Achipa Charles 1 (30 January 1649) muLondon. The Second Civil War mu England

Musi January mangwanani unotonhora muna 1649 pamusoro scaffold, kuisa mumwoyo London, haana kumutswa matsotsi, uye namambo, akaraira vanhu vake kwemakore makumi maviri nemana. On nhasi, nyika apedza inotevera Danho nhoroondo yacho, uye yakava yokupedzisira kuurayiwa Charles 1. England, musi chiitiko haina segwapa pakarenda, asi iye akaenda zvachose munhau yacho.

The scion nomunhu anokudzwa Rod Stewart

Stuart - youmambo, akauya kubva wokuScotland imba yekare. Vamiririri Its, kwete chete pokugara Chirungu uye wokuScotland choushe, sezvo pasina mumwe munhu akasasiya zvisaririra munhoroondo ehurumende. kukwidza yavo inotaura pakutanga XIV remakore, kana Count Walter Stewart (Mutariri) akaroora mwanasikana waMambo Robert ini Bruce. Tingati muchato yakanga pashure nyaya kudanana, Ungangove, Chirungu mambo nezvazvo vabatsirwe kusimbisa mubatanidzwa ukama dzaro wokuScotland vakakwirira.

Charles Rokutanga, njodzi mugumo izvo achaenda hurukuro ino ndevedzinza rimwe Unokudzwa Earl Walter, uye sezvaakanga vaiva Stuart hwedzinza. kuzvarwa kwake akanga "vanofara" vagari ramangwana November 19, 1600, akaberekwa tsaru yakagara wokuScotland madzimambo - Denfermlinskom Palace.

Nokuti nekutambira accession pachigaro chaiva zvishoma Carl vakabuditsa provenance - baba vake aiva Mambo Scotland, James VI, sezvo Amai Mambokadzi England Anna Datskaya. Zvisinei, nyaya yacho vakapamba mukoma, Henry, Prince of Wales, akaberekwa makore matanhatu akanga apfuura, uye saka akanga ane chokutanga kodzero korona.

Kazhinji dambudziko haana kunyanya rupo Carl, Chokwadi, kana kuti zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro mukomana kubva mhuri youmambo. Somwana aiva mwana airwara, zvishoma chakakanganisika, uye saka paya pane vezera ake kutanga kufamba uye kutaura. Kunyange apo muna 1603 baba vake nhaka Chirungu choushe, uye akatamira kuLondon, Karl vasingagoni kutevera iye sezvo dare vanachiremba vaitya kuti havazopukunyuki mugwagwa.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumuviri uye neta neta vaimuperekedza zvose hwake. Kunyange nechemberi mufananidzo the artist haasi kupa ichi chinhu woumambo kufanana rakaisvonaka chitarisiko. Hongu, uye kukura Charles Stewart 1 aiva masendimita 162 chete.

Nzira choushe

Muna 1612 chiitiko chakaitika kuti akasarudza njodzi yose Charles. Mugore iroro muLondon rakamuka inotyisa kupararira typhus, izvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuvanza kunyange mukati masvingo Royal Castle. Sezvineiwo akanga asina kukuvadzwa nekuti akanga panguva iyoyo muScotland, asi chirwere rava nedambudziko ake ekare, uye vose munzanga akanga zvepamusorosoro mukoma Henry, uyo kubva pakuberekwa akagadzirira kutonga nyika,.

rufu rwake akazarura Carl nzira simba, uye Hazviwanzoitika pana Westminster Abbey, apo akazorora madota Henry apedza kuchema mhemberero, akakwidziridzwa kuti Muchinda Wales Rank - mugari wenhaka pachigaro, uye mumakore akatevera hwake makore akazadzwa ose kugadzirira aurayiwe yakadaro yakakwirira basa.

Apo Carl akanga ana makore makumi maviri, baba vake vakapinda umhare hwake hwemhuri ramangwana, muchato mugari wenhaka inyaya evasingatombonamati enyika uye Hymen naye bara havabvumirwi. James VI sarudzo yavo akamira pamusoro Spanish Infanta Anna. Chisarudzo ichi ane dzinoronga nhengo dzeparamende vakanga vasingadi dynastic rapprochement pamwe Catholic mamiriro. Achitarira mberi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti remangwana kuurayiwa Charles 1 achava zvikurukuru dzechitendero kukurudzirwa, uye saka zvakaipa zano kusarudza mwenga ndiye danho rekutanga nayo.

Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina zviratidzo rokutambudzika, naCarl akaenda Madrid nechido pachake kupindira yokuroora Nhaurirano, uye panguva imwecheteyo, uye mutarise mwenga. The Chikomba Akaperekedzwa kufarira, kana kuti, kuti anoda baba vake - George Villiers. Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, Korol Yakov VI aiva guru uye rudo mwoyo, kuti zvinonyatsoenderana kwete chete vakadzi, asiwo avo vanokudzwa varume.

Kuti mwoyo roruvanze Chirungu, muMadrid, ari Nhaurirano ndokusvika Chipangamazano chaVa, sezvo kurutivi Spanish kwakauraya muchinda kugamuchirwa dzeRoma, uye zvakanga zvachose hazvigamuchiriki. Charles uye shamwari yake itsva George vakanga saka wakarwadziswa obstinacy Kwevanhu VokuSpeini, zvokuti pavakadzokera kumusha, kumbira Parliament kumedura pamwe dare ravo roumambo, uye kunyange achiwana ane expeditionary Corps kuitisa kurwisana kwacho. Hazvizivikanwi chii kuti zvose kupera, asi sezvinei, panguva iyoyo vakadzokera mamwe amenable mwenga - mwanasikana wamambo French Henry IV, Henrietta Maria, uyo akava mukadzi wake, uye vakaramba mwenga akadzikama.

At achidzora

1 Carl Stuart akakwira choumambo pashure pokufa kwababa vake muna 1625, uye kubva pazuva rokutanga vakatanga nezvavanoda zvikapesana muparamende, vachirayira kuti anopa kune ose adventures zvechiuto. Regai kuwana zvinodiwa (upfumi akaenda zvidimbu), akanga kaviri ake emauto akadzingwa mabasa, asi mumwe nguva akamanikidzwa sheedzera zvakare. Somugumisiro, anodiwa zvinoreva King akapinda, propped kwevanhu zvisiri pamutemo uye onerous mitero. History rakazara nemienzaniso pfupi VANOONA madzimambo plugged mumakomba bhajeti, tightening mitero yakadaro.

Zvinotevera makore ndaunza kuvandudzika. shamwari yake uye kufarira George Villiers, pashure pokufa James VI pakupedzisira vakatamira mumakamuri naCharles, akanga nokukurumidza akaurayiwa. Ndakadzidzawo kuva munyengeri haanganzi mukomboreri zvokusatendeseka, nokuti icho akabhadhara, kuita kuunganidza mitero. Asina zvishoma yokuti upfumi, chete nzira marambi chezvipo King, nguva dzose vaiona yesosaiti itsva uye itsva, Zvirango, okusuma nevhu rakawandisa siyana, nezviyero zvakafanana. Achipa Charles 1, tevera kusvikira gore rechimakumi maviri nemana kwake ushe, aiva akakodzera kuguma zvakadaro mutemo.

Nokukurumidza pashure Vilersoma umhondi, kubva denderedzwa roruvanze akamira zvikuru Tomas Uentvort, uyo akakwanisa kuita yaitonga Charles ari kupenya basa First. Zvakanga pfungwa yake kumisa mamiriro mhedziso simba roumambo, patambo hondo dzose. Gare gare achiva viceroy muIreland, iye zvinobudirira kushandisa zano, moto uye munondo kudzvanyirira kuparadzana.

The zvokuchinja, izvo zvakakonzera munzanga makakatanwa Scotland

Charles I akaratidza hapana kufanoona uye ezvitendero nyika kurwisana yasakadzwa. Chokwadi ndechokuti yevagari Scotland kuti kunyanya yaiva vateveri Puritan uye Presbyterian machechi enzvimbo maviri siyana Protestantism.

Zvinonzi kazhinji vanonyepedzera kuti kunetsana pamwe vamiririri yeAnglican Church, akatonga kuEngland, uye vachitsigirwa nehurumende. Vasingadi kutsvaka kunzwisisa, mambo akaedza nezviyero chisimba anowanzonzi kuisa kwayo kwaizoita, izvo zvakakonzera akatsamwira Scots, uye pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kudeurwa kweropa.

Zvisinei, kukanganisa mukuru, kwakatevedzana yevagari England, kuurayiwa Charles 1 uye enyika unozotevera dambudziko, zvinofanira kufungwa chaizvo achirwara-pamuviri uye ineptly vakateverera mitemo pamusoro Scotland. In ichi vanotsvakurudza vakawanda vachibvumirana vakabvumirana saka zvinosuwisa kupera mutemo.

