Nyika ezvinhu Copernicus. The musimboti wenyika heliocentric ezvinhu munyika. Ptolemaic

MuEurope munguva mangwanani Middle Ages akanga hunodzorwa ezvinhu zvenyika, yakavakirwa zvebhaibheri magwaro. Papera kanguva, iye chikatsiviwa dogmatized Aristotelianism uye wakatangwa na Ptolemy 's geocentric hurongwa. Zvichienderana azvino mashoko inonetsa muchadenga zvaanorumbidza zvishoma nezvishoma vaunganidza mukufamba kare. It akatowedzera pachena kuvhiringidzika, kunzwisisa uye Kusakwana Ptolemaic ino. Vazhinji vakaedza kuwedzera kururama, zvisinei ivo chete omesa nayo. Kare muzana remakore rechi13, Alfonso X, mambo Castile, akati kuti kana akanga mukana Mwari zano paaisika nyika, ndingadai zano kuti iye nyore.

Heliocentric maitiro enyika yakati Copernicus. Raiva chimurenga chaiyo nezvenyeredzi. Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, muchawana kuziva Copernicus uye mupiro wake nesayenzi. Asi kutanga tichataura pamusoro chii chaipiwa kwaari Ptolemy.

Ptolemaic gadziriro yenyika yayo nekuipira

Rinogadzwa aizotangira of Copernican hurongwa hazvibviri kuwana zvakafanotaurwa yakarurama. Uyezve, iye akatambura unsystematic, kushaya kuvimbika, zvemukati kubatana. nyika ino chaPtolemy (asian wake akauya pamusoro) zvinosanganisira kudzidzisa nyika imwe neimwe vari voga, wakaparadzaniswa nevamwe. Mumwe zvomuchadenga muviri, sezvo aiti nokuda musayendisiti, akanga mitemo inofamba uye epicyclic hurongwa vayo. Kufamba mapuraneti ari geocentric gadziriro kunorondedzerwa vanoverengeka akazvimirira uye zvakaenzana kwemasvomhu yokutevedzera. Geocentric pfungwa, kutaura, haana kutanga munyika, nokuti yemapuraneti system (kana yemapuraneti hurongwa) hakusi chinhu chacho. It zvakanga bedzi pamusoro wacho kufamba kuti mitumbi yokudenga.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamwe geocentric pfungwa, zvaibvira kuverenga chete anofungidzirwa nzvimbo zvimwe mitumbi yokudenga. Asi kuona nzvimbo yavo muchadenga, kana daro zvechokwadi zvakanga zvisingaiti. mabasa aya Ptolemy akafunga zvachose insoluble. Itsva nyika, heliocentric, akazviratidza nemhaka kugadzwa pachigaro kutsvaka kusachinja-chinja uye zvemukati kubatana.

Kudikanwa vashandure karenda

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti heliocentric dzidziso akasimuka maererano kudikanwa vashandure karenda Julian. Pfungwa huru mbiri dzinopindirana mairi (rejenaguru uye rinenge riine) vakarasika vaonane zviri kuitika ezvemuchadenga zviitiko. Muzana 4th remakore BC. e. musi Vernal rinenge riine pakarenda yakawira March 21. Muna 325, Dare reNicaea ngadzirambe nhamba iyi. Raishandiswa sechinhu chinokosha pokutangira pakuverenga musi Easter, chikuru Christian yezororo. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi16, musi Vernal rinenge riine ane 10 mazuva (March 21) lagged shure chaiko.

Julian karenda kubva muzana remakore rechi8 akaedza remuSamoa kuvandudza. Lateran Cathedral muRoma (1512-17 gg.), The kwokuomerwa dambudziko pakarenda Zvakacherechedzwa. Wandei nomukurumbira vanoongorora nyeredzi vakakumbirwa kurigadzirisa. Pakati pavo paiva Nikolay Kopernik. Zvisinei, akaramba, nokuti aitenda dzidziso inofamba yomwedzi zuva hazvikwani yakarurama uye kukura. Asi vakanga panguva hwaro pakarenda. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa, izvo yakagamuchirwa Copernicus, chaiva iye mumwe vavariro basa kuvandudzika ari geocentric dzidziso. Somugumisiro basa iri, uye gadziriro itsva munyika.

