Nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwemhuka. Tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu

Biology ndeimwe yezvinyorwa zvinokosha kwazvo, zvakananga nechekumwewo mazano akawanda uye anokwanisa kutaura nezvomumwe munhu kwete pasi pezvakaitika kare. Nyaya yekudzidza ndeyezvinhu zvipenyu, mitemo yekuvapo kwavo uye kubudirira, hukama nehupenyu nemhuka. Pamwe pamwe nefizikiki uye makemiti, sayenzi ndeyechisikigo, chinangwa chekushanda nemasikirwo. Kudzidza matanho makuru ekusimudzirwa kwehupenyu, iwe unogona kuwana pfungwa yeipi nzira inoshamisa iyo chirango chakaita. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kuti uzive pamwe chete nezvimwe zvaunotarisira.

Kuonekwa kweshoko

Zvechokwadi, sayenzi ndeimwe yekare kudarika munharaunda. Asi shoko racho harina kuonekwa kare kare. Nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwehupenyu inotanga muna 1797 chete, apo purofesa weGermany wemaatomy ainzi Theodor Ruz akarayira zita rakadaro sezvesayenzi. Muna 1800, akashandiswawo naPurofesa Dorpat University Burdach, uye muna 1802 iyo inogona kuwanikwa mumabasa anokosha aRamarck neTrviranus. Yakanyatsobatana nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu hwevanhu, biology yakatanga kukura nokukurumidza. Nzira itsva dzekutsvakurudza dzinoonekwa nguva dzose, ruzivo rwemazuva ano runotibvumira kutarisa maonero akare zvakasiyana, asi tisingaverengi zvikamu zvekare zvezivo yekubatsira pamusoro pesayenzi ichange isina kukwana.

Nguva yekare

Kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro pezvinhu zvipenyu vanhu vakatanga pakarepo mushure mekunge vatanga kuzviona seimwe yenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rakavapoteredza. Mune zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zveEgypt, India neBhabhironi, unogona kuona zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemhuka kana zvirimwa, zvigadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwemishonga kana zvekurima. Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana BC, vagari veMesopotamiya vakashandisa mahwendefa ecuneiform, ayo aiva nemagetsi ezvisikwa zvezvipenyu. Kubudirira kwekushanduka-shanduka mune zvehupenyu kwakange kuri panguva iyo ichiri mberi mune ramangwana, asi kunyange vanhu vakadzidza kupatsanidza mhuka muzvivigiro zvekudya nemiti, vakatsunga kuti michero inogona kuva mishonga uye zvekurima, kunyange inokwanisa kutarisa zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvinokonzera kufanana kwevana nevabereki. Kunyanya, zvinyorwa zvechiremba zveIndia, zvichibva muzana remakore rechina BC, rinotsanangura hupenyu hwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana nekuparidzirwa kwemashoko kubva kumarudzi kusvika kune mamwe marudzi. Mashoko anobatsira anowanikwawo muMahabharata uye Ramayana.

Kubuda kwezvikoro zvezesayenzi

Nhoroondo yekuitika kwehupenyu inobatanidzwa zvakananga nekubuda kwemamwe magetsi. Zvikoro zvesayenzi zvakamuka munguva yevaranda muGreece, Alexandria neRoma. Chikoro cheIvonia chakagadzira "mitemo yepanyama" iyo inotonga nyika - kunyange mafilosofi vakaramba izvo zvisikwa zvezvisikwa zvehupenyu. Uyezve, Alcmaeon akakwanisa kudzidza ma optic nerve, kukura kwemazai mu shiri uye kugona basa rinokosha reuropi sepakati pekufunga. Musayendisiti anozivikanwa zvikuru Hippocrates kwekutanga kokutanga munhoroondo akarondedzera chimiro chevanhu nemhuka, akataridzira zvinoitika zvezvakatipoteredza uye hutano pamuviri mune zvinoitika zvezvirwere. Izvi zvakanyanya kutsvaga tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu. Muchechi yeAthens Aristotle akashanda, uyo akasika mazano mana anokosha nemashoko akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemhuka. Akatanga kujekesa humwe ushe humwe, hwakabatana. Mune ramangwana, sarudzo iyi ichava "kukwira kwevanhu" uye ichafananidza kusarudzwa kwezvisikwa zvinoparadzanisa zvina-mawere, feather, flying and fish.

