Environmental kuongorora. Engineering uye kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora pakuvaka

Engineering ongororo pakuvaka ndechimwe zvinokosha nzendo basa, kubudikidza magadzirirwe yapfuura zviitiko. Panguva iyi vanachiremba kuona zvechadenga kwenzvimbo, ivhu ehupfumi, mikana pakati kushanda siyana mazano uye zvinhu. Final zvabuda vanobviswa paunoronga kutanga hwokugadzira negadziriso chawakaronga kuvaka. Uyewo, kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora tiri chikamu misoro ongororo chaiyo nzvimbo uye kushanda mashoko nokuda kukura uye chivimbo chakasimba pamusoro chokuvaka. Kunyanya, Data zvidzidzo zvakadaro kazhinji ndivo hwaro zvipenyu uye utsanana mapepa.

Pamutemo uye zviri pamutemo mutemo wezvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza

Basic mitemo maererano nako akaziva prospecting basa, anosimbisa zvokudya SNIP. Nyanzvi akakurukura zvinodiwa gwaro, izvo zvinogona kuitwa engineering zvezvakatipoteredza kuongorora kuti kuvakwa. SP 11-102-97 Somuenzaniso, akanga akaverenga kuti kushanda magadzirirwo uye kuongorora makambani nemasangano anoshanda mumunda kuvakwa uye magadzirirwo.

Mitemo yokudzora basa makambani vanofarira munda uyu uye tichitarisa pamutemo zvinhu, uye magadzirirwo. Chaizvoizvo, pasina zvakanaka vaurayiwa zvinyorwa pamusoro migumisiro tsvakurudzo, hapana boka achakwanisa kukudziridza akwanise pamutemo chokuvaka. Kazhinji, kwezvakatipoteredza anoona somugumisiro misoro kuongorora kunopa mukana kugadzirira mishumo uye nyanzvi nemafungiro marudzi akawanda miedzo zvichienderana basa zvinodiwa. Zviri fanira kuita Developers uye vagadziri kubva kuongorora rubatsiro masangano okunze zvatariswa uye mamiriro kuwanda Zvinosvibisa. Asi kwete ndicho zvidzidzo zvose vari kuitwa chikamu zvidzidzo zvakatipoteredza.

The Kuronga kuongorora basa

Base nokuti zvinhu tsvakurudzo ndivo vanonzi raibhurari zvinhu uye ruzivo pamusoro mamiriro yomunharaunda kwezvakatipoteredza. In Pandaidzidza hunhu kuenzanisa maturusi angashandiswa akafanana zvinhu, izvo anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana zvakatipoteredza. Uyewo, ano inokwanisa kuti andobata marudzi akawanda. Izvi nzvimbo zvinosanganisira kutsvakurudza uye kududzirwa kwadzo Aerospace zvokuvakisa, uye kushandisa multispectral uye radar kupfura.

Chokwadi, nzvimbo chaiyo iri maigara ongororo yakaitwa mhepo uye zvakatipoteredza zvarwo, mune mazwi kusvibiswa. Mazuvano kuitisa kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora kashoma pasina tinyatsonzwisisa kuti mwaranzi ezvinhu, panyama Migumisiro pamusoro mararamiro, zvakabudiswa kusvibiswa mhepo, etc. Hydrological mari uyewo pasi adzidze siyana zvinoumba murabhoritari. chikamu ichi ongororo kunokoshawo kuti pokumuka mabasa zvezvivako dzinogarwa, uye pakuvaka kugadzirwa zvivako.

Collection nezvinhu yokutsvakurudza

Nyanzvi kuunganidza zvinhu kuti mashoko pamusoro mamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu enyika streek maonero mamwe kwetunhu uye ongororo. Zvakananga vavaki ruzivo vakawana kwakafanira kuhupenyu mune zvinenge mumatanho ose basa nheyo magadzirirwo kuti kusarudza ndakapedza nemakadhibhokisi. Muchiitiko chino, kwete zvose ruzivo vakawana mukufamba mumarabhoritari nemiedzo mitsva. Vamwe zvinhu anogona kuwanikwa kubva zvakachengetedzwa ezviremera zvomunzvimbo nomazvo kuti aite kuchengeteka mabasa. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvingaenzana musimboti Meteorological yokutsvakurudza uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvichiongororwa, uyewo nheyo miganhu zvakagadzirwa uye tsvakurudzo nemasangano.

