guru vakatapudzika, uye arivo Renaissance apera.

Encyclopedia Britannica inoti kuti ave wakakwana nhoroondo ichikosha pamusoro Renaissance, zana (1420-1527) aitonga wakaropafadzwa Italy, akapera. Avo havabvumirani pamwe drafters anozivikanwa zvikuru Directory munyika, yainzi nguva, yakatanga pashure 1530, mushakabvu Renaissance uye achiri handigoni kuuya chibvumirano, uye kana ndokuguma. Pane nharo vachida 1590s uye 1620s, uye kunyange 1630s, asi zvakaoma vamwe residual Migumisiro kungava zviratidzo panguva.

ichikosha Degeneration

Panguva iyoyo, tsika zviitiko zviri siyana zvikuru, pane yokurera izvo kuonekwa zvinoratidza dambudziko uye degeneration ari unyanzvi (akadai Florentine Mannerism). It kunoratidzwa imwe pretentiousness, kunyanya akadzama, simbisa "pfungwa the artist", kuwanika chete rakamanikana pedenderedzwa connoisseurs. Sculpture, mapurani uye kupenda of Renaissance vaigara mune shingirira kutsvaka maererano akasvimha tyisa postures, isingaperi whorls uye monstrous mavara kuri kuti nezvemaitiro itsva unyanzvi nyika.

Zvisinei, apo kutaura nezvokuparadzwa chokupedzisira Renaissance mangwanani. Mune mamwe maguta Italian vachiri vapenyu vemifananidzo of Renaissance, vanoramba vakatendeka netsika zvikuru. Saka, Titian guru, iro rinogona aionekwa chakajeka mumiririri Renaissance, akashanda Venice kusvikira 1576.

Zvichakadai, Italy uye Europe kuuya pamusoro dzakaoma. Zvichitevera zvisingafungidziriki kuMiddle Ages rusununguko kuti vakauya nawo Nguva Renaissance, akauya kukuru maitiro. Kuchinjwa Mutsvene Office akatora zvakare itsvo mumaoko avo. On munzvimbo vakapisa moto - moto ukaparadza nevanyengeri, uye mabasa avo.

It rakaparadzwa anenge mabhuku ose akaita idzva Pope Paul IV mu yeRoma "Indekisi airambidzwa mabhuku" (chete pamberi porutivi mazita dzakabudiswa muNetherlands, Paris uye Venice). Zvekufamba pakati inquisitors vaiva zvakakomba, nokuti ari Renaissance rakasvika wokudhinda - panguva pakuguma XV remakore Gutenberg akakwanisa kusika rokutanga akadhindwa Bhaibheri. Vemanyepo zvakaziviswa vakapararira kwevanhu pamusoro Renaissance, Chokwadi, kwete mamiriyoni, asi kumadzibaba tsvene aiva chinhu chokuita.

Vanyori venhau vanoti kutambudzwa muItaly vezvitendero vaiva vadzvinyiriri mu Europe - vatsiviwe utsinye kuti zera rusununguko uye runako.

Northern Renaissance - mumwe mananara ose Renaissance

Kakawanda, apo tinotaura pamusoro Renaissance, kufunga Italian Renaissance - kutanga akaberekwa uye ukasvika ichatonga zvine mbiri kwayo pano. Nhasi, wokuItaly, guta rose rinogona kunzi sezvo zvivako zviri mapurani, kupenda uye chivezwa nenguva.

Asi, chokwadi, pakati Apennines of Renaissance yaitonga haana shoma. Anonzi Northern Renaissance dzakatangira Europe, pedyo pakati XVI remakore uye akapa nyika anoshamisa mazhinji. A maitiro chinoratidza zvidavado ichi chaiva chikuru pokudzora Ages gothic art. Pano nhaka yekare rakapiwa zvishoma nezvayo, zvose Italy uye subtleties yakaitwa kuratidza zvakawanda hanya. Pakazosvika creators ari Nguva Northern Renaissance vari Dürer, Van Eyck, Cranach. Mumabhuku, chiitiko ichi kwakaratidzwa nemabasa Shakespeare uye Cervantes.

The pamasimba Renaissance pamusoro tsika haagoni rudo vanokosha: zviri rakakura. Kududzirazve uye huchiita tsika yekare, Renaissance akasika ake - uye vakapa vanhu guru chitsama usingafi mabasa ounyanzvi kuti zvechokwadi zvichavandudza nyika yatiri kurarama.