Positivism mu wemagariro evanhu

Positivism mu evanhu aiva mirayiridzo wokutanga, iyo kwakasimbiswa muna XIX remakore. Chaizvoizvo Its iri nokuumbwa gadziriro itsva ruzivo pamusoro nzanga pahwaro kushanda nzira uye mitemo nesayenzi.

Pakutanga positivism mu evanhu rinosiyaniswa dzokufungidzira dzokufungidzira theorizing. It akasimuka somugumisiro kurambirwa nyore nharo pamusoro vanhu, uyewo chido rakasikwa pasocial dzidziso iyo dai muzvinhu zvose inoenderana nesayenzi dzidziso.

Positivist evanhu chikuru chinangwa chirango anoonekwa kuna analytically uye empirically, inobva chokwadi, mundotarisisa mananara kuitika munzanga. Chete muchiitiko ichi zvinogona vanoti kuti "zvakanaka", zvichireva kukwanisa kubudirira uye chokwadi kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana kuti kuripo muupenyu vanhu.

The muvambi positivist evanhu ndiyo Comte. Maererano French evanhu musayendisiti, mumagariro dzidziso waiva "chaiwo dzinongoitika sayenzi", iro kunobva zvesayenzi.

Comte aidavira kuti nzanga ruzivo vanofanira kuva zvakaoma, yakavakirwa hwakavimbika uye dzinoshanda facts, akadai zivo pamusoro pezvisikwa. Muna Comte "Mweya zvakanaka uzivi," akanyora nezvokukosha "zvakanaka" izwi. Pfungwa iyi zvaireva chaiyo ephemeral kushorwa, kushanda zvakanaka - kuchifananidzo, yakavimbika - dubious, zvinonyatsochengeta - vaguely akanaka - kunaka.

vanhu mitemo inoshanda vaionekwa vari positivism sezvo kuenderera zvepanyama mitemo. Naizvozvo, zvaionekwa zvisingaiti kupinda mumba musimboti uye zvinokonzera evanhu pezvakaitwa uye zvakavapo.

Representatives positivism akadzidza vanhu kwete emuchina uye kunofambira mberi sezvo yakanga iri nzanga nehurongwa riri zvakanyatsoenzana uye isimbe.

Positivism mu evanhu anosarudza kuti ruzivo kwenzanga anofanira zvinodiwa chaicho nesayenzi, saka inofanira kubudiswa nokubatsira dzinongoitika nzira. Huru nzira munyaya pakuongorora ichi, fananidzo kuedza, nhoroondo uye akarongeka nzira.

Positivism mu evanhu zviri zvikuru richiratidzwa mumakwara avo (kazhinji vachinzi zvinoitwa positivism), zvakadai naturalism, evolutionism, organicism. Kuwedzera nezveizvi chokuita positivism mashandiro, magariro yaDarwin, dzinza-anthropological nhungamiro, nenzvimbo mupi werutemo, uye vamwe. All mirayiridzo positivism akasiyana musimboti reductionist. Zvarinoreva ndiko kuedza kutsanangura mananara munzanga upenyu nemaonero ane chimwe, izvo anosarudza kuti (zvipenyu, dzinza, nzvimbo, etc.). dzenzvimbo idzi vanonzi "zvikoro imwe chikonzero."

Most zvakazara akazivisa pfungwa positivism vanokwanisa ake sezvo kutungamirirwa chiNazi evanhu. Iyi nyaya yaiva mukati huru Sociological nouzivi achitungamirirwa XX remakore., Iro kwaibva hwakagadzwa nenheyo musoro positivism. Bazi nerimwe chiNazi kudzidzisa ane basa rakasiyana nemamwe, yaingowanikwa iye chete kunyanya mumunda dzakashandiswa.

Neo nomuitiro funga munzanga mananara, yakavakirwa mitemo mukuru kuti hunhu, uye nokuda evanhu chokwadi. Izvi zvaiva pachena kuchikoro zvoga. Scientism zvikurukuru rinonyanya kushandiswa evanhu tsvakurudzo nzira sayenzi yepanyama. Objectivism yakazivisa rusununguko rwayo kubva ukoshi nezvaakatonga. Operationalism rinorondedzera evanhu pfungwa sezvo operative. Behaviorism kuongororwa ne kuzviitira zvinhu kuburikidza maitiro. Quantification akatsvaka kutsanangura munzanga mananara mune quantitative noruzhinji.