Chikuru muupenyu basa rake rakanga kusimbisa risingaperi youmambo uye Ecclesiastical simba. mutemo uyu akanga hwakazara kunaka kwazvo nemigumisiro. In Scotland, kubvira makarekare netsika, rinosanganisa zvidzidzo zvakanaka uye kumisa murayiro inviolability dzakavandika pfuma, uye kwavari kuti pakutanga uye encroached mambo.

The pfupi-kwehurumende woumambo negwaro

Zvose, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Biography naCharles 1 kwakanga kuchirwadza kwete chete nokuda vaizviti zvinangwa, asi nokuda nzira dzika navo. Zviito ake, ari kutonga, zvakanyanya yakananga uye havaratidzi zvakagadzirirwa, nguva dzose evoked nevakawanda hasha uye akabatsira kusimbisa kupikiswa.

Muna 1625 Mambo yakaparadzana vakawanda wokuScotland kwamachinda, chirevo, iyo akapinda nhoroondo sezvo "Ita revocation." Maererano gwaro rino, kusarudza kukanzura namadzimambo ose England, kubva 1540, kuchinjwa nyika vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Kuponesa varidzi vaifanira kuita kuti pfuma chaienzana akaenzana kukosha panyika.

Uyezve, imwe chirevo akarayira kudzokera Chechi England munyika yayo, vaiva Scotland, uye akabata naye panguva Reformation, Protestantism akagadza munyika kuti zvikurumidze sei zvinodiwa nevanhu vechitendero. Hazvishamisi kuti mushure promulgation ane tsamwisa gwaro akadaro vakabvuma mambo yakawanda zvikumbiro kunyunyuta kubudikidza vamiririri sectors siyana munzanga. Zvisinei, kwete chete zvaakaita zvakajeka akaramba hanya, asiwo yakawedzera zvinhu nokusuma mitero itsva.

The nomination boka remabhishopu rakatanga uye abolition of Scottish Parliament

Kubva pamazuva rokutanga rokubata kwake ushe, Charles ndakatanga kuisa mberi kuti mukuru hofisi Anglican mabhishopi. Akazvisimbisawo akapiwa ruzhinji zvigaro mu youmambo Council, iyo yekudyidzana akaderedza cherudo wokuScotland kwamachinda mairi, uye akapa chikonzero itsva kusagutsikana. Somugumisiro wokuScotland vakakwirira akabviswa simba uye kunyimwa kuwana mambo.

Achityira nokusimbaradza nokushorwa, mambo uye muna 1626 kusvika kumisa basa Scottish Parliament, uye nepaunogona napo kurega convening of General Assembly kweChechi Scotland, umo kunamata kurongeka wake akatanga dzinoverengeka womutorwa Anglican canons. Yaiva chinouraya chikanganiso, uye aurayiwe Charles 1, razova inosuruvarisa kuguma kwake, kwakanga zvisingadzivisiki mugumisiro miscalculations dzakadaro.

Nokutambudzika Civil War

Kana paiva kutaura pamusoro kukanganisa enyika kodzero kwamachinda, kuti zviito izvi akakonzera kutsutsumwa kwavo kusanyatsotsanangurwa Estates denderedzwa, asi iri nyaya zvaipesana dzemunharaunda dzechitendero - King achitsausa rose rudzi. Izvi zvakare kunokonzerwa kuyerera vachivavhiringidza uye ratidzira mikumbiro. Kufanana kokupedzisira, mambo akaramba kuvaona, ndokudira mafuta pamusoro pamoto kubata chimwe chezvinhu vanoshingaira petitioners, uchiraira naye zvatinosiita pazvinhu Pakadaro, nokuchengeta hurumende.

Dzomoto raputika magazini guruva rinopfumburwa Scotland, waiva kuedza kubata July 23, 1637 mu Edinburgh basa, yakavakwa maererano yeAnglican yokunamata. Izvi zvakakonzera kushatirwa havasi vagari chete, asiwo rakashama yakapanduka kuti akaparadza zvikuru munyika, uye akaburuka munhau sezvo hondo yokutanga yevagari. Zvinhu kwakawedzera ose zuva. Vatungamiri vanokudzwa kushora akanzi uye akatumwa Mambo kutsutsumwa pamusoro vatorwa kuna vanhu zvinhu zvichinjwe muchechi, uye kwakapararira kuwedzera yeAnglican remabhishopu rakatanga.

