Chii inoitwa ivhu? Sandy nevhu. acidic nevhu

Chii mukurusa pfuma yedu? Chokwadi, zviri mvura uye mhepo, asi musakanganwa pamusoro zvimwewo. About chikonzero. Zviri rakaorera substrate inopa mamiriyoni siyana kwemarudzi nemhuka nezvirimwa, ndiye nekuvongwa iye kuti paneboka chikamu biosphere. Munoziva chii inoitwa ivhu? Kana uchida, unogona kuverenga nyaya yedu!

Chii ivhu?

Vakawanda vanofunga kuti pasi pasi petsoka dzavo - zvatinosiita tsvina, kufunga zvakafanana pamusoro wayo sezvamunoita uye anoita hapana kuda. Zvichakadai, ivhu zvikuru kunzwisisa dzinongoitika inotungamirwa. Conventionally, rakakamurwa yakasimba uye mvura mugove uye gaseous chakapatsanurwa mhenyu zvinoriumba. The Zvinoumba yakasimba zvinoriumba zvinosanganisira mamineral zhinji, uye mumwe mari akafa makemikari nyaya. The mvura chakapatsanurwa - mvura ukaparadzawo zvicherwa.

Saka, chikamu gaseous inorondedzera mhepo nezvimwewo magasi vari achiumbwa pasi somugumisiro leakage pane zvakasikwa utachiona kwendangariro. Live danho - kune mamiriyoni uye mabhiriyoni notumwe, chakuvhuvhu, Micro-zvinenge, spores, uye nezvimwe biomass. Ndizvo chinoumba ivhu.

Zvinoitwa chakasimba chakapatsanurwa

Tudonhwe zvokufonongonwa chicherwa zvinhu zvinoumba hwaro hwakasimba hacho. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanoumba jecha uye ivhu. Pasi jecha kunzwisisa zvinhu kubvira 1 kusvika 0.01 mm vari dhayamita, uye zvose idukusa 0.01 neMM, achiumba nevhu. nezvimedu Vose vanopfuura mumwe sendimita mu dhayamita vari kuumbwa matombo ivhu marangwanda.

Zvaunofanira kuziva izvi zvose? Chokwadi chokuti chikamu zvinhu izvi zvinoenderana ivhu mhando. Pano pane tsanangudzo ivhu, iyo inotungamira nemabasa ake anenge ose inozvikudza agriculturists:

• jecha Loose, ane asina kupfuura 5% ivhu.
• Sand kwakabatana, iro rine 5-10% ivhu inoramba.
• Sandy loam, sezvamakaropafadzwa ivhu chakapatsanurwa rinouya 20%.
• Light loam. Zviri ivhu chakapatsanurwa akaenzana 20-30%.
• Average loam ivhu. Rine 30-45% ivhu.
• Heavy loam, ane 45-60% sezvamakaropafadzwa zvinooneka ivhu.
• Clay.

Kuziva zita ivhu, uchakwanisa kuona chii chinoumba ivhu.

nehwunhu

Chokwadi, zvokuimba mamiriro akaita predetermining simba pamusoro zvokurima ivhu unhu panguva wembereko wayo uye biomass mairi. Saka, muna tsika, jecha loams uye sand chaizvo chiedza nevhu kazhinji vachinzi kubudiswa yavo inotora zvishoma simba uye zvinhu. Saka, vanenge vose Svikiro jecha loam nevhu pachayo anogona kunzi kune rinorema ivhu, nokuti avo kurima uye kurimwa kupedza kwazvo mafuta. Zvimwe zvechadenga ivhu ndiyewo zvikurukuru hakunei unaku yavo.

Saka, chiedza ivhu riri unzenza chaizvo, saka nyore kupotsa zvakadzama unyoro uye mhepo. Ivo kudziyirwa kusimuka muchirimo. Ndizvo vawira mumvura, kana vari zvakaoma kuchengeta, uye zvose Organic residues kuti kuona kuorera ivhu nyore zvikuru nyore kushambidzwa. Clay ivhu chakaipa kudziyirwa zvinosemesa vanopfuura unyoro uye mhepo. Asi mwando kugutsikana anogara pamusoro chete. A inotonhorera kugutsikana dzakakwirira zvikuru kana iwe enzanisa nhamba idzi chete jecha nevhu.