Kudzidza kwemaitiro evanhu

Ichinyorwa chidiki chehupenyu munguva yevaranda chinogona kurondedzerwa kwete sekunguva yekudzidza marudzi ose ezvinyorwa, asiwo sechinguva chebasa rinokosha kupfuura mamwe ose pamatomu. Masayendisiti Gerofil akafananidza urongwa hwemhuka uye hupenyu hwevanhu, zvichiratidza musiyano pakati pemakumbo nemarita. Erasistratus akakwanisa kurondedzera zvakadzama kuwanda kwehemispheres, kuzivisa kuvapo kwe convolutions uye cerebellum. Yakarongedza idzi idzi masayendisiti kubva kuRoma, somuenzaniso Pliny Mukuru, uyo akava munyori we "Natural History". Mune nguva ino yekutanga-yeDarwini yekutsvaga kwehupenyu, vatungamiri vekutungamira vatove vakaona kufanana kwevanhu uye monkey. Somuenzaniso, Kraudhius Galen akaita shanduro yezvinyamusi uye akaunganidza tsananguro inofananidzwa yezvinyorwa zvevanhu uye zvikara. Izvi zvinoshanda zvakanyanya kukura kwehutano hwehutano uye hutsika, naizvozvo nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwehupenyu huchave isina kukwana pasina ivo.

Pakati pezana remakore

MaMiddle Ages akabatanidzwa nekutonga kwechitendero. Nhoroondo shomanana yekugadzirwa kwehupenyu haisi kusanganisira zvisingabatsiri zvitsva zvinoenderana nenguva ino. Ruzivo rwakavakirwa pamabasa aAristotle, Galen naPliny. Pfungwa yenyika yakanga yakatsauswa nechitendero uye mafirosofi. Mukuru wesayenzi uye anofungidzira Abu-Ali Ibn Sina, anozivikanwawo saAvicenna, akadzidza maitiro ezvisikwa uye akafungidzirwa nekusingaperi. Kwakange kusina shanduko dzezvesayenzi, uye munguva inotevera yezvakaitika kare, biology yakauya muhupenyu hwekare.

Renaissance kana Kuvandudzwa

Mushure memazana emakore ekudzvinyirira kwevadzidzisi vezvechitendero, yakanga yava nguva yekuputsika kwezvivako zvekare uye maitiro evanhu vanoita zvekunyengera. Nhoroondo shomanana yekugadzirwa kwehupenyu hunoisa nguva iyi sechinhu chakakomba zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwesayenzi, iyo inonzi yakasikwa yesayenzi. Leonardo da Vinci akazova musayendisiti akakurumbira weRaissance. Akatsanangura zvinomera uye maitiro ekubhururuka shiri, akadzidza basa remwoyo uye chirevo chekubatanidza mapfupa nemapfundo, akashanda pane zvakaonekwa ziso uye nhengo dzenhengo dzenhengo, akasimbisa kufanana kwechigadzirwa chemunhu nemamwe mhuka. Basa rinokosha rakanga ririwo basa raAssus Vesalius, avo vainzi "mabhuku manomwe pamusoro pomuviri wemuviri." Harvey akazarura kupararira kweropa, uye Borel akadzidza nzira dzekufamba. Vanhu vakazarura tarisiro mitsva yekugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvehupenyu, zvisingawanikwi munguva yekutonga kwechitendero.

Chiitiko chikuru

Rumutsiriro rwakapa masayendisiti matsva matsva. Chigumisiro chakanga chiri kusvetuka muzivo yezvesayenzi, izvo zvakatungamirira pakusiyana kwavo. Nhoroondo shomanana yehupenyu hwemhuka inogona kuisa nguva iyi sechiitiko chekuparadzanisa mune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, botani yakatanga kukura, uye kushandiswa kwe microscope kwakabvumirwa kufambira mberi mumatomu uye physiology. Carl Linnaeus akava muumbi wenhoroondo yakawanda yemhuka, kuisa zvikamu muzvikoro, masangano, genera uye marudzi. Ndiye iye akatsaura zvipfuwo, shiri, mafibia, hove, zvipembenene uye minye. Akatora murume wacho kuenda kumadzimai. Mumwe munhu akakurumbira akanga ariLeibniz, uyo akadzidzisa dzidziso ye "kukwira kwezvisikwa," nheyo yaive yakavimba zvikuru nedhenda dzekare, asi yakanga iri itsva.

