Speech tsika: mitemo uye zvinokosha

Vanhu vanogara munzanga, uye kukurukurirana - chinhu chinokosha chokuvapo kwevanhu. Naizvozvo, pasina asiri chinhu shanduka kwepfungwa zvingaita. Pakutanga vakanga vachiedza kukurukura, kufanana nehurukuro mwana, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma, nokuuya yebudiriro, akatanga kuvandudza. Paiva tsamba, uye zvakava kwete nemashoko chete asiwo kunyora, izvo zvakabatsira kuchengetedza nebudiriro vanhu zvizvarwa zvaizotevera. For Zvivako izvi zvinogona yakawana uye kukura nomumukanwa mutauro tsika. Chii kutaura tsika uye tsika yokutaura? Ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvavo? Zvinoita kudzidza tsika nenzwi ravo? mibvunzo vose vachapindura ino.

Chii chinonzi tsika kutaura?

It - ndiwo rudzi nomuromo kutaurirana pakati vanhu. Kunosanganisira paumbwe uye idzidziso pfungwa, rumwe rutivi, uye maonero uye nokunzwisisa - panorumwe.

Culture - shoko pamwe zvirevo zvakawanda, ndicho chinhu nokudzidza anoranga zhinji. Panewo ukoshi pedyo mukati zvinoreva kukurukurirana uye matauriro. Ndizvo chikamu tsika chokuita nokushandiswa kutukana anonongedzera, iro rinoreva kuti mutauro dzemadzinza mavambo ake, chadzo uye magariro mhando, pamwe nemumuromo uye zvokunyorwa.

Tiri - chinokosha upenyu hwevanhu, uye saka anofanira kukwanisa kutaura zvakarurama uye zvakanaka zvose kunyora uye nomuromo.

Saka, kutaura tsika uye tsika yokutaura - ndiwo nhaka dzemunharaunda mutauro, kugona kushandisa nzira dzake kutaura zvakasiyana-siyana ezvinhu.

Culture hwekutaura, pasinei norudzi kutaura, kumhuka zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakava zvakakodzera systematize vane ruzivo mutauro. Saka akazviratidza zvemutauro chikamu, unonzi tsika kutaura. Chikamu ichi rinoongorora nyaya normalization mutauro ane maonero kuvandudza kwayo.

How kuvaka tsika yokutaura?

Speech tsika uye tsika kutaura sezvo bazi wemitauro rakavapo nezvishoma. Vanoratidza zvose kuchinja raitika mutauro. Kokutanga iri kugadzira mitemo kunyora vari kufunga ari XVIII remakore, kana munzanga akaziva kuti kusavapo dzakafanana mitemo tsamba anoita zvakaoma kutaura. Muna 1748 V. K. Trediakovsky akanyora pamusoro Russian chiperengo mubasa rake "The nhaurirano pakati murume asina musoro Russian chiperengo vatana uye zvitsva."

Asi zvinokosha girama uye manyorerwo mutauro waamai vakaisa M. Lermontov mubasa rake "Russian Girama" uye "zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe" (1755, 1743-1748).

Muzana XIX remakore, N. V. Koshansky, AF Merzlyakov uye A. I. Galich mukwanisi raibhurari kutsvakurudza mashoko basa rake pamusoro zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe.

Nyanzvi dzemitauro pre-echimurenga nguva, ainzwisisa kukosha kwacho mitemo mutauro. Muna 1911 rimwe bhuku akaonekwa V. I. Chernyshevskogo "Zvakachena uye zvakarurama nokutaura Russian. Russian Experience manyorero girama, "apo munyori inoongorora mitemo mutauro wokuRussia.

Post-echimurenga nguva yaiva nguva apo akazunungusa isingachinji dzemunharaunda nemagariro kutaura. Zvadaro pasocial mabasa vanhu vari kuita, apo yakanga nyore uye azere akariposhera uye mutauro mashoko. mutauro chaiko kunge pangozi kana, mune 1920s, asingadi kuumba marongera pamusoro intelligentsia yeSoviet. Iye akarwa nokuti kuchena mutauro wokuRussia, uye akapiwa installation, maererano iyo "vazhinji" aifanira kuwana proletarian tsika. Panguva iyo pane pfungwa "mutauro tsika" uye "tsika kutaura." mazwi aya anoshandiswa kokutanga pachinhu itsva, mutauro kudzorwa.

