Chitundumuseremusere Soviet "Energy" superheavy kirasi

"Energy" - reSoviet super-rinorema kanda motokari. Iye akanga ari mumwe wevatatu simba zvikuru nokusingaperi akavaka chombo mukirasi chete - "Saturn V», uyewo kurwara-fated chitundumuseremusere H-1, aifanira kutsiviwa. Chimwe chombo chaiva chinangwa chikuru nokubvisa muchadenga yeSoviet university, izvo akamumisa pedzimwe US, kutora pachavo injini dzavo dzinofambiswa neboka guru zvokunze mafuta mumota kure. Paaiva 1987-1988, ari "Energy" akafamba kaviri muchadenga, ipapo inotanga haasisina kuitwa, pasinei nokuti vari Soviet Union yakanga kuva nzira huru chokuendesa nhumbi kuti muchadenga yacho XXI remakore.

making midzi

Pashure Valentin Glushko akatungamirira TSKBEM (aimbonzi OKB-1), kutsiva kunyadziswa Vasily Mishin, akapedza mwedzi 20 kushanda kusikwa muronga chawo, inobva nadzurudzo ari "Purotoni" chitundumuseremusere magadzirirwo Vladimir Chelomeya izvo akashandisa hypergolic injini Glushko.

Zvisinei, Pakazosvika 1976, utungamiriri Soviet vakasarudza kumisa womudenga chirongwa uye omerera Soviet university sezvo US chomuruki akanga sechinhu rechiuto ngozi kubva kuUnited States. Kunyange zvazvo pakupedzisira "Buran" zvikuru zvakafanana mukwikwidzi, Glushko akaita chimwe kuchinja chinokosha iyo akabvumira kuti tirambe womudenga chirongwa chacho.

Soviet chomuruki

The American chomuruki "Space Shuttle" mbiri yakasimba chitundumuseremusere boosters maminitsi maviri kuti vapararire chikepe kuti kukwira 46? Km. Mushure kuparadzana kwavo mudziyo vakashandisa michini riri aft chikamu. Nemamwe mashoko, chimutundumuseremusere, dzinenge muchidimbu, ane yayo chitundumuseremusere launcher, uye vakawanda zvokunze mafuta tangi, izvo zvakanga zvakabatanidzwa, akanga asiri munhu chombo. Iye chete nechinangwa kuendesa huni huru michina chimutundumuseremusere.

Glushko akasarudza kuvaka "Buran" zvavo pasina injini. Zvakanga giraidha, yakagadzirirwa kudzokera Earth, iyo kunoratidzwa pamusoro injini muchadenga kuti anotarisa akafanana mafuta tangi pamusoro American university. Kutaura chokwadi yaiva chitundumuseremusere "Energy". Nemamwe mashoko, mukuru Mugadziri Soviet Union akaisa wemuTesitamende chimutundumuseremusere booster makirasi "Saturn V» module, izvo Tingangonyanya kushumira sepokutangira ake chaanofarira womudenga chawo.

chizvarwa chechitatu

Ndechipi mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Energy"? kukura kwayo rakatanga apo Glushko akatungamirira CDBMB (mu chokwadi zita "Energy" raishandiswa muzita richangobva kurongwazve NGO dhipatimendi refu pamberi zvombo) uye vakauya nayo mutsva namaapuro chitundumuseremusere ndege (RLA). Mukutanga kwema1970 Soviet Union yakanga zvitundumuseremusere zvitatu - ". Hwepurotoni" kunatsiridza H-1 kusvika P-7, "nedutu" uye Vose vari zvayakaita vakasiyana mumwe, saka dzavo yokuzvigadzirisa mari vaiva mukuru. It vaifanira kuumba chiedza, svikiro, inorema uye super-rinorema kanda motokari, zvinosanganisira mumwe nevakawanda yakatarwa yenhengo Chizvarwa wechitatu chitundumusere-musere Soviet, uye RLA Glushko wakanyatsokodzera basa iri.