Kubva kwemafoni masayeri

Ichirondedzera chidimbu chekugadzirwa kwehupenyu, tinogona kuona yegumi nemapfumbamwe sezana nguva yekuonekwa kwekushanduka-shanduka uye nheyo dze embryology. Masayendisiti Schwann naSchleiden vakaita shanduro yemagetsi, nekuda kwemabasa ePasteur, Mechnikov, Koch uye Lister, mabhakitiriya akaumbwa. Chiitiko chikuru chaiva chirevo che "Origin of Species", icho chakagara chagadzirira kufambira mberi kwesayenzi. Mupiro wacho hauna kungoitwa chete naDarwin, asiwo naMendel, uyo akarondedzera kuvapo kwemajini uye mitemo yezvavakaita pakuzvarwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa dzakatanga kuonekwa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwefizikiki uye makemikari kusvika mukudzidza kwezvinhu zvoupenyu.

Makumi makumi maviri nemakumi maviri

Iyo yezana remakore rapfuura yakava nguva yakawanda-yakagadzirwa nesayenzi yakave yakambosangana mu biology, yechitanhatu chechipiri chechikoro chipi nechipi chemazuva ano chiri kudzidza zvinyorwa zvisingawanike kunyange kune pfungwa dzakapfuura dzezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Mumakumi makumi mashanu ndiyo yaiva basa reDNA, muna 1953, masayendisiti akakwanisa kugadzirisa maitiro ayo, uye muna 1961 - kuidzidzira. Nzira dzeprotheni yakabvumira kubvumira kwema molecular genetics, kushanda ne nucleic acids. Izvo zvose izvi zvakava danho guru rakabvumira munhu kuti aende kune imwe nzira nzira yekudzidza zvinoshamisa zvehupenyu. MunaEpril 1961 vanhu vakatanga kuonekwa munzvimbo. Zuva iri rinogona kunzi nguva yekubuda kwebazi resaiti resainzi. Mune nguva yekutanga yeDarwinian yekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu, izvi zvakanga zvisingabviri uye zvingafungidzirwa. Ikozvino mumakore makumi manomwe emasayendisiti akatanga kushanda pakugadzira genetic, izvo zvakabvumira mishonga kuwana mamiriro matsva.

Nguva Yemazuva Ano uye Ramangwana reSayenzi

Zana remakore makumi maviri nemakore rakaita ruzivo runoshamisa kubudiriro kuvanhu. Biology inodzidza zvakanyanya, yechitanhatu chechikoro chesekondari inobvumira vana kuti vazive nezvezvinyorwa zvezvilo, botani uye anatomy kupfuura imwe inogona kudzidza muzana remakore, uye tarisiro yesayenzi inoratidzika chaizvo inoshamisa. Kuparadzaniswa kwemashoko akaparadzana kune mazano matsva kunowedzera: helminthology, arachnoentomology, ornithology, mycology, bryology, immunology, bacteriology uye dzimwe dzakawanda sciences dziri kuwedzera. Uku kuyananisa kunobvumira vanyori kuisa pfungwa pamabasa ega ega, vachikurudzira nzira yekuwana ruzivo pamusoro pezvimwe zviitiko. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane kubatanidzwa kwesayenzi, nei biochemistry, cytogenetics nedzimwe nzira dzinomuka.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nzira dzemazuva ano dzebasa dzakabatana zvakananga nemanhau. Masayendisiti anoshandisa nzira dzakafanana nemazana emakore apfuura apfuura, asi hutsva hutsva hunovabatsira kuti vashandure data yakawanikwa. Zvimwe zvipfeko zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuita zviyero zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana izvo zvaimbova zviongorori zvishoma, uye zvino zvinogona kutungamirira kumagumisiro ekuvandudza. Zvimwe zvinotarisirwa zvinoreva kufambira mberi kwemasayenzi nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga kunyanya mamwe mararamiro, zvipfeko uye mamwe akawanda ebazi rehupenyu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kutarisira kuwedzerwa kwekurapa kwemishonga inogona kuchinja nguva yose nemamiriro ehupenyu hwehupenyu.