Ndezvinyorwa zvezvikara nevanhu zvinogoneka here?

Izvo zvinopesana pfungwa zvinomuka mumusoro wako paunotanga kufunga pamusoro pekusika zvigadzirwa nekupfuura mhuka nemasero evanhu. Kwenguva refu, masayendisiti akasika hybrid embryos mubazi ravo, zvose izvi zvinoitwa kuti vawane nzira dzinogona kuitika dzekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, kuedza kwakadaro kwezvinhu zvakasikwa kunogona kuenda kure. Ko pachava nehuwandu hwemhuka nevanhu here? Ndeipi nzvimbo yavanotora munyika ino? Iyi mibvunzo yemibvunzo yakabatana zvakananga nehurukuro yekupikisana pakati pesayenzi nemitemo.

Nhebvu mumhuka yemhuka

Unogona here kuumba maruva emhuka nevanhu? Vamwe vanhu vanogona kunge vaine mifananidzo yakaipa yevanhu vane musoro weguru, muswe wehove, muromo weshiri, shaggy mvere, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Ko, masayendisiti mune ma laboratori anoita kuti maitiro ezvigadziriswe agadziriswe sezvinongoita mumutambo wemavhidhiyo here? Mune mhuka dzenyika, muenzaniso wehurukuro interspecific ndiyo mhuru, mugumisiro wekubatisa mbongoro nebhiza. Uyu mhuka ine utano hwakakwana, iyo, zvisinei, yakarashika kukwanisa kwayo kubereka nekuda kwechiverengero chakasiyana chekromosomes mubongoro (62 chromosomes) uye bhiza (64 chromosomes).

Nenzira, mahesera haasi iye oga muenzaniso wekubatana kwemarudzi. Mhando dzakawanda dzakabatana dzinogona kuroorana kuti dzibereke vana vasingabereki. Semuenzaniso, shumba uye tigers (vana vavo vanonzi ligers), zebras nemabhiza. Ihama yepedyo yevanhu inogona kudanwa kunokosha, asi pfungwa imwe chete yekusika mahubvu emhuka nevanhu, iyo vanhu uye mbongoro, nekubatanidza genomes hazvingaitike.

Mune maitiro ezvirwere zvemasimba anoramba mamwe masero

Mazhinji emasimba evanhu anoshanda nenzira yakadai zvokuti kunyange masero omumwe munhu haagamuchirwi nemuviri nguva dzose, somuenzaniso, panguva yekugadzirwa kwemuviri wemukati, kusati ataure nezvemunhu asina simba, chikamu chemhuka. Zvimwe zvipi zvekune dzimwe nyika zvichange zvangoonekwa, uye simba rekudzivirira mumuviri - rinoramba - rinotevera.

Kuno chete kubatsirwa kwevanhu

Masayendisiti akapinda mukutsvakurudza kwemafuro, hapana chinangwa chekusika mhuka, apo musanganiswa wemunhu nemhuka chinhu chinotyisa uye chinotyisa. Mukuwedzera, vanhu vose havazombobvumi pfungwa yekusika chero mutezo. Havafariri kushanda pazvinhu zvakadai, stem cell tsvakurudzo uye maitiro ekurapa zvinogadziriswa chete mune zvinodiwa nemunhu, uye zvinonyanya kurongwa mukurwisa zvirwere zvakawanda zvisingaregi.

Hazvisi nyore zvakadaro

Mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti nzara yemhuka nevanhu (mufananidzo unoratidza maonero evanhu, ona pasi apa) achiri kukwanisika, sezvo genetic code yeDNA inowanikwa kune zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu. Semuenzaniso, mapuroteni mumasero emabhiza anogadzirwa nenzira yakafanana nenzira yevanhu. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose hazvirevi nyore: kuedza kuita musanganiswa, iwe unofanirwa kupfuura nenhamba yakawanda yemuedzo uye kukanganisa, mubvunzo ndewokuti vanhu vazhinji vanoda kupira sei, somuenzaniso, chibvumirano. Inogona kutora nguva yakareba kupfuura iyo inogona kuonekwa pakutanga.