RLA Series conceded "pamusoro-soro" OKB Yangelya, asi Bureau ichi rinorema kanda motokari kurasikirwa, zvichiita kuti kutsigira "Energy". Glushko akatora ake zvakagadzirwa RLA-135, iro raiva guru chikuru booster module uye patsanurika accelerators, uye zvakare akachibayira pamwe modular "pamusoro-soro" shanduro sezvo accelerators uye chikuru chombo itsva, yakatanga muhofisi yake. The chakanga chakagamuchirwa - nokuti "puhti" chitundumuseremusere akaberekwa.

Korolev zvakanaka

Asi Glushko aifanira kutora imwe kurwadzisa chimiro chake. Kwemakore akawanda, chirongwa nzvimbo Soviet yakakanganiswa nokuti haana kubvumirana Sergei Korolev, uyo aidavira kuti hombe chitundumuseremusere mvura okisijeni uye rehydrogen ndiyo yakanakisisa rinochiwedzera. Saka, muna H-1 Motors dzakavakwa ndoda ruzivo wakachenjera Nikolai Kuznetsov uye VPGlushko nezvezvakanaka nitric asidhi uye dimethylhydrazine.

Kunyange zvazvo mafuta ichi uye nhaka zvakanaka zvakadai arambe achirema uye suitability nokuda kuchengetwa, asi ine zvishoma simba nyanyisa uye zvakawanda chepfu, ndiro dambudziko guru kana petsaona. Mukuwedzera, utungamiri Soviet aifarira kubata United States - USSR akanga injini makuru pamusoro mvura okisijeni uye rehydrogen, apo mune rechipiri nerechitatu zvokukura "Saturn V» anoshandiswa sezvo mukuru injini "Space chomuruki. " Pamwe nokuzvidira, pamwe nokuda kumanikidza ichi enyika, asi Glushko yakanga kupa mugakava dzaro Queen, uyo makore masere sezvo pakange pasisina mupenyu.

makore 10 okukura

Mumakore gumi akatevera (ichi refu, asi kwete kunyanya: vave "Saturn V» akatora makore manomwe) NPO "puhti" kwakatanga hombe huru Danho. The lateral boosters vaiva vakareruka, duku uye akashandisa injini kuti mvura okisijeni neparafini, pakusikwa iyo Soviet Union yakanga ruzivo rukuru, saka kuti yose chitundumuseremusere akanga akagadzirira kwayo ndege yokutanga muna October 1986.

Zvinosuruvarisa pakanga pasina payload wake. Kunyange zvazvo kukura "Energy" uye paiva nezvinetso nzvimbo chomuruki "Buran" akanga zvikuru kuipa - hazvina kunyange pedyo kupera. Kusvikira nguva ino zita "Energy" aishandiswa mutakuri chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo ndege. Pano uye batsira minimini Glushko. Rocket haana kumirira mamwe hafu takagadzirira. Mumakore Mugore rayo zvisikwa, kwakasarudzwa kuti run pasina "Buran".

"Polyus" maoko rudzi

itsva payload "Polyus" akasikwa pakati Mumatsutso 1985 uye kwematsutso 1986. Rakanga mumwe dzichipfekeka nhumbi chinogumbura Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped kubva nzvimbo yemapurisa module uye chokuita module of ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" yakanyorerwa zvakawanda kuedza, asi zvaainyanya basa raiva kuidza 1-MW carbon dioxide inobvisa Laser - zvombo, yakatanga muna Soviet Union kubva 1983. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvakanga zvisingawaniki zvinotyisa sezvachinonzwika, sezvo USSR akatsoropodza kuUnited States nokuti Strategic Defense Initiative, uye Mikhail Gorbachev aisada pangozi chii vekuAmerica vanogona kudzidza pamusoro uto yokurwisana. Summit muna Reykjavik yakaguma muna October 1986, uye nyika vakauya pedyo yakakura rutapudzo zvombo zvenyukireya, uye muna December 1987 vakanga kuda kugumisa chibvumirano pamusoro rutapudzo kuti svikiro zvenguva zvombo. Various Laser zvinoriumba nemaune kwete kushandiswa, aingova kukwanisa chamber huru, uye kunyange Gorbachev akarambidzwa ruzivo nokushanyira Baikonur kwamazuva mashoma asati pakutanga. Zvisinei, Gorbachev kushanyirwa kwakakonzera kuti kwaita chakarongwa zita zvombo (kusiyana anga chomuruki): Mashoko "Energy" akazviratidza muviri wake nguva pfupi asati asvika Secretary General.