Mumakore pashure pehondo, kutaura tsika sezvo kurangwa awana mberi itsva kukura. chipo chinokosha kuti kuranga akaita SI Ozhegov sezvo munyori "Dictionary of Russian Language" uye E. S. Istrina sezvo nemunyori "mitemo mutauro Russian uye tsika kutaura."

50-60-ies ose XX remakore yaiva nguva inotungamirwa kutaura sezvo yakazvimirira chirango:

• It yakabudiswa "Russian Girama".
• Kujekesa zvesayenzi misimboti kutaura.
• Out Shanduro "Dictionary wokuRussia mutauro chaiko."
• Panguva Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences of USSR nemauto kutaura rinowanika achitungamirirwa S. I. Ozhegova. Under editorship wake yakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi "Issues kutaura."
• V. V. Vinogradov, D. E. Rosenthal uye L. Skvortsov kushanda yokungotaura achishandisa mibvunzo. Vakatsaura basa ravo kuparadzana pakati mazwi maviri - "Culture rwokutaura" uye "tsika mutauro".

Muna 1970 tsika yokutaura anova yakazvimirira chirango. Iye sokuti pasi, chinhu, nzira uye unyanzvi kwesainzi.

Nyanzvi dzemitauro 90s havasi kure shure kubva ayo vamutangira. Pakupera ari XX remakore akabudisa nhamba mabasa vakazvipira kuti dambudziko kutaura.

Kukura kutaura uye tsika nomuromo yokukurukurirana kuramba mumwe chaiko matambudziko mitauro. Nhasi pfungwa masayendisiti uye nyanzvi dzemitauro chakabatikana panyaya dzakadaro.

• Pokugadzwa munyika kubatana pakati kuwedzera kutaura tsika vanhu uye kusimudzira National tsika.
• Improvement mutauro ano Russian, kufungisisa kunopfuurira kuchinja mairi.
• Scientific kuongorora kwemasayendisiti kuitika ano kutaura tsika.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo uye zvivako nomumukanwa mutsika?

Speech netsika zvemutauro ane vanoverengeka dzakasiyana zvivako uye unhu, izvo uyewo musoro hwaro nokuti vakadzidza zvakavapo:

1. Akarurama. Speech Alignment pamwe madudzirwo, zvivakamutauro uye manyorero mitemo mutauro. Maererano navo, kuti zvakanaka kuisa madudziro emazwi nemashoko kutaura maererano nemitemo yomutauro. Zvinofanira kushandiswa maererano okuruka wezvokukurukurirana ezvinhu.
2. Taurirana kwokugamuchirwa. Kunosanganisira kukwanisa kushandisa zvakakodzera kukurukura mamiriro ezvinhu manyorero gradation mashoko.
3. Rakarurama mashoko. Rinoreva kururama kwemashoko kutukana okuti uye zvakarurama kwemashoko mu shoko.
4. Kusachinja-chinja zvokuratidzira. Kufungisisa Kwechokwadi chokwadi chaicho uye dzavo noukama, kururama kwemashoko yaida pfungwa, kuvapo zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira uye mhedziso, kuratidza kana kusaratidza pfungwa.
5. Kujeka uye Accessibility zvokuratidzira. Zvinoreva kutaura intelligibility interlocutors. chinangwa ichi chinogona kuitwa nokushandisa mashoko inonzwisisika, zvikamu zvemashoko uye girama zvakagadzirwa.
6. The wakachena kutaura. Rinoreva kusavapo rwokutaura womutorwa mabhuku mutauro dzemunharaunda uye zvinhu tsika - shoko-tupukanana, mutauro, kwezuva nezuva mashoko, barbarisms, jargon uye vanhuwo mashoko.
7. Expressiveness. A nzira vachigovera zvinhu izvo afarira muteereri. Ndiye ane ruzivo (vateereri vanofarira nokukura ruzivo) uye mupfungwa (vateereri kuziva nenzira mharidzo mashoko).
8. Under dzakasiyana-siyana achishandisa mashoko anofanira kunzwisiswa vachikwanisa kushandisa vakawanda anoreva zvakafanana. Mukurukuri ane guru vhoriyamu kwemashoko kuri kushingaira kushandiswa.
9. Aesthetics - ndiye kurambwa mabhuku mutauro tsamwisa mutauro. Kuti aesthetics kutaura, kushandiswa mupfungwa kwazvakarerekera mashoko.
10. Kukodzera - kusarudza uye sangano zviwanikwa mutauro nenzira inobatsira kuita zvinangwa uye mamiriro yokukurukurirana.

