Chloroform - chii? Kugadzirira uye kushandisa kuitwa chloroform

Kuwanikwa namakemikari akawanda haisi kwakaunzwa uye netsaona, panguva kwetunhu, kana kudzidza zvivako ane fuma. Zvisinei, vakawanda netsaona akawana pfuma anova chinokosha zvikuru, vari kushandiswa kwete kemisitiri, asiwo mushonga, bhizimisi uye mamwewo. Just munguva vaya zvinhu uye anoenderana chloroform, izvo huchakurukurwa.

zita

Zita nefuma ane mhando dzakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri, vakaita zvose Organic yeimwe, izvozvo anoteerera mitemo nevakawanda Nomenclature mamorekuru zvenhando mazita uye rokuremekedza, inobva Kuronga Morekuru.

Naizvozvo, kuti chloroform pane shanduro dzakawanda zita:

• kabhoni trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: chii? Unogona kuudza kubva rokuti remubatanidzwa uye anogona kufunga geometric sechivako Morekuru.

samolecular mamiriro

chloroform Morekuru ine kwemaatomu matatu kuiisa chlorine uye rimwe rehydrogen atomu, mumwe atomu ari chokuita nechepakati kabhoni. Zvikurukuru, trichloromethane Morekuru - chigadzirwa yakakura kuzvitsinhanisa rehydrogen maatomu kubudikidza kuiisa chlorine maatomu ari methane Morekuru kana chavakaona zvimwe zvinhu.

Muchiitiko chino, vose C-CL zvachose vakaenzana, polar zvakasimba. C-H zvisungo zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe zvisungo iri Morekuru inonyanya polarization anova pangozi chaizvo. Saka, muna mberi kubudiswa kubva Morekuru P-H chisungo chiri nyore zvakabvaruka uye rehydrogen kuchatsiviwa dzimwe maatomu (semuenzaniso, kuiisa chlorine, zvakare, nokuumbwa kabhoni tetrachloride).

Funga sei anotarira chloroform. The yemaitiro iri: CHCL _3. STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa inotevera fomu:

Zvose Zvivako vanomiririra kemikari kuti anotakura chloroform. The yemaitiro rinoratidza kuti morekuru akatsiga uye kuti sei kuomesa zvinhu zvinofanira kuiswa.

mumuviri ehupfumi

ehupfumi Zvokunyama inogona inozivikanwa sezvinotevera: trichloromethane:

1. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (kamuri tembiricha, zvakajairika mumhepo kumanikidzwa 100 kPa, mwando haana kupfuura 80%) kubva pafuma iri zvakasimba odorous mvura asina ruvara. Munhuwi chloroform unopinza zvakakwana rinorema, rakafukidza, kwakafanana nokunhuhwira raEta. Manakiro inonaka zvinhu, asi haugoni kuzviita, nokuti zvikuru muchetura.
2. The mvura insoluble, vaikwanisa Kuparadzwa chete rakasiyana-siyana zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Sezvo mvura kunogona kuumba yakaderera wevasungwa (0.23%) mhinduro.
3. The Kubika pfungwa remubatanidzwa uyu kuvatumwa kuti mvura iri pamusoro 62 ⁰ C.
4. Utsotso pfungwa nehasha negative -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform arambe achirema kupfuura ari arambe achirema remvura uye yaiva 1,483 g / masendimita ^3.
6. Strong raidudzwa hunokachidza hunhu pafuma pamusoro zvinokonzerwa pamusoro muviri, anoreva boka marwadzo yeimwe.

Kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura trehloristy kabhoni anokwanisa rokuumba azeotropic wemisanganiswa. In ichi chloroform anogadzirisa 97,5% uye 2,5% mvura chete. The Kubika pfungwa yacho mhinduro ipfupi kuenzaniswa kuti yakaisvonaka trichloromethane uye 52 ⁰ C.

mushonga ehupfumi

Kufanana zvose chlorinated methane, chloroform zvinoratidza pasina reactivity. Naizvozvo, hapana maitiro, zvakafanana kwaari. Somuenzaniso, Mabatirwo kuiisa chlorine mamorekuru panguva nedanho kugadzirira nomukaka zviri methane chlorination. To mvura iyi rakundwa chloroform, kuitike maererano mhando yakakura mashandiro zvinoda ultraviolet nemwaranzi sechinhu chinodiwa uye chiedza quanta.

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

Maererano maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga inoratidza kuti chigadzirwa anonyatsokwanisa chlorinated methane - kabhoni tetrachloride. Maitiro akadaro nzira imwe chokuwana kabhoni tetrachloride ari indasitiri.

