Great Permian kutsakatika kwemarudzi: inobvira zvinokonzera

Permian kutsakatika yazova imwe njodzi kupfuura munguva refu nhoroondo Nyika. The biosphere yepasi chakarasikirwa zvinenge zvose mhuka zvomumvura uye vanopfuura 70% wevamiriri pano. Ko masayendisiti kunzwisisa zvinokonzera kutsakatika, uye kuongorora rova zvayo? Chii akaisa mberi dzidziso uye kana vanogona kuvimbwa?

Permian

To anenge vanomiririra maitikiro saka kure, zvinokosha kushandisa kuti Geological nguva akamboona. Total Paleozoic ane 6 nguva. Perm - pamuganhu pakati Paleozoic uye Mesozoic. Ya Geological nguva kwakaita makore mamiriyoni 47 (kubvira 298 kusvika mamiriyoni 251 apfuura). Vose AD uye Paleozoic uye Mesozoic, tiri chikamu Phanerozoic the.

Mumwe Nguva Paleozoic yaitonga warwo anonakidza uye inonakidza. Mugore Permian nguva akauya shanduka achapesana kukudziridza matsva zvipenyu, uye Permian kutsakatika akaparadza akawanda mhuka dzenyika.

Ndechipi chikonzero zita kumwedzi

"Perm" - zvinoshamisa yaizivikanwa zita, handiti unofunga? Hongu, iwe verenga zvakanaka kuti, rine nemidzi Russian. Chokwadi kuti muna 1841 kuwanikwa tectonic maumbirwo chaienzanirana nguva Paleozoic yaitonga. The kuwana riri pedyo neguta Perm. Uye vose tectonic mamiriro ava kunzi Ural foredeep.

Pfungwa vakawanda kutsakatika

Pfungwa vakawanda kutsakatika chakaunzwa wokufambisa kwesayenzi nemasayendisiti paUniversity of Chicago. Basa kuitwa Sepkoski D. uye D. Raup. By Statistical kuongorora zvakanga dzinounzwa 5 vakawanda kutsakatika uye Ngwavaira duku anenge 20. Akaedza kudzokorora mashoko okupedzisira mamiriyoni 540 apfuura, kana kwokutanga kwenguva hakusi mashoko zvakakwana.

The kutsakatika pakukura zvinosanganisira:

• Ordovician-Silurian;
• Devonian;
• Permian kutsakatika kwemarudzi (zvinokonzera yatiri kukurukura);
• Triassic;
• Cretaceous-Paleogene.

All Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika muna Paleozoic, Mesozoic uye Cenozoic panguva. maitikiro vamakore 26 kusvika mamiriyoni 30, asi akagadza kuti masayendisiti akawanda hazvibvumi.

Mukuru kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi

Permian kutsakatika - kupfuura hombe njodzi munhoroondo yedu. Marine fauna of akafa anenge chose pano mhando vakapona 17 chete% yose inowanwa. Akafa anopfuura 80% kubva zvipembenene kwemarudzi, izvo haana zvakaitika nguva nevamwe vakawanda kutsakatika. All zvokurwadza izvi kwakaitika vangasvika 60 zviuru. Years, kunyange zvazvo mamwe masayendisiti anoratidza kuti nguva denda vakawanda kwakatora zvuru 100. Years. Global nokurasikirwa vakauya mukuru Permian kutsakatika, vakabata kokupedzisira mutsetse - vakayambuka nawo, biosphere paNyika ndiwo mavambo shanduka.

Kudzorera fauna of pashure mukuru njodzi kwezvakatipoteredza yakatora nguva refu. Tinogona kutaura kuti ichatoguma kupfuura pashure pomumwe vakawanda kutsakatika. Masayendisiti ari kuedza recreate muenzaniso, izvo zvinogona kuitika denda guru, asi zvakadaro hauna kuuya anogona pamwe kunyange nhamba ukapisa murwi mukati izvi pacharo. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti mukuru Permian kutsakatika makore mamiriyoni 250 akapfuura aiva 3 nenhamba chebasa, vamwe zvikoro zvedzidzo vanowanzomuitira kudavira kuti paiva 8.

Mumwe idzva dzidziso

Maererano zvekungofungira masayendisiti, Permian kutsakatika akanga pashure imwe njodzi vakawanda. Zvino nokuti mamiriyoni 8 makore asati huru zviitiko uye yekudyidzana vasanyanya mararamiro paNyika. The mhuka nyika kwava nyore, saka kutsakatika wechipiri mukati munguva akaratidza idambudziko guru. Kana isu vanogona kuratidza kuti paiva vaviri kutsakatika, kuti mubvunzo kuchava pfungwa periodicity nevazhinji njodzi iri Permian munguva. In nokururama, isu kujekesa kuti pfungwa iyi akapikisa kubva panzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange pasina kufungisisa zvinobvira okuwedzera kutsakatika. Asi pfungwa iyi maonero, apo vakabata nzvimbo yesayenzi.

