Nhambo - ndiko ... Trigonometric munoenzanisa. mhando nokuputsa

Nhambo - rudzi geodetic zvokuyera. Narwo, tiri kuwana hama dzakakwirira siyana pfungwa dzenyika pevhu. Sezvo kwakajairika dhigiri kuyerwa dzakadaro kunogona kutora vakadaro dzinongoitika zvinhu zvakadai senzizi, makungwa, nyanza, minda, kana zvimwe pokutangira. Zvikurukuru, munoenzanisa - tsanangudzo tsika kwazvo munhu pose nomumwe kuramba pamusoro apa (bhuku). kuyerwa vakadaro vanofanira kuita kudzidza zvokuyamura munzvimbo yakarurama. Mune ramangwana, mashoko aya anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa nzvimbo zvirongwa, mepu, kana kuti yakananga mafomu.

Ndezvipi akasiyana siyana nokuputsa?

kuyerwa kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, akasiyana midziyo kana zvigadzirwa kushandiswa. Ngationei kuti vari mhando chikuru munoenzanisa. Zvinonyanyozivikanwa nzira shanu: a geometric, trigonometric, barometric, zvemaziso uye hydrostatic chipimo hukawanika. More kuzivana nomumwe wavo.

mweya munoenzanisa

With ichi pedengu nzira, Nzvimbo vanoshandisa chaiwo njanji uye geometric munoenzanisa mudziyo. kupfura musimboti ndiko kuisa njanji shamhu uye mapoka aida pfungwa pedyo pemvura kuitwa kudzidza. Pashure paizvozvo, uchishandisa chinjikira sighting danda, akayera kureba musiyano. Geometric munoenzanisa rinoitwa maererano nenheyo "kubva pakati" kana "mberi". In nokuyerwa nzira mbiri pfungwa pose akatasva slats wokutanga, mudziyo uri equidistant pakati pavo kure. The Ongororo zvabuda vari Data kwazvo chimwe module pamusoro mumwe. nzira rechipiri iri chaiwo - chimwe chikwata uye mumwe pani. Nzira idzi munoenzanisa ndiyo inonyanya. Vakanzi kushandiswa pakuvaka zvose zvinhu zviduku (dzimba) kana chikuru (mabhiriji).

trigonometric munoenzanisa

In ichi mhando kuyera basa zvakajairika kushandisa inokosha goniometric mano, makatumidzwa theodolites. Navo, bvisa ruzivo pamusoro pamakona ose zvinodiwa reticle danda iyo inopfuura nomunyika peya zvakafanorongwa pfungwa pamusoro pemvura. Trigonometric nokuputsa zvinowanzoshandiswa topographic kuyerwa kusarudza kukwirira musiyano zvinhu zviviri vari rebei kure mumwe, asi Manyiminya tambo iri mapazi ose maonero.

Barometric tambo pamusoro

Barometric munoenzanisa - nzira chipimo kunobva mhepo ine mumhepo kumanikidza zvichienderana mumhu pemvura pfungwa akatsunga. The kuverenga kwacho rinoitwa nokushandisa chaicho. Izvi chokururamisa nacho maitiro anofanira kufunga anoverengeka yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita chaiko mhepo tembiricha, ayo mwando. Nzira iyi awana kushanda mumaruwa (semuenzaniso pane mamiriro gomo) panguva yakasiyana nenzvimbo uye Geological nzendo.

Mechanical (hwokugadzira) kuyera pamusoro

Technical munoenzanisa kunosanganisira kushandisa rinokosha mudziyo - nokuputsa muchina. Kushandisa voitakura yokuronda nhoroondo yomunhu ari akadzidza nzvimbo iri otomatiki muoti nomukombiyuta kukweshera dhisiki, iro rinotaura daro wakafukidzwa, uye yakatarwa rwodzi, iyo inorondedzera tote. mudziyo akadaro ari yemanyorero akatasva motokari uye achipfuura kubva pfungwa yakajeka mumwe. Technical munoenzanisa kuona kureba musiyano pakati vakadzidza midziyo, daro pakati pavo uye nhoroondo yomunhu ari kwenzvimbo, iyo ndee rinokosha photowire.

Kuyera pamusoro Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic munoenzanisa - nzira inobva musimboti chiito dzokukurukurirana midziyo. Kutora nzira iri kuitwa hydrostatic zano, iyo inoshanda chete kukanganisa millimeters maviri. munoenzanisa kwakadaro vakaungana kubva peya girazi sepombi interconnected ne- hosipaipi, kuti hurongwa izere nemvura. Nokuyerwa zvichiitika sezvinotevera - the chubhu vasiyana njanji iro pakafunuka rikashandiswa. Pashure paizvozvo rinoparadza vari kuiswa kumativi zvinhu kudzidza, maererano mapoka unotara ane nhamba kukosha musiyano maviri siyana. zvakagadzirwa Izvi zvinonyatsooneka drawback, dzinova kukamurwa tambo siyana, izvo kunorondedzerwa hosipaipi pakureba.

