Nyaya iyi inopa muchidimbu Biography pamusoro N. S. Hruscheva akatsanangura ake mabasa enyika zvose mukati munyika uye kunze. Sezvo pakutsvaga Board nezvayakaipira uye zvayakanakira pamusoro Khrushchev, Anoongororawo mabasa mutungamiriri enyika.

Khrushchev: A Biography. Early basa

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev (Makore oupenyu: 1894-1971) akaberekerwa mupurovhinzi Kursk In imwe mhuri kuvanhuwo zvavo (kubva Kalinovka.). In yechando, akadzidza pachikoro muzhizha aishanda ari mufudzi. Sezvo pauduku akatungamirira basa. Saka, pazera makore 12 N. S. Hruschev tamboshanda muna zvangu, uye napamberi kuti - iri fekitari.

Mumakore nechemberi hazvina akadana World War First, nekuti akanga ari mucheri. Akatora Zvinoshingaira muupenyu munyika. Khrushchev rakagamuchirwa kubva Bolshevik Party muna 1918 uye vaiitawo kudivi ravo Civil War.

Abereka simba Soviet, Khrushchev vaita mabasa enyika uye zvoupfumi. Muna 1929 akapinda Industrial Academy muMoscow, kwaakanga akasarudzwa munyori komiti yebato. Akashanda wechipiri uye aitanga munyori CIM.

Khrushchev akakurumidza kupiwa basa. Nechekare muna 1938 akava munyori wokuUkraine SSR wokutanga. Panguva Great Patriotic War akagadzwa Commissioner chemhando chinzvimbo. Kekutanga pashure pehondo, N. S. Hruschev waiva musoro Ukrainian hurumende. Mwedzi mitanhatu pashure pokufa Stalin muna 1953, achiva kumunyori CPSU Central Committee yokutanga.

Simuka nesimba

Pakafa Iosifa Vissarionovicha ari mubato unotenderera uchenjeri kwakajairika pamusoro anonzi seboka utungamiriri. Kutaura zvazviri, mune panhengo Communist Party rakanga chipatapata enyika zvemukati hondo. Mugumisiro kwayo kwaiva kusvika Khrushchev uye pambiru First Munyori ari CPSU Central Committee muna September 1953.

Kusava nechokwadi kwakadaro pamusoro ndiani kutungamirira nyika, kwakaitika nokuti kuti Stalin pachake haana kutsvaka nomunhu, uye haana kutaura zvaunofarira kuti ndiani anofanira kutungamirira Soviet Union pashure pokufa kwake. Party vatungamiriri vaiva zvachose kwete vakagadzirira ichi.

Zvisinei, asati matora nzvimbo mukuru nyika Khrushchev aifanira kubvisa zvimwe zvinoita vaida pambiru - G. M. Malenkova uye L. P. Berii. Somugumisiro munhu akatadza kuedza kubvuta simba muna 1953, chinovawana, Khrushchev akasarudza neutralize nayo, saka vabatanidze rutsigiro Malenkov. Pashure paizvozvo, chete chipingamupinyi kumudzivirira chiso Malenkov yaiva wo chapedzwa.

zvemumba negwaro

Internal mutemo munyika munguva Khrushchev haagoni kunzi oga zvakaipa kana oga zvakanaka. Zvakawanda chaakaitirwa kukura zvokurima. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya kuoneka kusvikira 1958 kunyanya gore. Tenzi nyika itsva mhandara, varimi vacho zvakawanda rusununguko, vakaberekwa vamwe zvinhu pamusika upfumi.

Zvisinei, pashure 1958 zvaiitwa utungamiriri nyika, uye zvikurukuru Khrushchev vakatanga achiipa zvoupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Takatanga kushandisa constraining kurima administrative murau nzira. Mienzaniso kurambidza mombe kugutsikana akanga kuongororwa. A rakakura boka rakaparadzwa. Zvinhu yakanga kuwedzerwa vanhuwo zvavo.