Uyewo makemikari ehupfumi zvinosanganisira azeotropic musanganiswa nemvura, iyo inokwanisa kupa chloroform. Chii? Kureva, kwakadaro kugadzirisa dzimwe kufashaira zvinoriumba regai chaidzo chero kuchinja. By kufashaira muvhenganiswa ichi hazvigoni kupatsanurwa kuva zvikamu zviduku.

Chimwe mhando wanda, izvo zvinogona kupinda chloroform ndiyo kuzvitsinhanisa kuti halogen maatomu mamwe maatomu kana dzichipfekeka mapoka. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa maitiro pamwe aqueous yavaibvisa hydroxide , anoumba yavaibvisa acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = Sodium acetate + Sodium chloride + mvura

Uyezve, kushanda chinokosha kuita zvakaitwa chloroform pamwe amoniya uye potassium hydroxide (pfungwa mhinduro) somugumisiro nekuita kwakadaro, mumwe cyanide.

Chloroform + amoniya + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + mvura

Storage chloroform

In chiedza trichloromethane iri yaora nokuumbwa ngozi, chepfu zvinogadzirwa:

Chloroform phosgene = + Hydrochloric asidhi + kuiisa chlorine + samolecular carbon dioxide inobvisa

Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kuchengetera chloroform kunofanira anokosha - ndiro rima magirazi ane zvakasimba stoppered. Bottle pachayo inofanira kuchengetwa kure nezuva.

mutambo

Kugadzirira chloroform yakaitwa nenzira dzakawanda.

1. multistage muitiro wacho chlorination pamusoro methane kuti kunoitika nenzira yakakura mashandiro pasi pokudzora ultraviolet chiedza nokupisa. Panyaya iyi mugumisiro harisi chete chloroform, asi vamwe vatatu zvigadzirwa: chloromethane, dichloromethane uye kabhoni tetrachloride. The kuita sezvinotevera:

CH ₄ + CL ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCL - chloromethane vakaumba uye rehydrogen chloride

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ CL ₂ CL ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane uye rehydrogen chloride akaumba

CH ₂ CL ₂ + CL ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - kuumbwa trichloromethane (chloroform), uye rehydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - siyana kabhoni tetrachloride uye rehydrogen chloride

Saizvozvi, kubatana kwetunhu trichloromethane indasitiri.

2. kudyidzana pakati bleaching upfu uye ethyl doro. Izvi rabhoritari nzira.

3. Kugadzirira electrolytic chloroform (Magetsi) kuti alkali simbi chlorides mumhepo pamusoro acetone kana ethyl doro. Uyewo murabhoritari nzira hwokubereka trichloromethane.

kuchenesa

Pashure chloroform achatorwa, rinoda kucheneswa. Pashure pezvose, kana iri nhumbi zvokurapa zvinangwa, zviri nouipi mairi rinongova isingagamuchiriki. Kana kubaya chikumbiro nokurondedzerwa, zviri dzimwe zvinokuvadza zvinofanira kungoitirwa.

Pangava tsvina siyana izvo unotora chloroform. Chii? Ndezvipi?

• Ethyl doro.
• Rehydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Kuiisa chlorine.

Pane nzira huru mbiri idzo kuchenesa tsvina izvi kubva chloroform:

• zhinji rinsing nemvura achiteverwa kupwa (kubvumira kuti chose kubvisa pasi panyaya iyi);
• trichloromethane yakashambidzwa simba acid, ipapo ane simba alkali, zvichiteverwa mvura. Tevera marapirwo raoma pachishandiswa dehydrating mumiririri - karusiyamu chloride. The acho ari ipapo fractionally kwakadonhera pamusoro mbiru.

History yakawanikwa

Sezvo kana anozivikanwa chloroform? Chii uye chii kumboshandisa? Edza kunzwisisa.

The kutaurwa fuma iyi yokutanga zvinoshanda 1831. Ndipo apo kemisiti kubva Guthrie Harbor akagamuchirwa trichloromethane. Zvisinei, chinangwa yakanga isiri fuma, zvakanga zvakanakisisa nokuda-chigadzirwa. The kemisiti zvakare akatsvaka zvokufembedzwa kuti rabha, vaedza uye netsaona akamuka chloroform.

Zvegore, pashure uye gore rimwe masayendisiti maviri vakazvimiririra kuwana nokuongorora fuma iyi. It Yustas Libih (uyo akaita mupiro mukuru kutanga kemisitiri) uye Eugen Subereyn. basa ravo rakanga kuwana rufimbi, uye vakawana zvakanga. Zvisinei, takaona pamusoro ichi mugumisiro chloroform uye vakatanga kurishandisa paya, chete chete 1840s.