The zvinorondedzerwa nzira nokuputsa (kunze zvemaziso) vari nyore zvikuru uye regai inoda zvakananga zivo mukwende kubva opareta, saka vari zvinowanzoshandiswa kuvaka uye dzimwe sectors hwenyika.

chipimo makirasi

Humwe nzira kugadzirwa kuyerwa, munoenzanisa inogona rakakamurwa makirasi zvakarurama. Mumwe nomumwe wavo unoenderana imwe mhando uye nzira mashoko acho. Funga zviri chokururamisa nacho makirasi.

1. Kirasi yokutanga kuonekwa zvikuru yakarurama. Yakafanana anongoitika rms kukanganisa 0,8 millimeters por kiromita uye hurongwa, ndiyo 0.08 mm /? Km.
2. Boka rechipiri riri kuonekwa zvikuru yakarurama. Zvisinei, kukanganisa iri zvishoma yepamusoro - the rms kukanganisa iri 2.0 mm / km uye hurongwa - 0.2 mm /? Km.
3. Kirasi wechitatu. It rinoenderana Zvichakadaro mativi kukanganisa 5.0 mm / km uye zvakanyatsorongwa hanya.
4. mugwaro rechina. It rinoenderana Zvichakadaro mativi kukanganisa, izvo zvakaenzana 10.0 mm / km gadziriro iri haana kumbofunga nezvarwo.

Zvichienderana zvechadenga Nzvimbo uye kurekodha mabasa yakatarwa angashandiswa nzira siyana yakarekodwa Data. Somuenzaniso, ari polygon, pamwe inofambirana mitsetse kana nokuputsa pechiso dzinoungana. Zvapedzisira chidobi inonyanya mukurumbira, chichiri kushandiswa kubviswa mashoko kubva huru akazaruka dzinodiwa zviduku muchinjikwa zvikamu kureba. Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere.

A Kuparara dzinoungana

Achidzivirira pemvura nzira iyi rinoitwa kuti vawane pamwero mukuru topographic urongwa pamapani nzvimbo. Smooth Positioning pfungwa kunotemwa nokuturika Theodolite unotii. A kukwirira - ne geometrical kuyerwa vachishandisa unyanzvi munoenzanisa. Pfungwa date kuverenga kunogona kuitwa muna mbiri dzakasiyana: kupfurikidza nokuputsa Mapedhi chinomhanya zvishoma nezvishoma nokuputsika widths uye dzinoungana.

Achidzivirira dzinoungana anoshanda nokutyora pasi achishandisa tambo tepi uye Theodolite (yepasi pamwe makumi maviri metres sero divi) kana akayera pamwero 1: 500 uye 1: 1000, makumi mana metres - kana kupfura 1: 2000 uye ane zana metres pa 1: 5000.

Panguva iyoyo zvakaita kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu kudzidza nzvimbo uye rehurukuro wakavhomorwa. nzira iyi kuteererwa chete nzira sezvo ari Theodolite ongororo. Kuwedzera misoro masero, pasi yakatarwa chinoratidza zvokuyamura zvinhu - plus-pfungwa: kumusoro uye pazasi pechikomo, uye nechepasi pamucheto mugomba, pfungwa pamitsetse iri Weir uye Watershed uye nevamwe.

Shooting pfungwa zvinoumbwa nokuturika kunze komuganhu afoot dzinoungana uye Theodolite munoenzanisa ndima, izvo zvino vasiyana pfungwa imwe kusaroora network. Urefu ndinoiitawo pfungwa uye vertices kwamakamuri pakutsvaga nzira geometric munoenzanisa. Kana mativi divi mamita makumi mana pakureba uye zvishoma ipapo chimwe chiteshi anoedza kuita nokuyerwa zvose runotsanangurwa pfungwa. Kure kubva mudziyo kusvika ngaasungirire haafaniri kupfuudza 100-150 mamita. Kana parutivi mativi zana metres refu, umo kana pamwero anoiswa nechepakati musero rimwe nerimwe. Maererano munda ongororo nzvimbo kuburikidza nokuputsa dzinoungana kukwira magazini uye gandiwa kuyerwa.