STRUCTURAL zvinhu

All zvinhu chicherwa ivhu anogona aggregated kuumbika kurei zvivako. Kana Fani iyi haina kuchengetwa, ivhu ndowenyika unstructured-siyana. lähikuva akadaro ingasava yakanakira substrate kuti chirimwa kukura nokuti hazvina zvakanaka vakanochengeta midzi.

jecha nevhu

muenzaniso wakakwana - the jecha nevhu. Saka akadana lähikuva, rine kubva 0 kusvika 5% nevhu inoramba. Wevhu kwakadai zvikuru lightweight, ivo vasina yakarongeka. Izvi, zvinenge pakarepo shambidza ari zvinovaka muviri uye mvura runopwa nokukurumidza.

Kuti awane mamwe goho mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kazhinji kuti aise yakawanda fetiraiza, uye kuitawo STRUCTURAL ivhu, pave nevhu, peat uye sawdust overrotten. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti jecha ivhu iri nyaya kuti hazvina zvikuru dzinodhura, sezvo kuvandudza wavo aifanira kupedza nguva, mari uye mari.

Mumakore achangopfuura, sainzi haasi kuedza kurwisa pachavo pamwe kushaya mamiriro mujecha, uye vakasarudzwa avo zvirimwa aigona kusika nayo pachako. Zvikurukuru mune cultivars akatunhidzwa zvakananga kuti mamiriro mugwenga.

Vane fibrous midzi kukura, iyo makwenzi wandei uswa anogona zvakasimba kubatanidza nemumwe kuti kuumba simba "kanopi". Pasi zviri zvishoma nezvishoma kuunganidza zvokudya, sezvo mvura uye mhepo vasingachakwanisi kusuka panze uye kuaridza. Kana kudzvarwa zvirimwa senyika Semi-mugwenga, mune makore mashoma pane kuumbwa zvikuru anogamuchirwa kurima ivhu.

Chii ivhu rakanaka kuti kurima?

Masayendisiti agronomists vanodavira kuti chinonyanya Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ndiye ivhu ane PARTICIPLE kukura kubva 10 kusvika 0.25 mm. Zviri zvikuru porous uye tsime ungapikisa Kuparara. Uyezve, imwe pasi wakanaka mvura zvakasimba kudaro, asi Zvakare kwayo kwemvura achiri kunonoka.

The huru nani ndechokuti pamusoro pemvura iri rwevhu ari kushanda asina kuumbwa gobvu goko yaoma kuti kunotadzisa kukura tsika zvirimwa. Kunyange simba mhepo ivhu yakarongeka anoramba chinokosha, haisi anotinhwa kubva topsoil. Saka STRUCTURAL ivhu ceteris paribus kuchaita kuunganidza goho guru kwazvo.

Chokwadi, unogona kuwana ichi mugumisiro uye unstructured ivhu, asi zvichaita kupedza nguva yakawanda uye mari kuedza zvimwe neutralize ayo unhu hwakaipa.

manyowa

Pamwe siyana chicherwa inoramba iri yakasimba chakapatsanurwa anosanganisirawo manyowa inoramba. Yeuka kuti vakadanwa saka zvisaririra zvemhuka uye zvinomera, kupatsanurwa ivhu microflora. Kazhinji zvakajairika ivhu rine yakawanda zvinovaka muviri, asi vakawanda vavo havana kuwanikwa miti.

Chete nokuda saprophytic tusingaoneki kuti bikurudza vakadaro makemikari, zvinomera anowanika kuti Absorção de Água nezvinovaka muviri. Yokumusoro Ivhu rukoko rine kusvika 15% manyowa. Yakadiniko, nani kukosha ehupfumi ivhu - mbereko kwayo uye nyore kugadzira.