Possible zvinokonzera of Permian dambudziko

Permian kutsakatika achiri kukonzera yakawanda gakava. Chenjera gakava inotenderera hunokonzera kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi. Kukurukurwa sezvo yakaenzana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvose zvinogoneka, kusanganisira:

• nechinzwano kwokunze nemafashamo zviitiko;
• zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja zvakatipoteredza.

Edza kufunga zvimwe zvinoumba mafungiro maviri muudzame kunzwisisa zvichida sei kukanganisa kwavo pamusoro Permian kutsakatika. Photo rutsigiro kana agodzivisa zvakawanikwa zvinopa masayendisiti kubva kumayunivhesiti akawanda sezvo tikadzidza nyaya.

Njodzi sezvo mhaka Permian nokutsakatika

nemafashamo zviitiko External uye nechomukati Kazhinji aionekwa somunhu ungangotarisa zvinokonzera kutsakatika kuchaita Great:

1. Munguva iyi kwaiva kuwedzera kuputika basa mune ikozvino kuSiberia, izvo zvakaita kuti pakudururwa zvikuru misungo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti paiva guru kuputika basalt munguva pfupi iri Geological pfungwa. Basalt zvakaneta kubatwa kwevhu, uye akapoteredza sedimentary matombo nyore kuparadzwa. Sezvo umbowo musungo magmatism Vatsvakurudzi kumbotipa muenzaniso mundima hombe muchimiro sandara mapani vanotsika pahwaro basalt. The guru musungo Nzvimbo ndiye Siberian Traps, yakaumbwa pakupera ari Permian kumwedzi. nzvimbo Its kunopfuura miriyoni 2 ba. Km. Scientists Nanjing Institute inoongorora (China) ichiitwa kudzidza isotopic Zvinoumba pamabwe kuSiberia misungo uye akawana kuti Permian kutsakatika yakaitika chaiyo munguva inotungamirwa yavo. Zvakatora makore hapana anopfuura zviuru 100 (kare zvaifungwa kuti akatora nguva yakareba - anenge mamiriyoni 1 nemakore) .. Activities kwemakomo aigona kukonzera girinihausi chaizvoizvo kuputika chando, uye nemamwe maitiro dzinokanganisa kuti biosphere.
2. Zvikonzero njodzi yacho biosphere aigona kuva donhwe rimwe kana kupfuura meteorites, mapuraneti kudhumhana huru asteroid. Sezvo umboo mwena nzvimbo kunopfuura 500 makiromita (Wilkes Land, Antarctica). Uyewo uchapupu kunokanganisa zviitiko inowanikwa Australia (Bedout mamiriro, North-kumabvazuva kondinendi). Vakawanda ivhu vakazopiwa neizvi mune zvakadzama kudzidza.
3. Chimwe chikonzero anoonekwa zvechisimba kusunungurwa methane kubva mugungwa, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti kuparadzwa zvachose zvomumvura kwemarudzi.
4. By tsaona kungaita kuwana imwe nzvimbo zvipenyu chete-celled (Archaea) kukwanisa bikurudza makemikari nyaya, muchisunungura yakawanda methane.

Zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja zvakatipoteredza

In muchikwata ichi pane zvikonzero zvinoverengeka yaisanganisa pfungwa:

1. Aichinja Zvishoma Nezvishoma murwiyo mvura mugungwa uye mhepo, apo pane anoxia (nokushaiwa okisijeni).
2. Kuvandudza okunze Nyika kuoma - fauna of vaisagona zvinoenderana kuchinja.
3. A mhedzisiro mamiriro ekunze akanga kutyorwa yomugungwa dzenzvimbo uye vasanyanye wegungwa.

Zvimwe kufurirwa rose-siyana kwezvikonzero, nekuti njodzi wakange vakawanda hunhu, uye kwakaitika pamusoro pfupi.

Migumisiro yacho Kutsakatika Great

Great Permian kutsakatika, riri kuedza kumisa zvinokonzera munyika yesayenzi, pamwe zvakakomba. Zvakakwana akanyangarika mapoka wose uye makirasi. Akafa parareptilia zvikuru (kwaiva ano chete hamba madzitateguru). Rakanyangarika akawandisa mhando arthropods, uye hove. Ndakachinja murwiyo zvigare. Kutaura zvazviri, nyika yakanga isina, akanga hunodzorwa notumwe kuti zvokudya pamusoro zvakaora.

Pashure Perm kutsakatika marudzi vakapona maximally kujairana overheat, yakaderera wokufema, kushaya zvokudya uye zvakawandisa nesarufa.

Misa biosphere dambudziko chakavhura nzira itsva siyana dzemhuka. Trias, nguva Mesozoic yaitonga wokutanga, akazivisa kuti nyika archosaurs (madzitateguru dinosaurs, makarwe uye shiri). Pashure Great Kutsakatika Panyika akazviratidza rokutanga mammalian kwemarudzi. On kudzorerwa biosphere akatora pakati 5 ne30 makore.