Magazine uye marongerwo chokururamisa nacho pakati dzinoungana

Magazini akapinda mashoko pamusoro kukura Cubicle, afoot Snap kuyambuka ndima (geodetic kudzidza). Mukuwedzera, kune akanyatsojekesa nokusungwa kune zvinhu nzvimbo - the makungwa, zvikomo uye zvichingodaro. Uyewo kucherechedzwa, kubva chii nzvimbo vakatakura nokuputsa zviri mamiriro enzvimbo. Pepa rehurukuro riri akapinda pamotokari migumisiro nerimwe dzinoungana. Pamusoro uye zvakanaka pfungwa sero rimwe zvinoratidzwa nhema divi kuverengwa ubvise (mu metres), uye akaverenga kukwirira. kukarukureta Izvi kuteererwa chinjikira tambo. Dzakakwirira vertices kwamakamuri kunotemwa sezvo kusiyana chishandiso uye jengachenga pane yemapurisa mudonzvo kuverenga.

Kuti kudzora pemvura tambo kwacho nokuda vertices maviri nokuputsa masero anoshanda pamwe nenhepfenyuro maviri akasiyana. Kuronga nezvinhu vakawana nokubvisa pamusoro Data rinotanga kugadzira hwendefa iri Coordonatele pfungwa dzakafanana hurumende geodesic Network zvinhu kupfura kururamiswa (Theodolite munoenzanisa-Kurohwa), pamwe pfungwa, uye vertices pakati dzinoungana ezvinhu.

chikumbiro nzira

Kana nokuputsa nharaunda chikumbiro nzira Theodolite uye munoenzanisa makosi, akoromoka kupinda widths, inofamba kugadzira chaivo chakanangana mitsetse yacho, zvakadai weirs kana watersheds. Kana mapepa akadaro uye widths pickets zvinofanira kuputswa makumi mana metres ose kana kupfura 1: 2000 uye maviri metres apo filming pamwero 1: 1000 uye 1: 500. The inzwi pfungwa stingrays ndinoiitawo-pfungwa zvinhu. Mukuita sokuparadza pickets zvinofanira kuitwa kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu uye tikaswedera rehurukuro. nokuputsa zvinyorwa anogadzirwa magazini. Yakati ari Serial nhamba pickets, mimwe tsvuku uye dema divi njanji, uye ndinoiitawo daro zvinhu kubva dzepedyo yemapurisa. Maererano zvabuda akaanyora nokuputsa topographical zano kundima, iyo transverse uye longitudinal Profiles ari mamiriro enzvimbo.

Nokuyerwa pemvura iri advantageously kuitwa munzvimbo vaida vakatozodzokera basa kuvandudzika uye hunyambiri kuronga mundima. Somuenzaniso, topographical magadzirirwo nharaunda yakapoteredza chero dzakanyorwa chivako kana nzvimbo mapindu wongoramba.

Chii chechetere?

Kuti tiite geometric kuyerwa kwenzvimbo, iro zvinowanzoshandiswa kuvaka, aishandisa Levels zvakasiyana-siyana mazano. Zviridzwa izvi, maererano musimboti kushanda, chinogona kukamurwa: zvemagetsi, Laser, hydrostatic uye optomechanical. Levels All Telescope vakapakata kutenderera ari chinjikira ndege. The ano kugadzirwa tambo mudziyo rinopa otomatiki nekuripira akadzika pasi uchishandisa nzvimbo kutarisana akabatana.

History munoenzanisa

mashoko okutanga akasvika ano munhu kuti abate chokururamisa nacho, ndezvaJehovha rokutanga remakore BC, kureva kuvakwa kudiridzwa migero muGirisi yekare uye Roma. Enhoroondo magwaro taura mvura mita. kuvamba yake uye kushandisa mazita chokuita rekare musayendisiti Greek Heron wokuAlexandria uye Roman mapurani Marcus Vitruvius. The riwedzere nokuti kukura zvishandiso uye nzira munoenzanisa raiva pakusikwa teresikopu, munhu chaicho, uye grid hwendefa pamwero gradirovaniya kuti teresikopu. Izvi yakagadzirwa chokuita 16-17 emakore vakasuwa vaizobvumira kuti tive kwegadziriro zvevhu huri zvakarurama kupfura.