Zvakawanda pfungwa vakawanda vairima yechibage chete hwakawedzera kuderera mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu. Zviyo wakasimwa uye avo nzvimbo munyika, uko zvechokwadi kugona kugadzirisa pasi. The nyika yave iri dambudziko zvokudya. Uyezve, kundikana kwoupfumi kuchinja, potse akaendeswa default munyika, aiva inokanganisa mari zvinogona vemunyika.

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, uye avo nokubudirira kukuru, rakamwisa kutonga USSR Khrushchev wacho. Ichi achikwakuka kukuru mune nzvimbo zvekutepfenyura, uye pamwero mukuru kukura sayenzi, kunyanya makemikari indasitiri. Vakamisa tsvakurudzo anotanga, zvakawanda yakakura nzvimbo kurima.

Kazhinji, tinogona kutaura pamusoro kukundikana kusvika pazvinangwa kuisa Nikitoy Sergeevichem upfumi bhora uyewo mune socio-tsika. Panyaya iyi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Khrushchev aienda inotevera makumi makore rokusika nokuriritira mukomiyunisiti zvechokwadi vanhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, zvikurukuru, rakachengetedzwa kuitwa uye akakundikana chikoro kuchinja.

Pazvinotanga of nyungudika

Nguva Khrushchev akacherekedza mutsva chijana socio-tsika muupenyu munyika. Creative vanhu vakagamuchira mune imwe pfungwa, yakawanda rusununguko, vakatanga kuvhura dzemitambo, akatanga kusiya magazini matsva. MuSoviet Union akatanga kuumba uncharacteristic kuti aivapo mugovanisi hurumende ziso Arts, kuratidzira akatanga kuonekwa.

Changes dzakaitwa uye zvinonyatsorehwa rusununguko munyika. On the vanoenda achava vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika akasiya nenguva utsinye udzvanyiriri uye vaiurayiwa.

Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa uye zvakasimbisa kudzvinyirirwa yeChechi yeOrthodox kubva mamiriro, mumwe Hardware kudzora upenyu okusika intelligentsia. Pane kusungwa uye kutambudzwa nevanyori kunaka. Saka, navo zvizere vakatarisana Pasternak kuti yokufungidzira ake "Doctor Zhivago" zvakanyorwa naye. Uye akaramba nemapurisa "basa Anti-yeSoviet."

De-Stalinization

Zvakataurwa Khrushchev nomushumo "unhu Kapoka ayo Consequences" panguva XX Party Congress muna 1956 akasika furore kwete chete bato madenderedzwa, asiwo paruzhinji kuziva yose. Vanhu vazhinji vakafunga vevaya zvinhu zvakatendeka kubvumirwa kuti bhuku.

Mushumo haana kutaura chero zvikanganiso wegadziriro, kana pamusoro isiriyo pamusoro communism. Hurumende pachayo haadi kutsoropodza. Kutsoropodza kwave kuchiita chete vanowanika mumakore utungamiriri Stalin unhu chitendero. Khrushchev akanga tsitsi pachena mhosva uye kusaruramisira, akataura vakabudiswa munyika, kuti zvisiri pamutemo akaurayiwa. Vakatsoropodza uye rusina kusungwa, trumped-up mhosva.

Khrushchev Kutonga, saka aifanira kutara MUNGUVA ITSVA muupenyu munyika, kuti ndiparidze kuziva zvikanganiso zvekare uye kudzivirira navo ramangwana. Uye zvirokwazvo, pamwe nokusvika musoro itsva wehurumende vakadzivira vaiurayiwa, kusungwa ungaderedza. To rusununguko vakatanga kusunungura kupona mumusasa vasungwa.

Khrushchev Stalin bhodhi matongero akasiyana yekudyidzana. Khrushchev akaedza kushandisa paitonga Stalin nzira kunyange hondo pamwe ake enyika vavengi. Haana basa yaiuya zvake vavengi uye haana kuronga vakawanda kusungwa.

