History of makombiyuta zvizvarwa siyana

The makombiyuta kutanga akazviratidza mushure Second World War, kana kuvhurika mathematicians nemamwe masayendisiti vakabvumira kuziva nzira itsva kuverenga mashoko. Uye kunyange zvazvo nhasi michina izvi sezvinoshamisa zvicherwa zvakawanwa, vakava madzitateguru murume ano munzira senguva PC.

Manchester "Mark I" uye EDSAC

The kombiyuta rokutanga ano pfungwa shoko rashanduka mudziyo "Mark I", akasikwa 1949. kusiyana kwayo iri pakuti akanga zvachose zvemagetsi, uye achiyeukwa rinochengeta chirongwa. Kubudirira uku nyanzvi British raiva guru musoro kutanga muna kare pokumuka makombiyuta. Manchester "Mark I" yaisanganisira Williams chubhu uye rinobva ngoma, waimira sezvo dzigare mairi mashoko.

Nhasi, makore akawanda gare gare, nyaya kwezvisikwa wokutanga kombiyuta kukonzera gakava. mubvunzo pamakakatanwa unoramba, kuti muchina mhando anganzi kombiyuta yekutanga. Manchester "Mark I" kunoramba inonyanya kufarirwa shanduro, kunyange pane dzimwe Vakwikwidzi. Mumwe wavo - EDSAC. nhoroondo kwaita nokugadzirwa sezvo kombiyuta kwaizova yakasiyana zvachose pasina muchina uyu. Kana "Mark" yakabuda Manchester, masayendisiti akasika EDSAC mauto kubva Cambridge University. kombiyuta uyu basa muna May 1949. Zvadaro, chirongwa chekutanga chakaitwa pamusoro payo, izvo yakavakwa muchivara mukuwanda 0 kusvika 99.

Z4

Manchester "Mark I" uye EDSAC aida kuti zvirongwa chaizvo. Danho iri shanduka makombiyuta yava Z4. Kwete mudukusa, mudziyo vanotaurwa zvinoshamisa nyaya chokusika. The kombiyuta ndiye akasika injiniya wokuGermany Konrad Zuse. Basa racho rakatanga muna kwokupedzisira padariro Hondo Yenyika II. Izvi zvainonotsa zvikuru pasi kukura iyi. Laboratory Zuse rakaparadzwa munguva kuzopamba nokuda ndege muvengi. Pamwe chete akarasika zvose zvokushandisa uye rokutanga migumisiro basa kwenguva refu.

Zvisinei chipo injiniya haana kukanda mapfumo. Manufacturing akaramba pashure kutanga kwenyika. Muna 1950, basa yakazopera. Long uye minzwa yaiva nyaya yacho zvisikwa. The kombiyuta pakarepo kufarira paEti. Vakatenga motokari. Z4 vanofarira vanachiremba ane isakarurama chinangwa. The kombiyuta ane zvakasikwa zvirongwa, kureva, aiva wokutanga multi-basa umhare ichi mhando.

The chidzoke yeSoviet yemagetsi makombiyuta

In chete 1950 nhoroondo makombiyuta muSoviet Union aizivikanwa kuchiitiko hakukoshi. duku zvemagetsi kadambari muchina - SECM akasikwa ari Kiev Institute of Electrical Engineering. Akashanda racho boka remasayendisiti Soviet inotungamirwa Academician Sergei Lebedev.

The umhare muchina uyu zvinosanganisira zviuru zvitanhatu chiedza Mabumba. Kukwanisa Large unokubvumira kutora pamusoro mabasa dzakanga kare kusingaenzaniswi nokuda unyanzvi yeSoviet. A Mudziyo yechipiri aigona kuita vanenge zviuru zvitatu kushandiswa.

yezvokutengeserana Modèles

In padariro wokutanga yavo pakukura makombiyuta zvinobatanidzwa nyanzvi kubva kumayunivhesiti kana mamwe masangano ehurumende. Muna 1951, pakava Leo I wokuenzanisira, akasikwa kubudikidza British mubhizimisi kambani private wekuLyons uye Company, muridzi mumaresitorendi uye zvitoro. With veMubatanidzwa ichi mudziyo nhoroondo makombiyuta kwasvika mumwe yechiitiko inokosha. Leo I aishandiswa yokutanga zvebhizimisi Data kugadzira. magadzirirwo ayo akanga akafanana nemamiriro pfungwa EDSAC aizotangira.

The American vezvokutengeserana kombiyuta yekutanga yakanga UNIVAC I. akaonekwa chete 1951. Total akaita kutengeswa makumi mana nematanhatu kubva yokutevedzera izvi, ukoshi nerimwe riri mamiriyoni emadhora. Mumwe wavo raishandiswa US Census. The mudziyo chaiva Vacuum sepombi vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu. Sezvo nhepfenyuro rakashandiswa kunonoka mudzinza nemekiyuri. Mumwe wavo aigona zvakachengetwa kusvikira chiuru mashoko. Pakukurukura UNIVAC I, kwakasarudzwa kusiya yepanchi kadhi uye kuenda metallized tepi. Tichibatsirwa mudziyo zvinogona chokuita nekambani chekuchengeta hurongwa.

