Monomers mapuroteni ndizvo basa? Ndezvipi monomers kwemapurotini?

Mapuroteni vane utachiona Polymers pamwe dzakaoma hurongwa. Vane yakakwirira samolecular uremu uye kuva nezvinhu amino asidhi prosthetic mapoka rinomiririrwa mavhitaminzi, lipid uye carbohydrate inclusions. Mapuroteni ine makabhohaidhiretsi, mavhitaminzi, lipids kana simbi, inonzi akakura. Chete mapuroteni nyore riine amino acids vakabatana pamwe peptide zvisungo.

peptides

Pasinei nemamiriro ane fuma mapuroteni monomers vari amino acids. Ava vanoumba inokosha polypeptide cheni, riri ipapo shaped kana globular mapuroteni fibril mamiriro. Kana mapuroteni ichi chinogona synthesized chete zvinyama mupenyu - iri chirimwa, kwemabhakitiriya, fungal, mhuka nezvimwe masero.

The chete zvinenge asingagoni batanidza monomers mapuroteni, nemavhairasi uye majemusi muri utachiona. All vamwe vanokwanisa achiumba STRUCTURAL mapurotini. Asi chii zvinhu zviri monomers, mapuroteni, uye sei vari aumba? Izvi uye mapuroteni biosynthesis, mumwe polypeptide, uye paumbwe kunzwisisa mapuroteni maumbirwo amino acids vavo zvivako, ona pazasi.

Single monomer of puroteni morekuru chero Arufa-amino acid. Panyaya iyi, puroteni - a polypeptide ngetani chokuita amino acids. Zvichienderana nokuwanda amino acids zvinobatanidzwa ayo inotungamirwa vari kure dipeptides (residues maviri), mumwe tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (rine kubva 2-10 amino acids) uye polypeptides (a muzvizhinji kuti amino acids).

Zviri maumbirwo mapuroteni

mapuroteni kunyanya mamiriro kungava zvishoma zvikuru kunzwisisa - dzisiri, zvikuru kunzwisisa - tertiary, uye zvikuru kunzwisisa - quaternary.

The chikuru Chimiro - ndiko dunhu iri nyore izvo Via imwe peptide chisungo (CO-NH) kwakabatana monomers mapuroteni (amino acids). Secondary Chimiro - icho Arufa-akamonyoroka kana Beta-jira. Tertiary - iri kunyanya kuoma-dimensional matatu nemamiriro puroteni, iyo yakaumbwa kubva zvishandiswezve nokuda paumbwe covalent, Ionic uye rehydrogen zvisungo uye hydrophobic mukukurukurirana.

The quaternary Murongerwo iri kwakatooma zvikuru uye chairwo Kanotokonya mapuroteni riri muchitokisi membranes. Izvi supramolecular (nzvimbo) mamiriro kuumbwa nokuda kushamwaridzana anoverengeka mamorekuru pamwe tertiary yakarongeka, vaisanganisa nemapoka carbohydrate, lipid, kana vhitamini. Muchiitiko chino, sezvo ari chikuru, yechipiri uye tertiary hurongwa kwemapurotini monomers ndivo Alpha-amino acids. Vanewo vakabatana peptide zvisungo. Musiyano chete iri mamiriro kunzwisisa.

Amino acids

The chete monomers mapuroteni mamorekuru Arifa-amino acids. Kune 20 chete, uye vari zvakaoma nheyo upenyu. The chidzoke munhu peptide chisungo, mapuroteni usage zvaiita. A puroteni pacharwo akatanga kuita yakarongeka-dzichiumbwa, Kanotokonya, enzayemu, zvekufambisa, murevereri nezvimwe mabasa. Nokuda ichi mupenyu nemuviri uye kunogona kuburitswa.

Munotapira Alpha-amino asidhi chinhu makemikari carboxylic asidhi yakaruma boka amino chokuita Arifa-kabhoni atomu. Last raiva pedyo carboxyl boka. Saka monomers kwemapurotini inokurukurwa sezvo Organic zvinhu, umo chinouraya kabhoni atomu uye Rine amine uye carboxyl boka.

Remubatanidzwa wenyika amino acids ari peptides uye mapuroteni

Amino acids anonamatirana dimers, trimers uye Polymers inotumirwa imwe peptide chisungo. It chakaumbwa cleavage kuti hydroxyl (-OH) boka kubva carboxyl mugove mumwe Alpha-amino asidhi uye rehydrogen (H) - amino boka rimwe Arufa-amino acids. The kukurukurirana mvura iri akatsemura kure, uye anoramba ari carboxy Terminus chikamu C = O ane akasununguka Erekitironi vasara pedyo carboxyl kabhoni. Mune imwe amino iine acid vakasara ane (NH) ane anowanika pachena zvikuru panguva senitrogen atomu. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe kubatanidza radicals vaviri kuumba chisungo (CONH). Inonzi peptide.

