Natalia Goncharova-Pushkina-Lanskaya - biography uye zvinonakidza. Rudo rwenyaya ya Natalia Goncharova naPushkin

Natalia Pushkina (Natalia Goncharova) ndomumwe wevakadzi vashoma vokuRussia avo mabasa avo akambokurukurwa kwete muhupenyu hwake chete, asiwo mazana emakore mushure mekufa. Chimiro chake chakaimbwa nevakuru vevanyori veRussia, uye panguva imwechete mumaziso evarume vazhinji uye aigara ari chikonzero chekufa kwemukadzi wake akaisvonaka.

Mhuri

Mudzimai wemunguva yemberi yaAlexander Pushkin aiva mukunda waNikolai Goncharov. Madzibaba ake vaiva vatengesi, avo vari pasi pekutonga kwaElizabeth Petrovna vakuru vakapa mutemo wakakwirira. Sezvo ari mwana wega wevabereki vake, baba vaNatalia vakagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo, muna 1804 vakanyoreswa muChikoro cheZvenyika Dzegore, uye mushure mechinguva, vakagamuchira nzvimbo yevadzidzi vekudzidzira, vakatora nzvimbo yekunyorera gavhuna weMoscow.

Mudzimai wake - Natalia Ivanovna, nee nee Zagryazhskaya, akanga ari musikana wokukudzwa pamatare emambo. Kubva mumhuri yavo vanomwe vakazvarwa. Natalia Goncharova ndiye mwana wechishanu mumhuri.

Ubwana uye huduku

Makore okutanga ehupenyu hwake Natalia Goncharova akapedza mumusha: kutanga mumusha weKarian Tambov ruwavo, ipapo munharaunda ye Yaropolets naPoltnyany Zavod. Zvadaro mhuri yacho yakatamira kuguta guru.

Natalia Goncharova, kufanana nehama nehanzvadzi dzake, akawana dzidzo yakanaka yemusha. Vana vakadzidziswa chiRussia uye nhoroondo yenyika, geography, mitauro yeRussia neFrench nemabhuku. Panguva imwecheteyo, Natalia, uyo akanga ari muduku kuduku hanzvadzi dzeGoncharov, akanga akanaka kwazvo. Maererano nemhemberero dzevanhu venguva yakareba, hanzvadzi dzake dzaive dzakakosha zvakakwana, asi zvose zvitatu zvakanga zvisingakanganisi panguva iyoyo - vasikana vakanga vasina kuroorwa, sezvo sekuru vavo vakaparadza mhuri yose pamwe chete nomudzimai wake weFrance ndokusiya mwanakomana wavo vane zvikwereti chete.

Kugadzira

Alexander Pushkin naNatalia Nikolaevna Goncharova vakasangana muMoscow, pakupera kwe1828, pabhoro rakapiwa nemutambo wekutamba Yogel. Runako uye nyasha dzomusikana dzakagadzirisa kusinganzwisisiki munhetembo. Mwedzi mina gare gare, Pushkin akafara akamukumbira maoko evabereki vake, achisarudza Fyodor Tolstoy somubatsiri, "America."

Goncharova, mukuru, haana kumuramba, asi haana kubvumirana nemurume uyu, zvichikurudzira chisarudzo chake nekuti mwanasikana wake achiri muduku kuti awane mhuri. Ichokwadi, iye angangodaro akarota neboka rakajeka raNatalia, uyewo aisada kupinda muukama ne freethinker uyo asina kufarira nzvimbo yechipinda.

Pushkin yakatsamwa zvikuru uye yakasara nemwoyo wakaremara muuto muCaucasus. Kudzokera kuMoscow munaSeptember, akakurumidza kuenda kuGoncharov, kwaakanga achimirira kutambira. Zvichida, panguva yekusakosha kwemuroyi, mai-mbuya vangangowana hutano hwechokwadi hwemari yavo uye vakadzidza nezvekudhakwa kwemakadhi kune makadhi. Uyezve, Natalia Ivanovna Goncharova akanga akazvipira uye akateterera mambo wekupedzisira, saka akakanganisa Pushkin, uyo akanga achiedza kutsoropodza mutemo weArekizandro wekutanga kana kutamba nharo kune avo vairatidza kuti vaitya Mwari. Zvaiita sokuti mudetembi uyu haazobudiriri pakuwana nzvimbo yemhuri yemusikana, achikurudzira mwoyo wake, uye haaigona kumudana mudzimai wake.

Rudo rwenyaya ya Natalia Goncharova naPushkin

Mumakore ekuma1830, Alexander Sergeevich aiva muSt. Petersburg. Kuburikidza nevamwe vaaiziva vaidzidza kuti Goncharovs vakange vakagadzirira kubvumirana nemukaro wake nemwanasikana wavo. Akakurumidza kuenda kuMoscow uye zvakare akaita sarudzo yakagamuchirwa. Uye shamwari dzepedyo dzemhuri dzakazocherechedza kuti basa rinokosha munyaya iyi rakatambidzwa naNatalia Goncharova pachake, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga atoita zvakanyanyobatanidzwa munhetembo.