Kuedza isanyanya kufara mambo, nechisimba kubvisa Edinburgh zvikuru basa kushorwa, chete zvinowedzerwa zvavo kusagutsikana. Somugumisiro, pakona vavengi vake, Charles I akamanikidzwa zvauri kupomerwa, achibvisa vaivenga vanhu mabhishopi woumambo kanzuru.

Mubayiro mukuru mhirizhonga, aiva convening National Convention pakati Scotland, iine nhume dzaibva zvose evanhu strata, uye akatungamirira nevamiririri chemhando vakakwirira. Vechikamu zvakabvumirwa uye akasaina Manifesto pamusoro pamwe chiito mhiri wokuScotland rudzi kuedza kugadzirisa kuti nheyo dzavo dzechitendero. A kopi gwaro Akapiwa kuna mambo, uye akamanikidzwa kubvuma. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga chete kwenguva pfupi takanga tisisanakidzwi, uye chidzidzo pamusoro woumambo vaaitonga, haana kupinda muchitoro. Naizvozvo, kuurayiwa Charles Stewart 1 waiva musoro ndopakaperawo kwezviitiko zvikanganiso zvake.

hondo yevagari New

mutongi uyu vanozvikudza, asi rombo rakaipa chaizvo akatema murombo ndeuke mumwe rutivi hwake pasi umambo - Ireland. Ikoko mumwe uye yakasimba chaizvo mubairo akavimbisa kudzivirira omunharaunda vaKaturike, zvisinei, agamuchira mari kwavari, ipapo ini vakakanganwa zvose. Saka kugumbuka kubatwa, wokuIreland akatora zvombo kuti kurishandisa vasimbise ndangariro raMambo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti nguva Charles I pakupedzisira vakarasikirwa achitsigirwa ake paramende pachake, uye nawo vazhinji chavagari, akaedza pamwe vashomanana vakavimbika regiments, simba rokuchinja zvinhu. Saka, August 23, 1642, kuti Second Civil War mu England.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti warlord Charles ndakanga sezvinoita sagona sezvo mutongi. Kana pakutanga ruvengo vakakwanisa kuhwina zvimwe kukunda akanaka nyore, yaJuly 14, 1645 mauto ake vakakundwa chose mu Hondo Naseby. Kwete chete kuti mambo akanga ari thrall yake nyaya, saizvozvowo mumusasa wake akatapwa Archive kuti ine siyana zvose zvinopesana. Somugumisiro, vakawanda vakatanga kuzivisa ake enyika uye zvemari uori, uyewo pakurapa muchiuto rubatsiro kune dzimwe nyika.

korona musungwa

Kusvikira 1647, Charles I waiitwa musungwa muScotland panguva chinzvimbo. Zvisinei, kunyange iri unenviable basa akaramba kuti kuedza kutaurirana vamiririri siyana enyika mapoka uye ezvitendero kufamba, norupo vachipa zvakanaka uye akasiya chivimbiso chokuti hapana kuzvitenda. Pakupedzisira, varindi amubvisa kubva chete zvingangozomubatsira, tama (kutengesa) zviuru zvina mazana makirogiramu wounhu kuna Chirungu Parliament. Stuart - youmambo, waona zvakawanda muupenyu hwangu hwose, asi kuvanyadzisa kwakadaro haana aitofanira ruzivo.

Kamwe muLondon, ari pachigaro mambo yaiswamo Golmbach zvechizarira, uye ipapo zvaitambidzwa kumuzinda Hampton Court, pasi aigara mumba. Ikoko, Charles ane chaiyo mukana kudzokera simba, akabvuma kwaakanga akavingwa enyika akakurumbira mufananidzo pamusoro yaitonga Oliver Kromvel, ivo kuurayiwa Charles 1, razova panguva zviri zvechokwadi, akanga disadvantageous.

In mashoko wakatangwa namambo, haana ane chero zvakakomba kurambidzwa simba roumambo, asi ipapo kurashikirwa mukana wake. Achida yakatokura zvichemo, uye vakati vakatanga muchivande akurukure mapoka akasiyana enyika munyika, Karl evaded zvakananga mhinduro kuna Cromwell, zvokuti akarasikirwa kushivirira uye akapa zano rake. Saka, kuurayiwa Charles 1 Stuart akanga chete nyaya nguva.