The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa uye kubata kwemaatomu mukati Morekuru kudzidza uye Rinotarisira kuvaka kemisiti Dumas muna 1834 gore. Iye akafunga, vakanochengeta chloroform zita raro, iro rakapiwa vachikudza masvosve. In Latin kumujuru raidudzwa formiata, sezvo iri Zvipembenene izvi formic asidhi anogona kuumba kubva chloroform. On hwaro ichi, uye kuziva zita raro.

The chaivo zvainoita munhu

It unoruramisa kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu rufimbi chloroform. Mugumisiro vanhu zvakananga, kufukidza akawanda zvikuru zvinoitwa nenhengo dzawo.

The mwero simba anoenderana zvinhu zvakadai:

• wevasungwa inhaled fuma;
• ya kushandiswa;
• nzira kwava mukati.

Kana totaura yakaisvonaka, zvokurapa chloroform, ipapo kushandiswa kwaro zvachose dosed zvakarurama uye munharaunda. Saka, zvinobvira contraindications chinozoiswa mashoma. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro chloroform kuti ipfungaire mudenga uye inhaled chikamu chake munhu, asi chiito pano zvakawanda zvakakomba uye dzinoparadza.

Saka, inhalation kuti trichloromethane panguva maminitsi 10 anogona kuitika yemweya edema, pulmonary spasm, chikosoro, kwazvo huro. Kana matambudziko asingadi kumisa nomuchetura kunoitika pakarepo. Zvichava kutemwa tsinga (uye musoro uye musana), pamwewo zvinouraya.

Uyewo tigume pechiropa, netsvo uye zvomudumbu zvomukati ane chloroform. Its zvazviri zvinokuvadza kunyanya kana kufungwa mhinduro. Akacherechedza kutevera muviri paakasangana negashiro chloroform:

• dzungu;
• kurutsa uye svoto;
• Kuramba nomusoro;
• nechepakati tsinga mwoyo uye somugumisiro, nekuneta;
• fivhiri;
• sema rashes, ganda akatsvuka.

Research uye kwakaita mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaratidza zvinotevera results:

1. kushandiswa Long-rokuti chloroform kuva mvura hunokonzera chidzivaidzo pamuviri, vakawanda zvokurwara uye mutagenesis zvizvarwa zvaizotevera.
2. Kana mumhepo oupenyu chloroform mhuka dzakanga mwoyo, usimbe uye ya upenyu hwavo huri yekudyidzana ipfupi.
3. Pachishandiswa kuedza pamwe mbeva, zvakanzi akapedzisa carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Zvabuda aya vakawana mishonga uye vanachiremba kudzidza migumisiro pamusoro zvipenyu zviri chloroform.

Inoshandiswa mukurapa

Kutaurwa rinoshandiswa vezvokurapa vari pfuma chokutanga midzi mugore 1847. Panguva iyoyo mumwe musayendisiti, chiremba, kemisiti Holmes Coote kutanga zvinganaka kushandisa chloroform sechinhu rufimbi. Mugumisiro vanhu rakanga riri kushanda nguva akanaka - a shutdown rakazara pfungwa, kusavapo chero manzwiro.

Asi gare gare, apo murwere akatangazve kuziva, wakazvizivisa kuti haana kurega kuda kurutsa, kurutsa. Zvadaro hwakatogadzwa kunyatsoenderana mitemo pokushandisa fuma kudzivisa migumisiro yakadaro.

A basa rinokosha musumo mushonga chloroform wakapata Chirungu obstetrician Dzheyms Simpson. Ndiye akaratidza Mugumisiro mukomboni uye panguva nokuberekwa rikurumidze.

Zvisinei, paiva zvakawanda itsva, wakachengeteka uye ano nzira yokutindivadza pane chloroform pamusoro nguva. kushandiswa kwaro muna mushonga kushanda anyangarika. Nhasi, rinoshandiswa dziri:

• chinoumba mafuta pamusoro zvekunze kushanda;
• somunhu kuwedzera rufimbi akabatana zvimwe zvinhu, uye chete yakaderera chaizvo kuwanda;
• semadonhwe chokubvisa svoto uye kurutsa.

Industrial Applications

The indasitiri akashandisawo chloroform. Chikumbiro chacho chokuita siyana namakemikari Syntheses, umo kuridza basa solvent degreaser, chikuru kana yechipiri pakuderedza kuti zvinokosha zvinhu zvaishandiswa zvose okukurukura mabasa evanhu.