Software kukanganisa

The kanda rokutanga mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Energy" yakaitwa May 15, 1987 Nokuti kutanga mumasekonzi shoma kutiza, chikepe asati abva kanda ikanyanya, zviri zvinooneka wakakombama, asi ipapo akagadzirisa nzvimbo yake pashure kushanda chombo chinoita zvokukandwa mafungiro kudzora hurongwa. Pashure paizvozvo, "Energy" nendege yakanaka, achiperekedzwa rimwe rinovaima, uye nokukurumidza anyangarika munzvimbo yakaderera mumakore. Boosters vakaparadzana nemazvo (kunyange nokuda ichi uye inotevera ndege havana nepokuongorora parachuti, izvo raizoita kwavo kunenge kushandiswa), uye zvadaro huru Danho akasiya mapazi ose maonero. Pashure nokupisa chitundumuseremusere ndiparadzaniswe "danda" uye, sezvo aronga, ikawira mugomba nePacific Ocean.

"Polyus" rairema matani 80, uye kusvika muchadenga, aifanira vomurova yayo chitundumuseremusere injini. Nokuti ichi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti dzoro 180 inegumi, asi pamusana chirongwa kukanganisa pashure kutanga kuti module richaramba kumhanya, uye pachinzvimbo kutamira yepamusoro muchadenga, ikawira pasi. Cargo module uye yakadonha iri nePacific Ocean.

Success?

Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga-uye vakakundikana, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa pachayo kwakabudirira zvachose. Basa iri "Buran" akaramba uye zvikuru akapedza chomuruki (vakagadzirira kubhururuka, asi akakwanisa vaunze simba zvokuti zuva rimwe chete vari muchadenga) kwave chokuita yechipiri chitundumuseremusere kuti nokuparura ane unmanned basa November 15, 1988. Uye chitundumuseremusere "Energy" akanga zvakare achimhanya zvakakwana (ane shanduko iri Software kuti vaizotadzisa Nemikwidza ngozi pakutanga), uye nguva ino ayo payload haana mwoyo, "Buran" yaibva tikamhara Baikonur, vakatakura vachichinjana maviri vakakomba Earth maawa matatu uye maminitsi makumi maviri nemashanu pashure.

Saka, kutanga 1989 Soviet Union yakanga simba kupfuura chitundumuseremusere, achiri risingaenzaniswi. Zvinogona kumhanya chomuruki payload mutoro American orbiters zvakafanana, uye pachayo zvingaita kuti pasi pasi raitenderera matani 88 of zvinhu, kana kuti anunure matani 32 pamwedzi (zvichienzaniswa 118 M uye 45 M kubva "Saturn V» uye 92, 7 M uye 23.5 M kubva H-1). Rakanga aronga zvakare kuwedzera indekisi ichi matani 100, uye basa chaiitirwa kusimbisa rinokosha nhumbi mupanda chakatorwa panzvimbo "danda". A shanduro diki chombo, rinonzi "Energy-M ', pamwe chete injini uye vaviri boosters tiri mukati yokupedzisira padariro kukura, uye akakwanisa zvinowana munhu payload uremu matani 34.

dhura

Kuparara Soviet Union rava kukonzera chirongwa kukundikana. Just wakati kutanga kuti netsoka dzake, asi vanofanira kudzivirira kuchengeteka zvido dzine yakanyangarika sezvo mari inodiwa pamwero mukuru mishoni yesayenzi. Chimwe chinetso chakanga kuti boosters "pamusoro-soro" anogadzirwa pachishandiswa nemakambani ari yakazvimirira Ukraine.