Zvinokosha tsika kutaura wodzishandisa kwadzinenge - basa ose munhu akadzidza.

Chii mhando retsika kutaura?

Type tsika kutaura - anozivikanwa vakurukuri mutauro zvichienderana nezera ravo noumhizha. Chinhu chinokosha chete ndiko kugona kushandisa mutauro nematurusi. Pano basa rinokosha iri reDare sei yakatanga zvakanaka nomuromo pakukurukurirana, tsika kutaura. Ngatikurukurei zvizere.

Mhando tsika kutaura vari rakakamurwa mhando huru nhanhatu:

• Elitist. Rinoratidza vachisimbisa mumutauro yaivapo mikana, kusanganisira okusika. Izvi mhando kunosanganisira kunyatsotevedza dzose nemitemo mutauro uye kurambidza kushandiswa zvinonyadzisa uye jargon.
• Mid-chaiko. Kukwana abvume, kutaura zvakawanda bookshelves kana colloquialisms. Vatakuri ichi mhando tsika - vakawanda vakadzidza dzomumaguta vagari. kupararira Its nemabasa ano ounyanzvi uye vezvenhau.
• Chaiko uye kwezuva nezuva uye nomuzikamwi, zvokukurukura. Dzinoratidzwa pasi azvipire manyorerwo uye coarseness kutaura, riri pedyo mururimi rwavo. Mhando ava rudzi mutauro chaiko uye kushandisa chete nevezvenhau vari pedyo mhuri uye ushamwari.
• Emimwe kunoratidzwa pasi dzidzo netsika pamwero mutakuri. Mairi pane zvishoma mashoko, hwokufananidzira kutadza kuvaka zvirevo kunzwisisa, zvizhinji kutukwa uye mashoko tupukanana. vakawanda notupukanana chipo pakutaura uye nokunyora.
• Nenyanzvi-shoma. It dzinoratidzwa shoma akaremara uye kutaura zvaiitika.

Ndezvipi mitemo?

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinokosha kuziva chikuru nemitemo tsika kutaura:

• Normative. Inochengetedza pamusoro kupinda nokunyora mabhuku mutauro uye kwezuva nezuva mashoko remutauro uye anoramba njodzi uye maererano kazhinji akagamuchira nemitemo.
• Vanotaurirana. Rinoreva unyanzvi hwokuita kuti kushandisa mabasa mutauro maererano ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, zvakarurama mukutaura zvesayenzi uye permissibility kuti kururama mashoko pakukurukurirana.
• Zvetsika. Rinoratidza kuti kutaura nokuzvibata, kureva, dzemunharaunda yokuzvibata pakukurukurirana. Used kukwazisa, kurapwa, zvikumbiro, mibvunzo.
• Aesthetic. Kunosanganisira kushandisa unyanzvi uye nzira rwekutaura uye wokufananidzira kushongedzwa kutaura epithets, kuenzanisa uye dzimwe nzira.

Chii inzwi nemagariro evanhu?

Takurukura pfungwa "mutauro", "kutaura tsika" sezvo pasocial chakajairika, iyo inechirevo muvanhu. Asi vanhu rinoumbwa nevanhu. Saka, pane tsika imwe mhando kuti kuratidza anotaurwa mutauro wacho. Fani iyi inonzi "kutaura tsika munhu." Izwi anofanira kunzwisiswa ukama munhu nokuziva mutauro uye kukwanisa kuzvishandisa uye kuvandudza, kana zvichidikanwa.

Hazvina chete unyanzvi hwokutaura nokunyora, asi kuteerera uye kuverenga. For kukurukura zvakakwana munhu anofanira aine vose. Kugona pavo inoda kuziva ivhu, zviratidzo uye mifananidzo nokuvaka kutaura kukurukura-akakwana, ruzivo nokuzvibata uye mupfungwa zvinokosha yokukurukurirana.