Sezvo Pushkin akanga ari pasi pekutarisirwa, akasungirwa kuzivisa Emperor Nicholas I pachake pamusoro pezviito zvake. Mukupindura kune tsamba pamusoro pekuda kuroorana, mambo weBenckendorff akataura "kugutsikana kwake kwakanaka", asi akati aida kuramba achidzidzisa murairidzi nemazano.

Kubatana

Mukadzi, pamwe nemwenga, uyewo amai vamwene vemazuva ano, vakaenda kumunda wePoltny Factory kuti azvizivise iye kumusoro wemhuri. Mazuva mashomanana mushure mekusangana nababa vomukwambo wake, kubatana kwaPushkin naGoncharova kwakaitika, asi muchato wacho waifanira kuregererwa nekuda kwehurukuro dze dowry.

Amai vamwene vaigara vachirwisana nemwanakomana wake, vatenzi vakawanda vaifunga kuti mutambo uyu hauzomboiti, kunyanya kubva pakufa kwababamunini vaVasily Lvovich, mudetembi, havana kupa mukana wokuroora vechidiki kusvikira pakuguma kwekuchema.

Murondedzeri akamanikidzwa kuenda kuBoldino ndokugara imomo nekuda kwehosha yekororera. Asati afamba rwendo, akadzokorora zvakare naMadame Goncharova uye akazonyora tsamba yake, iyo yaakataura kuti mwanasikana wake aigona kuzviona asingasunungurwi zvachose, kunyange zvazvo aisambozoroora mumwe mukadzi. Mukupindura, mwenga akamuvimbisa nezvorudo rwake, izvo zvakavimbisa Pushkin.

Pashure pokutambudzika kukuru pamusoro pe 18 February 1831, vechidiki vakange vakaroorana mutembere ye Great Ascension, iyo yaiva pachiteshi cha Nikitsky.

Mutsva Mufaro

Nokudaro, vazhinji vakakahadzika kana Natalia Goncharova aida Pushkin. Zvisinei, munyori wenhema pachake mushure memuchato akanyora kune shamwari kuti aifara zvikuru.

Pakutanga avo vachangobva kuchata vakagara kuMoscow, asi vakatamira kuTsarskoe Selo, sezvo Alexander Sergeevich akaedza kurwira mudzimai wake kubva pamusikana waamai vake.

Zvirongwa zvedetembi kutungamira hupenyu huri voga kubva kure nenyika zvakadzivisa kusvika kune mambo, uyo akasarudza kubvisa imba uye yadhi kubva kune misoro, umo kora yakagumburwa.

Munguva imwe yekufamba pedyo nePark yeTsarskoye Selo, vakaroorana vaPushkin vakasangana naNikolai I nomudzimai wake pasina. Mudzimai akaratidza tariro yake kuti mudetembi naNatalia vaizova vaeni vaigara muimba yamambo, uye vakagadza zuva apo mukadzi wechidiki aizomubhadhara.

MuSt. Petersburg

Paari kudzokera kuguta guru, Natalia Pushkina, uyo akazoguma panguva iyoyo akanga asina hanya kune ani zvake, akagamuchirwa zvakanaka mumasangano makuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, vazhinji vakaona kutonhora uye kuzvidzora, izvo zvaive zvichifananidzirwa kunyara kwemukadzi wechidiki.

May 19, 1832 mumhuri yePushkin akaberekwa mwanasikana wedangwe Maria, uye gore gare gare Natalia Nikolaevna akaendesa mwanakomana wemurume wake Alexander.

Upenyu muguta guru hwaida mari yakawanda, uye mhuri yakakura yaigara iri munzvimbo yakashata. Mukuwedzera, Pushkin aida kubhejera uye kazhinji ainge arasikirwa patafura patafura yake mubhadharo, uyo wakange atova wakakwana zvakakwana kubhadhara imba.

Mamiriro acho akavandudza dzimwe nguva kana hanzvadzi dzisina kuroorwa dzisina kutora dzichienda kuNatalia. Vakabhadhara chikamu chemari yekubhadhara imba kubva kumari yavo pachavo. Kunyanya, Ekaterina Goncharova akapinda mubasa remusikana wekukudza kumudzimai uye akagamuchira mubhadharo wakanaka.

Kuziva naDantes

Kusarudzwa kwePushkin kunzvimbo yekambani-junker, iyo munyori wenhetembo akafunga sekutuka, asi aifanira kubvuma, akafunga kuti kuvapo kwake nemudzimai wake pane zviitiko zvose zvekugarisana zvakaitwa mumuzinda. Pane imwe yemapato aya pakanga pane musangano unotyisa, uyo unotaurwa nezvimwe zvinyorwa zve Natalia Goncharova, zvakanyorwa nevevanhu venguva yake, uye makore akawanda gare gare.

Nokudaro, muna 1835 mumwe waAlexander Pushkin akasangana nemwanakomana wekurera wehurumende yeDutch muRussia - mutasvi webhiza Georges Dantes. Maererano nevamazuva ano, vasati vasangana nemukuru mukuru uyu munyika, pakange pasina kumboita makuhwa pamusoro pekubatana kwakaitwa Natalya Nikolaevna, kunyange zvazvo munhu wose aiziva kuti Nikolay wekutanga akanga asina hanya naye.