Zvisinei, kunyange pamberi chitundumuseremusere "Energy" kwava nevakawanda zvakakwana - kana hapana chikonzero nendege kune Moon, pamukwidzwa muchadenga matani 100 nhumbi echiJudha. Isu shuttles nokuti iyo yakazokudziridzwa pakutanga zvakanga zvakaenzana zvazvakashatira sezvo US university, asi chitundumuseremusere vasina zvakanakira anotambura chinzvimbo, sezvo zvakanga zviri US pamberi kuputika "Challenger" muna 1986.

kuchema netariro

Mwoyo NGOs "Energy" dzinogona kurondwa kusvikira kumararamire aronga ake mishoni:

• Muchadenga kupinza wandisa lasers kuitira kuti adzorere ozone rukoko kuti emakore.
• Kuvakira mwedzi umbowo kugadzirwa nehelium-3 kushandiswa Fusion reactors, yakataurwa munyika rakapiwa, iyo ichava wazvigadzira 2050.
• Kushanda aipedza nemafuta kwenyukireya mu "pazvikomo" pamusoro heliocentric muchadenga.

Pakupedzisira akaburukira mubvunzo kuti chii chakanga vanokwanisa chombo, vakakoniwa kuita zviduku, isingadhuri chitundumusere-musere - mumwe vanotanga "Energy" mari $ mamiriyoni 240, kunyange ane overvalued mwero Ruble kuzorwa dhora mukunopera '80s. Kana unoreva zvakaitwa apo zvakakodzera chete, zviri muti nokuda pagadzirwe zvombo yaizova hwomutambarakede kuti kunyange Soviet Union kana Russia asingagoni kuwana.

Pyrrhic kukunda

Kana isu kubvumirana dzidziso yokuti Soviet Union yakatanga panzvimbo nokuti matambudziko zvemari rokutanga, zvinogonawo kuva musoro kutaura kuti "Energy-Buran" mumwe mukuru zvinokonzera dhirika ichi. Chirongwa ichi chakanga muenzaniso wehasha dzisingadzorwi mari kuti akaparadza Soviet Union, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo akaramba rakaratidzwa muchirega kubva Implementation muzvirongwa zvakadaro.

Ukuwo, kungava angapokana kuti mukuru zvakakanganiswa superpower maitiro Mikhail Gorbachev pamusoro mamiriro ezvemari munyika, uye kuti Soviet Union vaizochengeta kusvika nhasi, kunyange Politburo pashure Konstantin Chernenko rinotungamirirwa munhu.

zvinogoneka maonero

Achisiya parutivi tarenda pfungwa dzataurwa pamusoro apa, "Energy" raigona kushandiswa nezvekutanga kupinda muchadenga mumwe kana vashoma guru nzvimbo chiteshi modules, izvo zvaizoita ipapo kupedza kuvaka modules goho nokushandisa ibatanidzo "puhti-Buran": pakupera 1991, Station " Mir-2 "chakagadziriswa kushandisa 30-tani modules.

Uyewo zvinogoneka kuvakwa ane chiredzo duku, vasingadi iri laterally, apo ari mberi chikamu chitundumuseremusere.

Glushko zvazvingava kuti nzvimbo chirongwa Soviet, sezvo chakaitika kare, achaenda panguva yokuchinja, kwakanga kwakarurama. Nepo kukudziridza chitundumuseremusere chakasvitsa uye kanda nemotokari kuti dzakananga mishoni zvinobudirira, nhoroondo inoratidza kuti pashure zvisikwa zvavo simuka uye itsva nzira kudzishandisa. Glushko akafa January 10, 1989, mwedzi isingasviki miviri mushure "simba" rechipiri uye wokupedzisira kutiza.

"Pamusoro-soro" kubwinya

Nanhasi, "Energy" asina vatsivi. "Pamusoro-soro", rakashandiswa se ayo akisarareta - the yakachipa pashiri boosters zvenyika (2500-3600 $ pa kilogram). Muna 2010, NGO "Energy" akatenga mugove rakapiwa "Sea Launch" uye zvino basa anotangazve kubva yomugungwa platforms, uyewo Baikonur Cosmodrome muna Kazakhstan.

RD-170, akagadzirirwa kuti "pamusoro-soro" uye "Energy" aivawo mumwe chakanakisisa chitundumuseremusere injini. okunatsiridza ake anozvikudza munhu South Korean "Naro-1", kuRussia akaendesa chitundumuseremusere "Angara" uye American "Atlas of V", iro kwete chete kushandiswa zvinangwa kwesayenzi, akadai paakanunura gororo "Kyuriositi" uye kushanda vachiongorora "New Horizons" Pluto asiwo US muchiuto. Ndizvo musiyano pakati 1988 uye nhasi.