Kuchinjwa wokuUkraine kuCrimea

Parizvino, kufungidzira kumativi nyaya kuchinjwa Crimea Ukraine kwakatanga atowedzera simba kupfuura kare. Muna 1954, kubva Crimean kweItari hwakatamisirwa kubva RSFSR kusvika USSR, iyo initiator iyo yakaitwa kubudikidza Khrushchev. Ukraine, saka akanga asina kare muridzi ndima. Chisarudzo ichi chamuita kuti matambudziko pakati Russia neUkraine pashure pokuwa Soviet Union.

Pane mafungiro akawanda, kusanganisira zvakajeka hazvidaviriki, pamusoro zvikonzero chaiyo zvakazoita Khrushchev kutora danho iri. Ivo kuzvitsanangura nenhokwe rupo Khrushchev vake, uye nepfungwa basa uye mhosva kuvanhu kuUkraine utongi mitemo yose Stalin. Zvisinei, ndivo ungangotarisa mashomanene dzidziso.

Saka, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Peninsula akapiwa kune mutungamiri Soviet sezvo muripo weUS wokuUkraine hutungamiri rubatsiro ari nomination nokuda pambiru First Secretary. Uyewo, maererano pamutemo pfungwa nemaonero nguva, kuchinjwa Crimea chikonzero chaiva chiitiko chinokosha - the 300th gore kubatana pakati Russia neUkraine. Panyaya iyi, kuchinjwa kuCrimea kwainzi "uchapupu hwakakura chivimbo vanhu Russian Ukrainian."

Vamwe vanoti mutungamiri eSoviet akanga asina simba kuzodzosera weboka pamiganhu mukati munyika, uye Kurambwa Peninsula kubva RSFSR akanga zvachose pamutemo. Zvisinei, maererano neimwe pfungwa kwechiitiko ichi yave ichiitwa kuti vabatsirwe vanogara muCrimea. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti chikamu Russia sezvo pamusana kumboitika yokutama vanhu yose vari Stalin yaitonga, muCrimea chete hwakawedzera kuderera vaita dzemari. Pasinei nezvakanakisisa zvingaedzwa utungamiri munyika nokuda yokuzvidira Resettlement vanhu pamusoro Peninsula, mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba kunaka pamusoro payo.

Ndokusaka chakazoitwa pamusoro redistribution yomunyika miganhu, izvo zvinofanira yekudyidzana kuvandudza zvoupfumi hukama pakati kuUkraine uye Peninsula uye zvinobatsira ayo vakawanda. In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi chigadzikiso vakazoroorwa akaunza kuvandudzika rinokosha mune zvoupfumi ezvinhu muCrimea.

vatorwa negwaro

Khrushchev akasvika simba, kuona harmfulness uye ngozi kweHondo Yemashoko pakati Soviet Union uye Western nyika. Malenkov Kunyange asati zvairatidza US kuvandudza bilateral ukama, nokuti kutya zvichibvira zvakananga kudhumhana kutigumbura pashure Stalin afa.

Khrushchev aizivawo kuti Standoff renyukireya nengozi uye anokanganisa Hurumende yeSoviet. Panguva iyi, akatsvaka kuwana pamwe West, zvikurukuru United States, pfungwa kunyorerana. Communism hakunganzi naye sezvo chete zvinoita nzira pakukura ehurumende.

Saka, Khrushchev, nhoroondo asian imhaka kutsanangura chiito akawana vamwe mukana wokushandiswa, nechinangwa vatorwa Mutemo pfungwa rapprochement pamwe West, rinova Manzwisisa zvakanakira zvichiitika kuchinja.