Georges Dantes haana kuvanza kuti aida Goncharov, uye haana kuzeza kuudza shamwari dzake kuti aitarisira kukunda mwoyo wake kwechinguva. Akatoita kuti vazivikanwe zvavo Idaliy Poletika vamuke Natalia Nikolaevna kumba kwake uye aende nechikonzero chakanaka kuitira kuti, asiye oga neaanoda, aigona kumuitira nyasha. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, musangano uyu wakaitika uye wakava chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakonzera Pushkin kutumira dambudziko kumunhu akanaka wechiFrench.

Duel uye rufu rwemukaro wokutanga

Mukuwa kwegore ra1836 Natalia Nikolayevna naDantes vakabatana nePetersburg yose, uye musi waNovember 4, Pushkin neshamwari dzake vakagamuchira zita risingazivikanwi umo munyori wenhetembo akapiwa diploma yakasungwa. Murume ane godo akawira muhasha uye akatumira dambudziko kuna Dantes. Akanga ari mubasa mumisasa, uye chete Hecker Sr. akanga ari pamba. Akabvuma kukokwa kwemwanakomana wake, asi akakumbira kuburitswa.

Kudzidza nezvechinangwa chePushkin chekudzivirira kukudzwa kwake, murume wechiFrench akashuva Catherine Goncharova. Musikana anofara, kwenguva yakareba achida nemukuru akanaka, haana kungomupa mvumo, asi pamwe naNatalia Nikolaevna nedzimwe hama vakatanga kunyengetedza mudetembi kuti Dantes akasangana neGoncharovs kuti ave pedyo naye.

Pushkin aisagona kupfura nemunun'una-mukwambo-mukwambo, saka akabvisa dambudziko racho. Zvisinei, mushure mekuroorana kwaDantes naCatherine, makuhwa enhau yake nediki Goncharova haana kumisa.

January 23 pabhomu wechiFrench akaratidza kusatendeseka maererano nePushkin. Sezvo, nguva pfupi yapfuura, Alexander Sergeevich akanga avimbisa tsar kuti asazopikisa Dantes kune duel, akanyora tsamba yakaoma kuna Heeckeren. Akamanikidzwa kumupindura nechinetso, asi haana kukwanisa kurwisana naPushkin nekuda kwehupfumi hwake, saka akatsiviwa nemwanakomana wake wokurera.

Hapana chinhu chaigona kudzivirira dambudziko racho, uye musi wa27 Mutumbi muchengeti mukuru uye mutadzi wake akasangana muchero rinouraya paNorth River. Somugumisiro wepfuro raDantes, Pushkin akakuvara uye akafa mazuva maviri gare gare.

Chirikadzi

Mambo Nicholas wekutanga akatarisira mhuri yePushkin. Akapa mari yekubhadhara chikwereti chake, akagadza purojeni kune chirikadzi nevanasikana, uye akanyora vanakomana vake mumapepanhau, uye kugoverwa kwehuwandu hwavo kusvikira vatanga kuwana misha yavo.

Natalia Nikolayevna akanga asina chikonzero chekugara muSt. Petersburg uye akasara nevana muPoltnyany Zavod. Kudzokera kuguta guru, akatungamirira hupenyu hwakanyarara hweamai vane muenzaniso wakanaka uye ane hanya uye akatanga kuonekwa mumatare makore matanhatu mushure mekufa kwemurume wake.

Chipiri chechato

Munguva yechando muna 1844, chirikadzi yePushkin yakasangana neshamwari yehanzvadzi yake Major-General Petr Lansky, uyo akapa upenyu hwake hwose kubasa renharaunda yake uye akanga asati aroorwa nezera remakore makumi mashanu nemashanu. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akaita chipo, uye munguva pfupi Natalia Nikolaevna Pushkina-Lanskaya-Goncharova akazova madzimambo akazara mumba make.

Mumuchato uyu akaberekera vamwe vanasikana vatatu uye akafara, kunyange zvazvo akacherechedza kuti muukama hwake nemurume wake wechipiri hakuna chido, icho chinotsiviwa ne "kunzwa nemubati werudo".

Natalia Goncharova-Pushkina-Lanskaya akafa muna 1863 ava nemakore 51. Akavigwa muAlexander Nevsky Lavra, uye makore gumi nemana gare gare akawana nzvimbo yake yekupedzisira neyemurume wake wechipiri. Iguva harina kukwezva kune avo vasingazivi biography yemukadzi uyu, kubva paguva reguva kune zita rimwe chete - Lanskaya.

Iye zvino iwe unoziva zvakazara biography yemuongorori mukuru wemunyori mukuru weRussia. Kutarisa nemhemberero dzevanhu venguva yakareba, mifananidzo yeNN Goncharova-Pushkina-Lanskaya inopa chete pfungwa yakadzika yekunaka kwayo kwakakwana. Zvisinei, haana kumuunza mufaro.