Speech tsika dzevanhu kunofambira mberi - kwakanyorwa, kufanana mutauro, riri pasi kuchinja, izvo kuvimba evanhu transformations, uye kubva murume pachake. Rwunotanga aumbe nemashoko mwana wokutanga. Kukura pamwe naye, tinoshandurirwa kutaura tsika kuenda kukireshi, ipapo vana chikoro, vadzidzi uye vakuru. Vakwegura munhu, ndipo akakwana ndivo unyanzvi ake kutaura, kunyora, kuverenga uye vachiteerera.

Musiyano Russian kutaura tsika?

Russian kutaura tsika rinoreva chikamu anoranga vari mubasa mukudzidza National tsika kutaura,. rudzi ose panguva ivepo akaumba mumwe mitauro zvaigara. Chii ndezvomuzvarirwo rimwe boka redzinza zvingava vatorwa kune vamwe. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

• kwemadzinza peculiarities ane mutauro mufananidzo wenyika;

• kushandisa vanotukwa uye vasiri kutaura;

• muunganidzwa magwaro, kusanganisira magwaro zvose nokusingaperi zvakanyorwa mumutauro - yekare neyazvino.

Mukutonga madzinza mufananidzo wenyika kunzwisisa raora maonero ari munyika kuburikidza nemashoko uye mashoko ane mutauro chaiwo, izvo vaiita nevanhu vose vachitaura uye vaiona kuti chinhu kuongwa. Asi kusiyana National mufananidzo wenyika zviri nyore kutevera kubudikidza kuongorora ngano aishandisa epithets. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuti "chiedza musoro" uye "mwoyo wakanaka" chinorehwa mukuru uchenjeri uye Kugamuchira. Haasi masanga epithets izvi akasarudza musoro uye mwoyo, sezvo vari kunzwisisa vanhu Russian kufunga musoro, uye mwoyo anonzwa. Asi nendimi, hazvisi. Somuenzaniso, mumutauro ifaluk yomukati manzwiro zvakaitika ura, ari mutauro dogon - chiropa, uye havanzwi mumwoyo wechiHebheru, uye kufunga.

At chii sandara ndiye ano Russian tsika yokutaura?

Modern kutaura tsika nemagariro kunoratidza:

• typological zviri mutauro wokuRussia;
• kwayo kwakaita kushanda;
• kubatana kutaura munyika mundima Russian Federation;
• miganhu dzakasiyana mutauro wokuRussia;
• zvakanyorwa uye dzaiita magwaro, kwete unyanzvi chete, asiwo kuti National kukosha, izvo simudza pfungwa zvakanaka nezvakarurama kutaura pamusoro nebudiriro sayenzi mutauro wokuRussia.

Russian kutaura nokuzvibata

Under Russian kutaura nokuzvibata kunzwisisa akagadzirwa dzemunharaunda uye mitemo yokukurukurirana, izvo dzisingadi pasi pokudzora tsika yenyika.

Russian kutaura nokuzvibata rinokamukana kukurukurirana yakarongwa uye zvisina kurongwa. Formal - iri kutaurirana pakati vanhu vasiri kujairana mumwe. Vanonakidzwa chiitiko kana chiitiko pairi ivo vakasangana. Kutaurirana kwakadaro anorayira hwusina kuremekedza tsika nemagariro. Kusiyana werudzii ichi, zvisina kutaurirana kunoitika pakati vanhu vari chaizvo kuziva mumwe. mhuri iyi, shamwari, hama, vavakidzani.

Features kutaura nokuzvibata kuRussia kunoratidza kukumbira munhu uri pasi pamutemo kukurukurirana. Muchiitiko chino, unofanira kutaura mamwe bato nezita uye patronymic. Izvi zvakakodzera, sezvo chimiro akafanana "Ishe", "Mr.", "Mai" kana "Miss" mumutauro wokuRussia kutaura nokuzvibata vasipo. Pane vakawanda "Vanababa naanamai", asi pachirehwa vakawanda vanhu. In pre-echimurenga Russia aiva kurapwa zvakadai changamire uye madam, asi nokuuya pamusoro Bolsheviks vakatsiviwa nemashoko akadai pamwe mugari uye mugari. Pakaparara Soviet Union shoko "komuredhi" riri kunze zuva uye awana yaro yepakutanga rinoreva - "shamwari" uye "mugari" uye "mugari" akatanga kusonganirana mapurisa kana dare. Nokufamba kwenguva, uye vakanga vaenda, uye mashoko akasvika kukwezva pfungwa yekutsiva. Somuenzaniso, "Ndine urombo", "pamusoroi", "aigona iwe ...".