Kuwedzera ukama dzakawanda

Panguva iyoyowo debunking kunamatwa Stalin unhu akanga inokanganisa pamusoro hukama pakati USSR uye Communist China. Mukuwedzera, international mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo muchidziisa kumusoro. A yakawanda ichi kwaitsigirwa ne utsinye kweItaly, France uye Israeri, zvainanga Egipita. Khrushchev Ainyatsoziva kuti Soviet Union muna nezvido kuMabvazuva raMwari rinokosha uye akacherechedza kuti Soviet Union aigona kupa zvakananga kubatsirwa neuto kune vaya ndavhiyiwa utsinye dzakawanda.

Uyewo yakatanga kwayo nokuumba blocs nemauto-enyika. Saka, SEATO akasikwa muna 1954. Uyezve, Germany yakanga akabvuma kuti NATO. Pakupindura zviito izvi achishandisa West Khrushchev akasika rechiuto-enyika bloc pamusoro mugovanisi inoti. It akasikwa muna 1955 rikagadzirwa kwemamiriro Warsaw chibvumirano. The nhengo nyika ari Warsaw chibvumirano vaiva Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria.

Uyezve, kuvandudza ukama Yugoslavia. Saka, Soviet Union akaziva chaizvo muenzaniso uye kukura communism.

Panyaya iyi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kusagutsikana mu ari mugovanisi munyika izvo yakawedzera zvikuru pashure chambotaurwa nezvacho XX Congress of CPSU kwemisasa,. Zvikurukuru simba Kusagutsikana kwakatanga muHungary nePoland. Kana zvapedzisira akakwanisa kugadzirisa makakatanwa murunyararo, muHungary zviitiko zvakatungamirira ropa mugumo, apo mauto eSoviet akapinda muBudapest.

In wokutanga nzvimbo nezvayakaipira kuti Khrushchev kwakaita wokumwe mutemo, maererano dzakawanda dzekare, zviri zvayo kunyanyisa emotionality uye zvomuenzaniso kuratidza hunhu hwake, izvo zvakakonzera kutya uye nokuvhiringidzika pamusoro chikamu munyika - vamiririri Western bloc.

Cuban Chombo dambudziko

Kuwanda ukama pakati USSR uye United States akaramba kuisa nyika vatarisana nokukuvadzwa yenyukireya. Wokutanga exacerbation chakakomba yakaitika vachinje yavo chinzvimbo uye kuti asike mukati pacharwo demilitarized rwokushanyira nyika muna 1958 pashure Khrushchev anopa West Germany. Ichi chakanga chakarambwa, chakanga chikonzero Kushatiswa ukama pakati dzine.

Khrushchev aida kutsigira yemuna uye akakurumbira Kusagutsikana idzodzo kumatunhu nenyika, iyo doro akanga kuchinjwa United States. Panguva iyoyo pachavo akasimbisa States hurumende zvakasimba aifarira-American munyika uye zvoupfumi kubatsira nevatsigiri vavo.

Mukuwedzera, Soviet Union intercontinental ballistic zvombo yakagadzirwa. Izvi vasingagoni asi kukonzera kunetseka muUnited States. Panguva iyoyowo, muna 1961, akatanga kunomukazve wechipiri Berlin dambudziko. Guide West Germany akaronga kuvaka rusvingo rwaiparadzanisa East Germany kubvira West Germany. Kutama zvatsamwisa Khrushchev vose utungamiriri yeSoviet.

Zvisinei, chinonyanya ngozi nguva iri hukama pakati USSR uye USA akava chombo chinoita zvokukandwa dambudziko Cuban. Mushure kunotyisa chisarudzo West Khrushchev kuti mukudenga Cuba munhu chibhakera yenyukireya, kunangana United States, nyika kokutanga munhoroondo zvakanga chaiyo pachiyero nokuparadzwa. Chokwadi, makatsamwisa United States kuti kutsiva aiva Khrushchev. Zvisinei, Historical mufananidzo pake, izere vakadaro vakavhengana zvinogadzirisa, izvozvo zvinoenderana zvinonyatsorehwa ruremekedzo kuna First Secretary. Mugumo zviitiko zvakaitika pausiku 27 kuna October 28, 1962. Masimba Vose vaida konzera pane mumwe renyukireya ranwa preemptive. Zvisinei, Khrushchev, uye ipapo akagara pambiru US President Kennedy vakaziva kuti hondo yenyukireya achasiya shure hapana vakundi kana vakundwa. Zvakazorodza kwenyika, vatungamiri vaviri kungwara okunda.