Izvo zvisinganzwisisiki kuwedzera mazamu evanhu kune mhuka nemichero, uye zvakanyanya kusiyana ndeyezvakaitika. Asi mazita ega ega anongororesa mapuroteni chaiwo, haagoni kuchinja mashandisiro ehupenyu kuva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose, somuenzaniso, chimera monster. Majini ega ega anoumba chikamu chiduku chekuti isu tiri ani, uye ndiani imbwa kana jellyfish. Mhando dzomumwe munhu dzinotsamira pane dzakawanda zvemajeni akafanana, akaiswa mune zvakagadziriswa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa node, izvo zvingave zvakasiyana zvachose mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvezvipenyu.

Iyo yakasvibiswa yemunhu nemhuka: izvi zvinodanwa sei kubva pakuona kwe sayenzi?

Kubva pane zvesayenzi zvemaonero, nyaya iyi inofungidzirwa zvisingafungidziri uye mhemberero dzenhema. Muhupenyu chaihwo, kusikwa kwezvisikwa zvakadaro semhuka uye zvinyorwa zvevanhu ndezvokutongwa kwepamutemo, tsika uye teknolojia mumamiriro ezvinhu ekupedzisira kubudirira mune mundima ye genetic engineering. Ndinofanira kuita izvi zvachose here? Izvozvi zvichange zvichiita kuti vanhu vaite zvido zvishoma kana kuti ivo vanovandudza here? Musanganiswa wakadaro wemurume nemhuka inonzi "murume-murume". Izvo zvinorevawo zvimiti-cytoplasmic hybrids - the cybrid.

Nhebheni semuenzaniso weushamwari interspecific

Shamwari interspecific mumhuka, uyewo pakati pevanhu nemhuka dzavo, inopa mudzi wekutanga wekuzivikanwa kwezvisikwa zvakadaro. Muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa mumakore ose, pane dzakawanda zvakakurumbira zvinyorwa, zvinosanganisira sechikamu chekunamata kwemuIjipita neIndia. Maererano nemumwe muongorori uye musayendisiti Pietro Gaetto, "pfungwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu nemhuka nguva dzose dzinotangira muchitendero."

A hybrid of man and animal is an entity that includes human and animal components. Kwezviuru zvemakore, izvi zvinyorwa zvakave imwe yezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira muzvinyorwa zvemhuka pasi rose. Kusavapo kwepakati rakasimba pakati pevanhu nemasikirwo emitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye yekare kare yakapa nheyo yezvakaitika kare mukududzirwa kwemhemberero, apo vanhu nemhuka vane ukama hwakavhengana, semugumisiro weiwo unoshanduka kuva chimwe chakasiyana zvachose.

Ndeyvenyeredzi yevanhu uye yemhuka inofanirwa here kana kuti inogona kuitika?

Parizvino, nzara yemhuka navanhu vanosimba , sezviripo, zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, izvo mifananidzo yavo inowanzoshandiswa mumitambo yemavhidhiyo uye yakakurumbira shanduro firimu nemabhuku. Nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa dzinoshandisa mabasa akasiyana-siyana, kubva kune zvisikwa zvinopisa kune ma heroes. Nezvekutenda kwekare uye nhema, pano unogona kuwana nhamba huru yehuwandu, somuenzaniso, Pan inomwari muzvinyorwa zvechiGiriki, izvo zvinomiririra mhuka dzomusango uye dzisina kudzivirirwa, ainamatwa nevashambadzi, vabati vehove uye vafudzi. Ichi chisina kuchena chimiro chave chine makumbo makumbo nemahwanda uye nyanga yembudzi, uye zvimwe chitarisiko chake chinoratidzika sevanhu. Imwe nyanzvi yakakurumbira yemasanganiswa ndiyo mwari weEgipita wekufa anonzi Anubis.