Zvinosiririsa denouement wakakurumidza ndege yake vechiwi Wight, iri Chirungu Channel, pedyo British pamhenderekedzo. Zvisinei, kuedza ichi yakaguma muna akundikana, zvichiguma imba asungwa mumuzinda chikatsiviwa mujeri muchitokisi. Kubva ipapo, aichimbova mambo wake akaedza kununura Baron Artur Capel, izvo Karl akanga kamwe aita wezera rangu uye akavaka pamusoro vakuru vakuru roruvanze. Asi asina masimba zvakakwana, iye nokukurumidza akasangana vakapfigirwa.

Kutongwa uye kuuraya Mambo akabvisa

Hapana mubvunzo kuti chinonyanya kuzivikanwa kuchiitwa scion iyi Rod Stewart aiva penchant nokuda chivande, inova nemhaka vawe ake. Somuenzaniso, kupa kujeka zvipikirwa kuna Cromwell, naiyewo akatungamirira muchivande kwakadzama nevanoshora ake kubva reparamende, uye kuwana mari kubva vaKaturike naivowo vakatsigira Anglican mabhishopi. Uye chaizvo kuuraya Mambo Charles 1 akanga nokukurumidza zvikuru nokuti kunyange zvazvo asungwa, haana kurega kutumira foni vamukire kwese, kuti nzvimbo yake yaiva upengo wakakwana.

Somugumisiro, vakawanda regiments pasi reParamende chikumbiro kuda paitongwa ekare mambo. Maiva muna 1649, uye kwenguva yakareba chinhu tarisiro kare, izvo voruzhinji yeBritain akakwazisa paakakwira chigaro. Asi, akachenjera uye hunoona zviri kure hwo mutemo, raiwedzera touchy uye dzisina mushingi.

Kuitisa paitongwa Charles I Paramende I vakagadzwa zana namakumi matatu namashanu vezviitiko, vakanga rinotungamirirwa gweta akakurumbira panguva Dzhon Bredshou. The Kuurayiwa King Charles 1 rakange rakanamwa pachine, uye nokudaro yose nzira haana kutora nguva. Aimbova mambo, murume nezuro kukurayira ane simba guru, rakanga vachibvumirana kuzivikanwa somunhu anodzvinyirira, mutengesi uye muvengi yamadzibaba. Zviri pachena kuti chete zvinoita mutongo nokuda mhosva dzakakomba dzakadaro aigona kuva rufu.

The Kuurayiwa King Charles 1 yakaitwa mangwanani January 30, 1649 muLondon. Kumupa yakafanira yake - kunyange vakakwira scaffold, iye rakaramba pamberi pfungwa, uye vakatendeukira kuna vaiungana kutaura kufa. It mhosva, akati kuti dzokunamata takasununguka uye rusununguko anopiwa chete nokuvapo hurumende uye mitemo pakuvimbisa upenyu vagari uye kuvimbika pfuma. Asi panguva imwecheteyo haina kupa vanhu kodzero kukodzera kumhanya nyika. The mambo uye vazhinji, akati, - chinhu chakasiyana zvachose pfungwa.

Saka, kunyange pamukova norufu, Karl akadzivirira mirawu absolutism, ane vateveri vakanga Stewart zvose. England achiri nzira kuenda pamberi asimbiswa zvakazara mune yepamutemo umambo, uye vanhu zvinopesana zvaanofunga nomukana kuitawo hurumende. Zvisinei, nheyo iyi kare dzateyiwa.

Maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, kuurayiwa King Charles 1 kukwezvwa guru revanhu vakanga varipo kumarudzi reropa kwechishamiso ichi mumamiriro ezvinhu pedo kuvhunduka. Kwakazonyanya apo mhondi akabata vakasimudza adziviswa musoro nebvudzi dzakare changamire. Zvisinei, chetsika Muzviitiko zvakadaro, mashoko anoratidza kuti ndeye hurumende mhosva uye mutengesi, kwete yakarira.

Saka, muna 1649 ndakaisa ropa kuguma ushe kwamambo ichi. Zvisinei, mamwe pemipata kwemakore gumi nerimwe, uye munhoroondo England kunouya nguva yainzi Restoration Stuarts, kana kuzodzosera kukwire choushe vamiririri ichi rudzi yekare. Second Civil Hondo uye aurayiwe Charles 1 aiva mavambo ayo.