Kusiyana kutaura tsika West, mune zvakawanda nyaya Russian kukurukurirana - zvematongerwo enyika, mhuri, basa. Panguva zvepabonde kunorambidzwa.

Kazhinji, kutaura nokuzvibata tsika nemagariro ari kufananidzwa kubva pauduku, uye pakupedzisira akavandudzika, kuwana zvakawanda subtleties. Kubudirira kwayo pakukura kunoenderana mhuri, ikakura mwana, uye kubva zvakatipoteredza umo inokudziridza. Kana vanhu vakamupoteredza zvikuru cultured, ipapo mwana nyanzvi chimiro ichi yokukurukurirana. Asiwo, vatsigiri dzaishandisa mhando tsika kutaura achadzidzisa mwana wako kukurukura nyore uye nyore mitsara.

Zvinoita kuti tive netsika nenzwi ravo?

Development tsika kutaura hakubvi chete yevanhu kwezvakatipoteredza, asi kubva amene. Pazera remakore chikonzero, kana kutsvakwa, anogona kuva nounhu tisingatungamirirwi. Kuti aite izvi, unofanira ose zuva kupedza nguva kuzvidzora basa. Kuita zvose mabasa waida 3 days, uye zvinodiwa itsva kudzokororwa pamberi yekare kuitwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvichiita kuti tiite mabasa kwete chete pamwe chete, asi yoga. Pakutanga, chidzidzo kutaura tsika yakadaro achatora maminitsi 15-20, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera imwe awa.

1. Mutauro. Nokuti kurovedza zvaunofanira kutora chero mabhuku acho uye duramazwi wemitauro Russian kana yokumwe. Nyora pasi uye tara mashoko ose chikamu chimwe kutaura - emazita, adjectives kana verbs. Wozoedza kudimburira anoreva zvakafanana. Chiitwa ichi runogonesa pusa nemashoko.

2. Achishandisa kukwira nyaya kubudikidza mazvi. Tora chero bhuku, tora pavaidira nameso akavhara 5 chero mashoko uye uvagadzirire nyaya. Pane imwe nguva unofanira kuva anosvika 4 magwaro, chimwe nechimwe zvinotora inenge 3 maminitsi nguva. Chiitwa ichi anokurudzira kukura zvokufungidzira, kufunga uye zvaiti. Option kwakaoma zvikuru - kuita nyaya kubva 10 mashoko.

3. Kukurukura mugirazi. Pachiitwa ichi unofanira rugwaro bhuku 2. Mira pamberi mugirazi uye kuudza nyaya yake pasina chiso chedu. Zvadaro retell nyaya kechipiri kuburikidza neMweya chiso chedu. Ongorora chako okuti uye rondedzero manyorerwo nokupindura mibvunzo miviri - "Unofarira chako okuti uye nzira yokukurukura mashoko" uye "kana kufanana nevamwe." Basa iri nechinangwa tikava netsika nokungwaririra kudzora zvavanoita chiso chavo.

4. Kuteerera zvakarekodhwa nenzwi wezvaiitika. Chiitwa ichi Saka kubatsira kunzwa isu kubva kurutivi uye kuziva uye zvaasingagoni pakutaura uye,, kugadzirisa zvinetso uye kuti kudzidza kushandisa zvakanakira tsika dzavo kukurukura. Kudzokorora sahwira yaanopinda zvinoyevedza rwezuva kana detembo. Teerera, ongorora nayo, sezvo rapfuura basa, wozoedza retell kana kudzokorora kechipiri pamwe padzimwe nezvarwo.

5. Nemumwe munhu. Izvi mhando muviri kunobatsira kuti vave nounyanzvi kwehurukuro. Kana pane vanhu vanoita zviitwa izvi pakati shamwari dzako kana vafambidzani, unogona kuita chiitwa nemumwe wavo 2. Kana asina, kumbira mumwe munhu kuti akubatsire. Kuti aite izvi, gadzirira pachine nyaya kukurukura uye zano. Vavariro yako - kuti nevatinosangana interlocutor, achikuodza ake kuziva uye abate pfungwa kwete zvishoma pane 5 maminitsi. The basa kwapera, kana mativi vakataura pamusoro 3-4 ari kupiwa misoro.

Development tsika kutaura anorayira kugara kudzidzisa - chete muchiitiko ichi, kubudirira kukasaitwa.