Sunset pamusoro bhodhi

Khrushchev, nhoroondo asian chinoreva zvakawanda, nokuti upenyu zvakaitika uye unhu husina iye kuwedzerwa chinhu kare nerongo mamiriro dzakawanda uye dzimwe nguva zvinopikiswa nokuda pachake nokubudirira ake.

Mumakore okupedzisira makore ake kutonga, Khrushchev akabvuma zvakawanda zvikanganiso mudzimba negwaro. Upenyu vemo Zvishoma nezvishoma kuipa. Nokuda kurwara-vaiona kusarudza chitoro echiShinto kazhinji haana pasi kwete nyama chete, asi chingwa chena. simba Khrushchev uye simba rake zvishoma nezvishoma zvapera uye asisina simba.

In enyika yeChina maiva kugunun'una. Akagamuchira Khrushchev runobva uye kwete nguva dzose yakaudza zvisarudzo uye kuchinja vasingagoni asi kumutsa utungamiriri bato kutya uye bundu. Mumwe okupedzisira Madonhwe kuva mutemo unoti vachishandisa kutenderera vebato vatungamiri, vakatora Khrushchev. Biography yake iyi rinopembererwa zvose zvakawanda kukundikana chokuita kuitwa unreasoned sarudzo. Kunyange zvakadaro, Khrushchev akaramba kushanda kunoyemurika nechido uye kunyange akatanga kuitwa remitemo idzva muna 1961.

Zvisinei, bato utungamiri uye vanhu vakawanda vari kuneta kazhinji runobva uye nezvimwewo utariri kunyika kumunyori Central Committee wokutanga. October 14, 1964 at Plenum zvisingatarisirwi akadana kubva kuzororo N. S. Hruschev akabviswa ake ose yapfuura pambiru. Yorugwaro rinoti kuti shanduko mutungamiri webato rakauya nokuda akwegura Khrushchev uye zvoutano. Pashure paizvozvo Khrushchev akatumwa kupinda pamudyandigere.

kupima basa

Pasinei akanaka kutsoropodza Vanyori chokuita zvemukati uye zvimwewo mitemo pamusoro Khrushchev, kudzvinyirirwa mutsika uye kuparara kwoupfumi upenyu munyika, Nikita Sergeyevich, unogona vanouti murume uya naye rudzi kubudirira kukuru. Pakati pavo ndiko kushanda wokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite, uye spacewalk womunhu wokutanga, uye kuvakwa munyika yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa, uye haisi sezvo inonzwisisika muedzo hydrogen bhomba.

Zvinonzwisiswa kuti yekudyidzana akawedzera kukura nesayenzi munyika ndiye Khrushchev. Historical asian naye, pasinei ose unoreva zvakawanda uye unpredictability unhu hwake, inogona vaisanganisa pamwe mudanga uye chido kuvandudza upenyu vanhuwo zvavo munyika, kuti Soviet Union ine simba guru renyika. Zvimwewo kubudirira zvinogona kucherechedzwa uye pakasikwa aizi yenyukireya-dzinofambiswa "Lenin", dzaivawo rakatanga Khrushchev. Muchidimbu tinogona kutaura nezvake somunhu ari kutsvaka kusimbisa nyika zvose nechomukati uye externally, asi panguva imwe chete vanoita zvikanganiso zvakakura. Zvisinei, ndivanaani Khrushchev zvakarurama kunoitika yayo pamusoro nechigadziko guru vatungamiriri veSoviet.