In Russia munguva Petro Manyiminya chitoro yakatangwa, apo pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirwa uye zvese, chete kana dzinonzi mweya pamwero pamwe chubhu. Development kuti munoenzanisa mumusangano paaivatambudza semuna Belyaev. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, pakanga wokutanga tambo mano, iyo yakavakirwa kushandiswa barometers. Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore pane wokutanga trigonometric zvese, achibatsirwa avo ukaitirwa pamwero mukuru anoshanda kuona musiyano kwevari Azov uye Black Seas, akayera kureba Mount Elbrus. Kushandisa geometrical Zviridzwa zvakanyorwa pezana-namapfumbamwe remakore. Saka, muna 1847, vakanga akashandiswa pakuvaka neSuez Canal. In nyika yedu geometric munoenzanisa pamusoro pemvura yaishandiswa pakuvaka mvura nenyika pakutengeserana. Kutanga kusikwa National voruzhinji rezvebonde iri kuonekwa 1871. Zvadaro basa rakatanga pamusoro kutara uye kugadzwa zvinhu vaishumirwa sehwaro nokuda topographic kuongorora.

Kushandiswa munoenzanisa

Zvinoguma kusikwa rimwe munoenzanisa geodetic network, inova hwaro topographic kuyerwa, kana munzvimbo dzakasiyana kuti geodetic zvokuyera. Shooting zvinowanzoshandiswa yokutsvakurudza uye kwesayenzi zvinangwa: kudzidza pose crustal sangano kuti chinosimudzira mumakungwa uye nyanza oscillations.

Nhambo rinoshandiswawo siyana matambudziko Chikumbiro dzinoitwa kuvaka zvinhu siyana, nokuisa kukurukurirana, utilities zvichingodaro .. Somuenzaniso, nokuyerwa nzvimbo inodikanwa kuchinjwa zvakagadzirwa zvisarudzo pakakwirira, mukuwedzera, nokuti ungano uye kuisa kuvaka zvivako . Kana matambudziko akadaro, nguva dzose kushandisa mashoko vakawana kuti kuongorora. Uyewo, nokuda nekugadzirisa siyana chaizvo mabasa, shandisa zvoga mashoko kutora hurongwa. mabasa aya anosanganisira, somuenzaniso, kugadzira uye kuvaka mugwagwa. Sensors zvaisanganisira iri otomatiki kuve chokuenzanisa nacho, akatasva njanji ngoro, motokari, zvichiguma rapera Profile of akadzidza nzvimbo iri pfupi zvichibvira nguva.

yazvino

To musi, nokuda zvikuru nokukurumidza kukura zvesainzi nokuda munoenzanisa nechepasi kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana unyanzvi anoziva.

1. Laser. Hwaro kushanda parameters achiverengwa nzvimbo ine Laser kushanda pakuvheneka mudziyo.
2. Ultrassom. The chinokosha mudziyo uyu emitting chinozunguzirwa ultrasonic Switch.
3. GNSS-ano, iyo zvakabatana kugamuchira magetsi Coordonatele uchishandisa Satellite kutaurirana. midziyo iyi zvinopa yakakwirira zvikuru zvakarurama munoenzanisa.

Kuti nechokwadi vakarongeka Mabatiro yakawanda mashoko Nzizi akagamuchira pakushandisa chambotaurwa nezvacho anoziva, kuvapo yakakodzera-software zvakananga kunodiwa, izvo achaita mabasa chokuita kuchengetwa, utariri Kuona mupfungwa uye mashoko kugadzira.

Modern hurongwa nokuputsa nokuti mugwagwa kuvaka

Mazuva kuvakwa mugwagwa zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa zvoga gadziriro. Vanobvumira here kudzora mugwagwa kuvaka michini, vakapiwa ayo chinzvimbo ano. Panguva iyoyowo car-munoenzanisa nzira kunoratidzwa yakakwirira nemazvo basa, yekudyidzana runogonesa nokunaka zvinogadzirwa mugwagwa nomumativi kunoderedza nguva kuvakwa. mano kwakadaro yakaiswa pamusoro pavers, planers, zvikatapira, uye kubvumira kugadzira kukuvadza yekare unhani zvikanganiso kana kugadzwa rukoko itsva. Izvi kuzvidzora Levels transverse yakatenuka pomugwagwa, zvinonzi anoitwa kunyatsotaura zvakanyatsonanga magadzirirwo parameters. Modern pamusoro chipimo marongedzero mugwagwa rokuvaka midziyo rakakamurwa marudzi vanoverengeka zvichienderana kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa.

1. Ultrasonic Namano zvakasiyana nhamba sensors.
2. Laser rokubvisa hurongwa.
3. The mudziyo hwakavakirwa Satellite GPS-rwokugadzira.
4. The-dimensional matatu maitiro unoshanda panheyo huchashandiswa.

Kana zvakakodzera, pasinei chii chinodiwa uye kunzwisisa kwakaita chepfungwa basa, unogona kushandiswa chete kana rimwe Michina ndiyo kuzvipira munoenzanisa.