Water uye magasi

Hakusi kuwedzerera kutaura kuti ivhu zvose pezvakaitwa vanogona kuuya chete kana mwando muvhu. Chero zvazvingava, pasina hachizoswederi akure zvinomera, uye tupukanana tusingaoneki vanoparara. All unyoro uye netsvina munyu pamusoro microelements, izvo ichiputswa mairi, pamwe chete kuumba munhu ivhu mhinduro. Kubva ichi anowana zvinomera zvakakodzera kuti upenyu uye kukura chicherwa zvinhu.

Vose zvikamu pakati nezvimedu, izvo pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu asina kubatikana nemvura izere mhepo. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinogona kutora nzvimbo methane, rehydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide kana akachena (dondo nevhu mu nokumapani munzvimbo). Sezvineiwo, Ivhu mhepo chete zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana mukuru zviri carbon monoxide. Kuti miti kunzwa zvakanaka, uye saprophytic tusingaoneki nokushingaira vanoita mabasa avo kubudiswa kubva substrate, ivhu zvinofanira kanenge 15% dzedenga.

Live chakapatsanurwa

Sezvatakamboreva kare akati mhenyu chikamu rine utachiona, algae uye hunokuvadza. Mabhakitiriya kusimba inokosha ivhu, sezvo ivo exchange zvicherwa kupinda siyana kuwanikwa miti. Uyezve, bhinzi muchipinda symbiotic noukama tupukanana tusingaoneki, izvo vanokwanisa kugadzira senitrogen mudenga uye uise digestible muchimiro.

Kunokosha! Kana ivhu rine pasi ph (acidic ivhu), utachiona mairi kwazvo duku. Basa manyowa pane makemikari residues iyi nyaya zvakakwana anoshanda notumwe. Chokwadi, muvhu dzinewo yakawanda kunyange zvipuka zvine masero akawanda invertebrates uye vertebrates (moles, norwaivhi makonzo) mhuka.

Zvino munoziva kuti inoitwa ivhu.

acidic ivhu

Sezvo isu anotaurwa pamusoro nezvaiitwa chiratidzo asidhi nevhu, ngatimbotaura nezvazvo zvishoma pasi. Chii zvose pamusoro?

Chinhu chinokosha kuziva unhu nevhu ndiyo acidity yavo. chakarurama Izvi kwatakarerekera, kana ph akaenzana 7. Kana zvakawanda alkaline ivhu. Kuderera - ichi ivhu acidic. chinhu ichi chinobata kwete chete pamusoro microflora, asiwo uwandu ichiputswa zvicherwa muvhu uye zvinovaka muviri. Vakawanda kukudziridzwa zvinomera kushayiwa ane kwazvakarerekera kana Midzanga ivhu, asi panewo avo rudzi kuti vanoda kuva acidic ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, rye, izvo oga anogona yekudyidzana acidifying ivhu.

We kuona ph oga

Izvi zvinoda girobhu racho chinoratidza mhinduro (phenolphthalein Somuenzaniso) kuti anogona kuchinja ruvara zvichienderana zvechadenga svikiro. The mudziyo naye shoma ivhu, uye ipapo zvose munhu dzinozununguka zvakanaka kusanganisa zvakanaka zvose. Pashure paizvozvo unofanira kumirira kusvikira rinopedza slurry uye mushonga haachinji ruvara. Uchishandisa mirayiridzo mushonga, ona ivhu acidity. Ndiko chirevo ivhu unhu.

Yambiro! Kusiyana nevakawanda, asi ph hakusi kugara. Zvingava yakasiyana kunyange omunyika nzvimbo mumunda, saka tsvakurudzo yaifanira kanoverengeka, achitora ivhu mimwe zvitatu kana zvina nzvimbo. Tapedza Kushandisa fetiraiza (kunyanya chicherwa) vanofanirawo kuongorora padanho acidity.

Chii chingaitwa kuti kuchinja indekisi?

Kana ivhu iri acidic, zvakakodzera deoxidize. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, reraimu, choko, uye vamwe buffer wemisanganiswa, idzo zvikuru unobereka zvokurima indasitiri. In Kana apo acidity chete vachiri vanofanira kuvandudza, shandisa zvake peat kana mupfudze. Hongu, acidic ivhu iri kazhinji kuwana kubva kune varimi vanoshandisa yakawanda iri dzinongoitika fetiraiza.