Muzvinyorwa zveChinese, mwari anonzi Chu Pa-Tse nokuda kwemabasa ake akaipa uye mabasa akaipa anodzingwa kubva kudenga kuNyika. Nokukanganisa, anopinda muchibereko chekudyara uye pakupedzisira anoberekwa hafu yevanhu, hafu yenguruve, ine musoro yenguruve nenzeve pamwe chete nemuviri womunhu. Chinangwa chemukati cheiyo hybrid mythi hachichinje kuti zviri nani.

Mushure mokunge auraya uye adya mai vake nevanin'ina vake, chikara chakafanana nehove chinopotera mumakomo, kwaanogara mazuva ake achivhima vafambi vasina kuchengetedzeka vakange vasina ruzivo rwekuyambuka nzira yake. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekuedza kwemwarikadzikadzi Guan Yin, achifamba muChina, akatendwa kutora nzira yakanakisisa uye kugamuchira hupirisita.

Ongororo yekugadzira musanganiswa embryos

Zvinokwanisika here kuumba hybrid yemunhu nemhuka? Imbuto yeHibbri isanganiswa yevanhu uye zvikara zvezvipfuwo. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhesi asina kuomeswa, semuenzaniso, cytoplasmic embryos inoumbwa nekuendesa nuclei ine DNA kubva mumasero evanhu ichienda kune imwe yemhuka iyo iyo mazita ekuberekwa kwayo yakambobviswa. Mazai aya anogadzirwa anowedzera mu laboratori kwemazuva mashomanana, zvino anounganidzwa kuti aumbe masero emadzimai. Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kuva mhando dzakasiyana dzematukisi.

Iyi nzira yekusika masero emasero anoshandiswa kuongorora zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana uye inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo imwe nzira yakanaka ye mazai evanhu akakodzera, ayo anowanikwa mune imwe nhamba shoma, kusiyana nemhuka. Masayendisiti haadi kuronga kuumba musanganiswa wemunhu nemhuka, chisikwa chinokwanisa kuraramisa hupenyu.

Ngozi dzekusanganisa genetic material

Kusanganiswa kwevanhu nemhuka yemararamiro zvinogona kutungamirira kune njodzi yokugadzira zvirwere zvitsva, asi kufambira mberi mundima iyi kunogona kuunza zvikomborero zvakakura kune vanhu mupfungwa yepasi rese. Sezvo masayendisiti anoti, aya ndiwo masero, kwete zvisikwa chaiwo. Izvi zvinodzivirira kushandiswa kwevanhu ova mukutsvakurudza. Izvozvo zvipo zvemhuka kusvika kune embryo zvakanyanya kuduku zvokuti inowanzove mubereki wemunhu (99.9%). Sezvo iyo yekupedzisira isina kuberekwa nehutumbi hwevanhu, haigoni kuonekwa sevanhu.

Kodzero dzevanhu neyemhuka hadziputsi, sezvo mucheche usingazobvumirwi kuva munhu kana mhuka. Nyanzvi dzehupenyu dzinobatanidzwa mukubatanidza DNA yemhuka dzakasiyana kubva kuma19s, asi pfungwa yekuisa zvipenyu zvemhuka kumunhu inoramba iripo. Uye kukanganisa kwezvinorambidzwa izvi, pakupedzisira, kunongoponesa vanhu kubva kuhuwandu hwezvirwere, asiwo kushandura zvisikwa zvedu zvose.

Transgenesis inokwanisa kushandisa semasero akawanda akasiyana, uye muviri wose. Hibhabheri yemunhu nemhuka (iro zita rokuti "chimera" rakashandiswa muzvinyorwa zvechiGiriki) rinoshandiswawo sechimiro chechigodhi, icho munguva yemberi chinogona kushandiswa kuratidza zvirwere zvevanhu zvakananga, kubudiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva, zvinyuchi nezvimwe zvakawanda. Anenge makore makumi mana adarika, nyanzvi dzakadzidza kutakura uye kugadzirisa maitiro ezvirimwa nemhuka. Kusvikira ikozvino, nyaya yekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvevanhu, kunyanya, pamusoro pechikonzero chetsika uye chetsika, inoramba ichikakavadzana.