Variants yeAlpha-amino acids

Total anozivikanwa 23 Alpha-amino acids. Vari anounzwa pakarongwa: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, naSerine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine uye glutamine. Zvichienderana nokuti vanogona synthesized ne muviri, izvi amino acids akakamurwa zvinokosha uye zvisingakoshi.

Pfungwa zvinokosha uye zvisingakoshi amino acids

Kuchinjaniswa womunhu unogona synthesize, apo zvinokosha vauye chete nezvokudya. Saka vose acids zvinokosha uye zvisingakoshi zvinokosha mapuroteni biosynthesis, nekuti pasina pavo kwetunhu haigoni kupedzwa. Pasina chete amino acid, kunyange kana munhu wose aripo, hazvibviri kuti vavake puroteni kuti sero kunodiwa kuita mabasa ayo.

Mumwe kukanganisa mu chero biosynthetic matanho - uye puroteni kukodzera, nokuti havazokwanisi kusangana aida mamiriro nokuda kutyorwa kuri Erekitironi arambe achirema uye interatomic mukukurukurirana. Nekuti vanhu (uye vamwe zvinenge), zvakakosha upise mapuroteni zvokudya, izvo zvine zvinokosha amino acids. Kusavapo dzavo kudya kunotungamirira kuti nhamba mapuroteni muviri zvirwere.

Pfungwa paumbwe peptide chisungo

The chete mapuroteni monomers ndivo Alpha-amino acids. Ivo zvakabatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma mune polypeptide cheni, maumbirwo iyo kunochengetwa pachine mu majini regiune DNA (kana RNA, kana aiona kwemabhakitiriya biosynthesis). Panyaya iyi, puroteni - vaitofanira kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino asidhi residues. cheni Izvi zvakarongwa imwe chimiro, anoshanda pane imwe pre-chiite muchitokisi chaitika.

-Stage kutevedzana mapuroteni biosynthesis

Pfungwa paumbwe puroteni ine kwezviitiko mumatanho: kuberekana nzvimbo DNA (kana RNA) kwetunhu RNA mhando mashoko, goho naro cytoplasm sero musimboti, mukomboni pamwe ribosome uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuda pamusoro amino asidhi residues kuti pave chinja RNA. A fuma iri puroteni monomer paChikoro enzymatic cleavage maitiro ane hydroxyl boka uye rehydrogen hwepurotoni, uye ipapo inobatanawo extensible polipetidnoy cheni.

Saka ndawana polypeptide cheni, izvo kwatova cellular endoplasmic reticulum iri akarayira mune imwe akafanorongerwa marongerwo uye vaisanganisa carbohydrate kana lipid moiety kana kunodiwa. Izvi anonzi "kuibvisa" ari puroteni, pashure yaakatuma kuna nezvifambiso zvinosvika muchitokisi kusvikira kuenda.

Mabasa synthesized mapuroteni

Monomers kwemapurotini vari amino acids vaifanira kuvaka maumbirwo yavo chikuru. Secondary, tertiary uye quaternary marongerwo pacharwo atopiwa kuumbwa, asi dzimwe nguva kunodawo kutora chikamu makemikari uye zvimwe zvinhu. Zvisinei, havachisiri chikuru, kunyange zvinokosha kuti mapuroteni vanoita basa ravo.

Amino acid, inova puroteni monomer angava carbohydrate kuda pfungwa, simbi kana mavhitaminzi. Education tertiary kana quaternary Murongerwo runoita kuti uwane nzvimbo nzvimbo akaisa mapoka. Izvi zvinoita kuti rinobva kuna puroteni, iyo inoita basa enzayemu, Kanotokonya, transporter zvinhu kupinda sero kana kubva, imwe immunoglobulin, imwe STRUCTURAL chezvinonhuwira muchitokisi membranes kana organelles, tsandanyama mapuroteni.

Mapuroteni vari aumba kubva amino acids, ndivo chete hwaro yeupenyu. Uye nhasi zvinonzi vaidavira kuti upenyu akasimuka chete pashure nechitarisiko amino acids, uye nokuda kwayo polymerization. Chokwadi, intermolecular kusakarongeka kwemapurotini ndiwo mavambo oupenyu, kusanganisira zvisikwa zvakachenjera. All dzimwe nokukanganisika urongwa, kusanganisira simba, zvinodiwa kuzadziswa puroteni biosynthesis, uye somugumisiro, tinopfuurira kuenderera upenyu.