Misa kusarudzwa muna chirimwa maberekero: Mienzaniso

Rutoto ndiye nesayenzi kuti anoratidza mhando itsva zvinomera, mhuka, tusingaoneki matombo. Mukuru chokuratidza kuti pakusarudza munhu zvinhu zvitsva uye nani nomumwe uye vakawanda kusarudzwa kuva kusarudzwa nzira.

Kazhinji ruminant-akabata Crossover uye mutation majini mubereki Somuenzaniso uye akaita chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa. dzinoita itsva All, mhando, utachiona, nevanhu, vane zvimwe morphological uye vasiri zvivako. Mumwe mhando chakatorwa kuti zvikuru okunze zvikamu. zvinhu zvitsva zvose yaiwana akadzivisa, zvichienzaniswa nevamwe mhando panguva dzinokosha zvechitima.

Misa chirimwa kusarudzwa nzira

A hombe kusarudzwa muna ruminant mhando itsva zvirimwa kunosanganisira pollination kuti vakawanda zvinomera. Kakawanda, nzira iyi rinoshandiswa maberekero emarudzi itsva rye, chibage, sunflower, gorosi. At screenings zvirimwa izvi, mhando itsva akaumbwa vamiririri heterozygous mhando uye vane akasiyana genotype.

A hombe kusarudzwa muna maberekero inopa mhando itsva nani unhu. Zvisinei, nzira iyi runoonekwa kuti kusagadzikana nokuda mukuru mukana wokusvika ane kuzvironga muchinjikwa fertilization (tumbuyu, shiri).

Misa vakasarudzwa miti - tsanangudzo boka chirimwa specimens, zvakafanana mumwe maererano hwakagadzwa zvinodiwa. Muenzaniso nzira ruminant chizvarwa chitsva bota. Kazhinji, kugadzirwa emarudzi ruminant guru nzira kunosanganisira seeding vakawanda makopi ane mberi kunyatsoongorora kukura kwavo uye kukura, chirwere nemishonga, udyi. Uyewo dzinoongororwa padanho precocity, okunze, yauinayo zvinodiwa. Kana ruminant mhando itsva rye Breeders vakasarudzwa chete specimens avo zvinomera zvaiva zvakawanda nemishonga yakasiyana-siyana zvinofurira uye ane guru nzeve pamwe Nhamba huru mbeu. Kana reseeding kunoguma zvinhu kamwe zvakare anosarudza chete mhando kuti akaratidza rutivi rwake yakanakisisa. Somugumisiro basa iri isu tiwane zvakasiyana siyana itsva, pamwe magene zvakafanana. Ichi hombe vakasarudzwa. Mienzaniso the rye two rutoto dzinoratidza sei kusarudzwa chiitwe zvinomera.

Misa vakasarudzwa rakanakira zvakawanda, ramakagadzwa chikuru ndicho nyore, mutengo-zvinobudirira uye kukwanisa kukurumidza kuwana mhando itsva zvinomera. Zvazvakaipira anosanganisira kutadza kuwana mashoko akakwana tinyatsonzwisisa mwana.

Kubudirira vakawanda kusarudzwa

Kana kushanda nokuzvidzora mukume uye muchinjikwa mukume kushandisa vakawanda vakasarudzwa kuva kusarudzwa nzira. Kugona kwaro kunobva majini, nhodzera, asi akasarudza mharidzo ukoshi.

Kana majini vane basa zviratidzo vari kuramba zviratidzo, mugumisiro kusarudzwa richava dzakakwirira.

Kana nhaka miriwo zvinoyemurika kusarudzwa zviri akamiswa kirasi basa rimwe zita. Kana murombo waivako anoramba kushanda vakasarudzwa. Rinotora chero Breeders usaswedera zvose zvinodikamwa zvabuda maererano goho, muchero saizi, kuramba zvinokuvadza zvinhu, zvipukanana, zvirwere. Uye hombe pakusarudza mwana kare vakasarudzwa dzimwe nguva yakasiyana zvapedzisira, akatorwa kubva vabereki vavo vane murombo unongotaura.

For vakabudirira rutoto inokosha mharidzo ukoshi. Kana mashoko acho chinobviswa pamwe yakaderera rates, ipapo muti anogona kuratidza inbreeding mwoyo, izvo zvakaita kwakaderedza goho.

Misa vakasarudzwa zvinonyanya kubudirira kana kubatanidzwa mamwe vakasarudzwa unyanzvi. Kazhinji, rinoshandiswa pachiimbwa hybridization, polyploid zvirimwa kubudikidza ruminant.

hybridization

Spachiana - wokutanga chizvarwa chirimwa ichi iyo yakawedzera muhari upenyu uye yakakwirira kwezvinhu zvichienzaniswa mubereki marudzi. Akaramba kushandisa mbeu VaNefirimu majini vabereki tinoberekwa vaparadzwa.

polyploid vakasarudzwa

polyploidy nzira zvinoshandawo remasanganiswa. Paaisika mhando itsva, Breeders vanoshandisa polyploidy, iyo inosvitsa kuwedzera muchitokisi kukura uye chirimwa chokuwanziridza okutodza.

A guru uwandu chromosome kunowedzera nemishonga zvinomera kune zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana uye siyana nematambudziko zvinhu. Kana kukuvara okutodza mune miti vamwe dzakawanda kuramba kuchinja. Zvirimwa zvose vakawana polyploid kusarudzwa nzira vane rakaisvonaka chinhanho.

Mienzaniso vakawanda vakasarudzwa

Mienzaniso kwegadziriro chemasanganiswa ne vakawanda vakasarudzwa zviri triticale. chirimwa ichi iri kuwanikwa kuyambuka gorosi uye rye. mugiredhi itsva ine mukuru chando nemishonga, ruggedness, uye kuramba nezvirwere zvakawanda.

Russian zvedzidzo gorosi uye wheatgrass itsva chirimwa mhando avapo kuva mukuru nemishonga kuti pokugara. Zvisinei, mbeu dzokutanga havasi akakodzera achigadzirira kudyara zvinhu, sezvo vari genome wavo ane okutodza dzakasiyana haana kuitawo meiosis. Zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakanzi ndaizvipira nekaviri nhamba zvimwe okutodza. Zvakaguma basa amphidiploids.

Breeders hybridization akanga amakavaitira radish makabheji. Zvirimwa izvi vane fanana nhamba okutodza. Zvapedzisira Zvakaguma akatakura 18 okutodza, asi zvakanga zvisina. Tevera doubling uwandu okutodza zvakakonzera kugadzirwa miti rine 36 okutodza uye muchero. The zvichiguma muviri aiva nezviratidzo makabheji uye radish.

Asi mumwe muenzaniso ndiyo hybridization zviyo. Yakava baba heterosis VaNefirimu. Harvest indekisi vane chemasanganiswa tsika yakanga pamusoro matatu muzana, pane vabereki vavo.

mhedziso

Chete wachenesa zvinomera vanosarudzwa kana mutsetse itsva. Panguva kuedza tsunga anobudirira zvikuru pamwe VaNefirimu. Migumisiro zvinonyorwa uye kushandiswa zvakawedzera kugadzirwa remasanganiswa zvirimwa.

Pokumuka mhando itsva dziri chete vakawanda selection, akaita kuti zvibvire kuti vawane mukuru-ichibereka mhando gorosi, mupunga, chibage, rye. Mienzaniso mabasa akadai marudzi akasiyana yakataurwa Breeders Russian. It zvirimwa "Saratov-29", "Saratov-36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Ivo husingakwanisi yevaenzi, anenge achirwara, aigona kubudisa goho rakadzikama chero okunze.