"Arrow"

Zvichakadai, Soviet yemagetsi makombiyuta aiva nhoroondo yokusika. Computer "Strela", yakabuda muna 1953, akava wokutanga kudaro Serial mudziyo muna USSR. The utsva akaberekwa panguva Moscow chirimwa chizvidavirire michina. Kwemakore matatu kugadzirwa ivhu misere kugadzirwa. Izvi yakasiyana michina kunge yakaiswa panguva Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University uye magadzirirwo nemahofisi iri namahwindo mumaguta.

"Arrow" aigona kuita 2-3 zviuru mashandiro por wechipiri. For mudzimba midziyo yemagetsi vakanga zvinyorwa nhamba. The Data zvakachengetwa pamusoro rinobva tepi, iyo inogara kusvikira 200 zviuru mashoko. Developers mano vakanga paakavapa ari Stalin Prize. Mugadziri Chief Yuri Bazilevsky akavawo Hero pamusoro Socialist Labor.

chizvarwa chechipiri makombiyuta

Muna 1947 iye tega transistors. Mukupera 50-ies. Ivo vakatsiva simba-pakuzadza uye akatunhidzwa mwenje. With veMubatanidzwa transistors mu kombiyuta Machine vakatanga nhoroondo itsva chokusika. Computers kuwana zvikamu zvitsva izvi vakazopiwa kuzivikanwa sezvo wechipiri-chizvarwa yokutevedzera. The huru utsanzi ndechokuti akadhindwa redunhu pamapuranga uye transistors vanobvumirwa chaizvo kuderedza kukura makombiyuta, nei vava zvikuru hunoshanda uye yakakodzera.

Kana pamberi kombiyuta inogarwa makamuri yose, vava wakaderedzwa kusvika pamwero muhofisi desks. Kwakadaro Somuenzaniso, zvakanga muenzaniso IBM 650. Asi kunyange transistors havabvumirwi rimwe dambudziko inokosha. Computers vachiri inodhura kwazvo, nokuti iyo vakanga vakaita chete arayire kuti kumayunivhesiti, Makambani makuru kana hurumende.

Humwe shanduka makombiyuta

Muna 1959, iye akatanga kuti Integrated vematunhu. Ivo kwakava kutanga parudzi rwechitatu makombiyuta. 1960. Vaimutsoropodza pakombiyuta. kugadzirwa dzavo uye rokutengesa kwakawedzera yekudyidzana. Nemhaka itsva zvikamu mudziyo vava isingadhuri uye nyore, kunyange zvazvo vachiri vasina munhu zvichienderana. Most makombiyuta aya vakatengwa nemakambani.

Muna 1971, Intel Developers kunge kusunungurwa kumusika wokutanga nokusingaperi microprocessor Intel 4004. Pahwaro wechina chizvarwa makombiyuta kukaonekwa. Micro-pezvakaitwa akabvumira vamwe dzinokosha vasati akavanda chero kombiyuta mano. Mumwe chinhu chakadai anoita zvose musoro uye svomhu kushandiswa, ayo akanyorwa womunyika romutemo. Vasati ichi zvakawanikwa, basa iri raiva panzvimbo diki zvinhu. The pakuonekwa chete yezvisikwa chikamu chaiva harbinger pakukura zviduku musha makombiyuta.

pachako makombiyuta

Muna 1977, ivo Apple kambani, yakavambwa Steve Jobs, akasuma nyika kuti muenzaniso Apple II. musiyano Its inokosha kubva chero yapfuura kombiyuta ndechokuti mudziyo uri muduku Californian kambani aida kutengeswa kune vanhuwo vagari. Zvakanga budiriro, iyo kusvikira nguva ichangobva kupfuura zvaiita nyore kumbonzwiwa. Saka vakatanga nhoroondo yedzinza kombiyuta pachavo makombiyuta. New mu kudiwa kusvikira rechi90. Panguva iyi, yava kutengeswa anenge mamiriyoni manomwe zviyero, waiva ane zvinyorwa mhedziso nguva.

Teverai Apple mhando vane dzakasiyana graphical inowanikwa, vanoshandisa anoziva kiibhodhi ano uye kumwe kufambira mberi zhinji. All chete Stiv Dzhobs chete akaita nevakawanda kombiyuta mbeva. Muna 1984 iye akapa ake muenzaniso inobudirira zvikuru Macintosh, yakatanga chikuva rose, huripo nhasi. zvakawanwa Vakawanda mainjiniya uye Developers Apple akava hwaro pachake makombiyuta nhasi, vakasikwa kusanganisira zvimwe vagadziri.

zvemumba kuitika

Nokuti vose echimurenga Zvakawanikwa nechokuita makombiyuta, kwakaitika muna West, nhoroondo yokusika yakaramba iri mumvuri vatorwa kubudirira makombiyuta muRussia uye USSR. Rakanga chokuita chokwadi kuti pokumuka michina yakadaro inotongwa nehurumende, nepo Europe uye United States vanotanga yakapfuura zvishoma nezvishoma mumaoko private makambani.

Muna 1964 yokutanga Soviet semiconductor kombiyuta "Snow" uye "Spring". Muna 1970-ies. "Elbrus" makombiyuta zvaishandiswa mupomerwi indasitiri. Vakanga akashandiswa hurongwa Anti-chombo kudzivirira uye zvenyukireya nzvimbo.