Panyaya itsva nokutsvakurudza zvabuda, asi engineering nezvakatipoteredza kuongorora kunosanganisira pokuunganidzira, Kuongororwa uye kudzidza zvinoumba veko rwokuzvarwa zvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinosanganisira ivhu, nzvimbo, zoogeographic nezvimwe zvinyorwa kuti dzinoratidza unhu uye zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoriumba zvatichakurukura.

nzira zvaakacherechedza

Kazhinji nzira zvakawanika anoteverwa chikuru akasiyana pakutsvakurudza munda mabasa. Panguva iyoyowo, engineering kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora Panguva iyi pamwe decrypting tafura nzvimbo-chakarurama, kusanganisira kujekeswa munhu zvinhu kwenzvimbo, vachiongorora migumisiro uye kugadzirisa kuti calibration. The chikuru Basa hwokutiparadza zvaanorumbidza ndiko kuwana quantitative uye Qualitative parameters uye zvechadenga zvinoumba yomunharaunda ezvinhu dzezvakatipoteredza.

Muchikamu ichi dzakaunganidza mashoko ari pasi uye mvura, iyo Geological ezvinhu ivhu ezvinhu, mhuka uye chirimwa nyika, anthropogenic zvinofurira, etc. Uyezve, kwezvakatipoteredza anoona izvi mhando ringabatanidza kukura uye kuedza munzvimbo. Vaiita pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda dzinodiwa kushanyira nenzvimbo dzokurasira, landfills, septic dzehondo, okuchengetera dzehondo uye mamwe manyuko kusvibiswa nengozi.

kupikidura

Panguva iyi inofungidzirwa engineering Geological zvemupiro mamiriro enzvimbo. Kuronga anoongororwa ukuru permeability ivhu, matombo amutsvaka uye zvinosimbiswa nerimwe zvinokwanisika kuvapo mvura nemishonga zvinoriumba uye mvura kutaurirana pakati pemvura uye Rwako aquifers.

Panguva iyi, kunyanya kuoneka zvinoumba muongororo, izvo wekuita Geological uye zvakatipoteredza kuongorora ndima. Vaiongorora anoshanda kusarudzwa ivhu, mvura pevhu uye ivhu kuti kuona makemikari anoumba uye kuziva zviri vasingadiwi zvinhu. Pakarepo Excavation riri alignments kuti kutora perpendicular nzvimbo hama kuti miganhu geomorphology zvinhu.

Ivhu kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora

ivhu kudzidza anogona kuitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Chinangwa muongororo ndiko kuziva kuti projected kuvaka zvichachinja sango uye yekurima yakabatana chivakwa nzvimbo. Uyewo kutora ivhu anogona kuitwa kuti mamwe kuongorora kuti mukana pekugara panguva landfill nzvimbo tsvina chekuchengeta. Kusiyana neizvi, kwezvakatipoteredza anoona kuti pakuvaka ivhu Ongororo anogona kuitwa kuti kukura mapindu muzvirongwa kana kuzvivaraidza munzvimbo.

The kutanga parameters uye mashoko zvevhu mhando takatsunga yakavakirwa kuunganidza uye rabhoritari kuongorora yakaunganidzwa zvinhu. Zvakare, hazvina zvakakodzera kuunganidza ivhu zvakananga nzvimbo ramangwana kuvakwa kana placement vamwe zvinhu. Practice uye kuongorora ivhu, vari dzinoshandiswa miganhu rekisteröidy.

Tinyatsonzwisisa inokuvadza utano pezvakaitwa

Pakuongorora nzvimbo kana utachiona rinokosha wevasungwa chinhu raishandiswa, iyo inozivisa zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu munharaunda. Kuti mashoko okuwedzera pamusoro remunharaunda chechetere zvokutapukirwa anogona kusarudzwa runoenzanirana ivhu ivhu iri kunze nhau kunharaunda veko anthropogenic mabasa. Urongwa uye Mamiriro ezvinhu panguva zvakabudiswa zviitiko vanobatanidzwa mune engineering kwezvakatipoteredza kuongorora kuti kuvakwa. SP 11-102-97, kunyanya, kuti vakasarudzwa kumashure ivhu pamusoro windward divi achiita zvaidiwa kure nemisha. Uyezve, kusarudzwa pfungwa inofanira riri mamita anenge 500 kubva mikuru.

mhedziso

Pasinei rakamanikana muupenyu tsvakurudzo zvakatipoteredza, ivo vanoita rakakura remangwana zvakagadzirwa uye kuvakwa panguva imwe nzvimbo. Zvichienderana zvechadenga chinhu chivakwa, nyanzvi anogona kuona ehupfumi yacho anoverengeka zvinodiwa. Tsika uye nzwisisika zvezvakatipoteredza kuongorora, iyo mutengo kungava kumativi 10-15 zviuru. Kwiza nechekuzasi. Ipfungwa Izvi zvinobatsira kana uri kuronga kuvaka imwe private imba kana maindasitiri chivako. Muridzi Saka kukwanisa kuongorora kwete chete zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu nzvimbo, asi kuunganidza mashoko hydrology, ivhu uye Geological zviwanikwa. Kunaka mashoko akapiwa kunoenderana kukwanisa sangano chibvumirano kundorondedzera basa.