Chokwadi chokwadi Copernican dzidziso Ptolemy

Kuti Nicholas kwaifanira kuti mumwe mukuru nokumukirana munhoroondo nezvenyeredzi, zvichiteverwa pokuchinja dzinongoitika nesayenzi. Copernicus ndinozivana Ptolemy kuti maitiro mukupera remakore rechi15, akarumbidza ake kwemasvomhu shasha. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, musayendisiti akatanga kusava nechokwadi chokwadi dzidziso iyi. Nechokwadi vakanga yatsiviwa kutendiswa kuti pane zvakadzama kuzvipokanidza geocentricism.

Copernicus - mumiriri of Renaissance

Nikolay Kopernik musayendisiti wokutanga kutarira-gore chiuru ruzivo kukura nesayenzi kuburikidza kwameso omunhu kwenguva itsva. Tiri kutaura Renaissance. Somumiririri wake wechokwadi, Copernicus akaratidza chivimbo, noushingi innovator. Vamutangira aiva noushingi kusiya nheyo geocentric. Vakanga vakaita kuvandudzika iwayo kana zvimwe zviduku zvikamu dzidziso. Copernican nyika ino presupposed kuregawo nezviuru zvemakore isinganzwisisiki tsika. The anofunga akanga achitarira zvakasikwa kuwirirana nyore, kiyi kunzwisisa kubatana mananara dzakawanda dzinoita zvakasiyana. nyika ino Nikolaya Kopernika waiva mugumisiro kutsvaka kwake musiki.

mabasa makuru Copernicus

Dzinokosha pamusoro heliocentric nyeredzi Copernicus akaisa pakati 1505 uye 1507 gore mu "Little anoti". By 1530 apedza mashoko yokungotaura kubudiswa muchadenga mashoko akapiwa. Zvisinei, chete muna 1543 zvakaitika kuchiedza mumwe mabasa anokosha munhoroondo yevanhu pfungwa - ". On the nokumukirana pakati mabhora Vekudenga" basa bepa rino rine kwemasvomhu dzidziso kutsanangura zvakaoma kuona inofamba of Moon, zuva, mapuraneti mashanu, uyewo nokure nyeredzi. The mupanda kuti basa akagovera katarogu nyeredzi. Basa racho riri vakapakata kwemasvomhu pamatafura.

The musimboti wenyika heliocentric ezvinhu zvenyika

Copernicus wakaiswa pakati zvenyika zuva. Akataura kuti mapuraneti famba pairi. Pakati pavo paiva panyika, kokutanga kurondedzerwa se "zvinofamba nyeredzi". Zvezvinotaurwa nyeredzi dzakaita Copernicus akanzwa akaparadzaniswa kubva yemapuraneti gadziriro chinhambwe chikuru. Mhedziso anofunga pamusoro remoteness kuti nemauto iri nokuda heliocentric musimboti. Chokuti chete nenzira iyi Copernicus aigona kuyananisa dzidziso yake ive pachena kushayikwa misha nyeredzi. Ndivo inochinja zvinofanira kuitika nokuda inofamba iri Muoni pamwe Nyika.

Kururama uye nyore itsva

The ezvinhu wakatangwa na Nikolaem Kopernikom, wakange kunyatsoenderana uye nyore Ptolemy kuti maitiro. Akabva akagamuchira paupamhi kushanda. "Tafura Prussian" rakaitirwa nokuda ino, kureba inopisa gore rakanga dzaona zvakanyatsorurama. kwenguva akamirirwa kuchinja zvinhu pakarenda yakaitwa muna 1582 - mumwe Style itsva, Gregorian.

Kuderera kunzwisisa kwakaita matsva, uye anogamuchira kokutanga munhu kururama huru kukarukureta mapuraneti nzvimbo yakavakirwa heliocentric matafura hausi chikuru zvakanakira ari Copernican hurongwa. Uyezve, pakuverenga dzidziso yake yakanga chete zvishoma nyore Ptolemy. With Panyaya rakarurama Masvomhu mapuraneti zvepamusoro, izvozvo chaizvo haana kumbosiyana pairi, kana zvakanga zvakakodzera kuverenga kuchinja kuonekwa refu.

Pakutanga, "Prussian tafura" akapa shoma zvikuru zvakarurama. Zvisinei izvi zvakanga zvakafanira, kwete chete okusuma ari heliocentric musimboti. Chokwadi chokuti Copernicus akashandisa yakagozha kwemasvomhu maturusi nokuda Masvomhu dzavo. Zvisinei, "Prussian tafura" achakurumidza wo vasingabvumirani humboo vakawana panguva zvaakacherechedza.

Kushingaira Copernican pfungwa yaida zvishoma nezvishoma akapa nzira mwoyo mairi vaya vaitarisira kugamuchira pakarepo inoshanda kushanda. Vanopfuura hafu yezana remakore, sezvo chidzoke pamusoro Copernican emuviri uye Galileo pamberi kuzarurwa maitikiro ose Venus muna 1616, kwakanga kusina zvakananga uchapupu hwokuti mapuraneti kufamba famba zuva. Saka, kururama kwemashoko itsva haina anotsigirwa nevanhu zvaakacherechedza. Chii simba wechokwadi uye kukwezva pamusoro Copernican pfungwa, izvo zvakakonzera kumukira chaicho sayenzi chaiwo?

Copernicus uye zvaitaurwa naAristotle cosmology

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chero itsva rinowanikwa pahwaro tsaru. Panyaya iyi, Copernicus akanga asiri zvagara. Uyo akasika heliocentric gadziriro yenyika, vaiita vazhinji zvokudya zvenyika Aristotelian cosmology. Somuenzaniso, chadenga sokuti kwaari namahwindo nzvimbo, izvo chete imwe zvoupenyu yakatarwa nyeredzi. Kubva Aristotelian Dzidziso Copernicus haana kutsauka, uye maererano nazvo kufamba mitumbi yokudenga nguva dzose dzeraundi uye yunifomu. Copernicus panyaya iyi akatonyanya kuchinja kupfuura Ptolemy. Last equant akasuma pfungwa uye haana kuramba mukana nokuvapo non-dzakafanana inofamba miviri yokudenga.

The chikuru chakanakira Copernicus

Kukosha Copernicus akarara pakuti iye, kusiyana kwavo vamutangira, akaedza kuumba yemapuraneti dzidziso, zvakasiyana inonzwisisika kuwirirana uye nyore. Scientist akawana kuti hapana hurongwa, coherence uye nyore yakakura havazozvikwanisi richaitirwa ezvinhu Ptolemy. Hazvina vabatane makirisito musimboti, izvo zvaizoita tsanangura mitemo yakasiyana inofamba miviri yokudenga.

Copernicus akafunga echimurenga zvairehwa musimboti ndechokuti Nicholas akatanga rakabatana hurongwa inofamba ose mapuraneti, akatsanangura yakawanda zvakadini, musayendisiti kare risinganyatsozivikanwi. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa pfungwa zuva nezuva uye gore negore inofamba nyika yedu akatsanangura chikuru zvaiva oma kufamba kwemiviri yokudenga, sezvo muzvishwe, akamira, shure masangano. Copernican hurongwa akabvumira kunzwisisa nei pane diurnal inofamba kudenga. Kubva zvino, looping inofamba mapuraneti vakanga akatsanangura ndechokuti Pasi inotenderera Sun aine ichitanga gore rimwe.

Kuenda kubva yepamusoro tsika

Dzidziso Copernicus akaratidza chidzoke nzira itsva ruzivo zvakasikwa, tichifunga nzira nesayenzi. Maererano yepamusoro tsika, iyo akabata ayo vamutangira, kudzidza musimboti chinhu, havafaniri kudzidza zvakadzama divi rayo. Scholastics aidavira kuti musimboti mupfungwa munganzwisisa zvakananga. Kusiyana, Copernicus akaratidza kuti rinogona kunzwisiswa chete pashure Kunyatsodzidza Chiitiko, ayo kuzvipokanidza uye mitemo. Heliocentric maitiro Copernicus rava kurudziro simba kuti kukura nesayenzi.

sei kereke nedzidziso itsva

The Catholic Church haana pakutanga vachikoshesa zvikuru kuti dzidziso dzataurwa nokuda Copernicus. Asi pazvakava pachena kuti dzinovhiringidza nheyo chitendero, vatsigiri vake vakatanga kutambudzwa. Nokuti kuparadzira Copernican dzidziso muna 1600, akanga akapisirwa padanda Dzhordano Bruno, Italian muzivi. Scientific gakava pakati vatsigiri Ptolemy uye Copernicus akava hondo pakati reactionary uye mberi masimba. Akazofarirwa yokupedzisira.