Mavambo uye mararamiro ehupenyu hweCro-Magnon vanhu

Cro-Magnon inofungidzirwa kuva madzitateguru evanhu vemazuva ano, avo vaigara pasi redu munguva yekupedzisira (kana kumusoro) Paleolithic (makore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri akapfuura). Zita remhando idzi dzevanhu vepakutanga zvakabva kuCro-Magnon Cave, iri kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero kweFrance. Yaiva ipapo iyo muna 1868 mucheri wezvokuchera matongo Louis Larthe, panguva yekuchera, akawana masasa evanhu vekare, avo mukuonekwa kwavo akasiyana nemakungu eNeanderthal akawana kare uye akayeuchidza Homo sapiens. Kuwanikwa, kwakange kune makore makumi matatu emakore, kwakakurumidza kutora masayendisiti akadzidza nhoroondo yenguva iyo, nokuti hapana chaizivikanwa pamusoro penzira yehupenyu hweCro-Magnon vanhu panguva iyoyo. Mumakore anotevera, mararamiro avo, pamwe chete nezvishandiso zvebasa, zvakawanikwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo (Mladech naDolni-Vestonice muCzech Republic, Paviland muEngland, Peshtera-ku-Oas muRomania, Murzak-Koba muCrimea, Sungir muRussia, Mezhirech muUkraine, Hook Hook, Cape Flats muAfrica, nezvimwewo).

Kubva uye kutama

Mhedzisiro yeCro-Magnon vanhu haina kudzidziswa zvizere kusvikira nhasi. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye anthropologists vaishandisa kutevedzera Marxist nheyo yekuoneka kwechimiro chevanhu vekare. Kana iwe uchimutenda, Cro-Magnon ndiye mwana wakananga weNezanderthal murume. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vemazuva ano vanopokana nepfungwa iyi. Vanowanzoita shanduro iyo veNeanderthals neCro-Magnoni vakabva kune imwechete baba vedu, mushure mokunge mumwe nomumwe wavo akatanga kukura zvakasiyana.

Masayendisiti emazuva ano haasati awana kubvumirana pamusoro penyika iyo mababa emadzitateguru evanhu vemazuva ano akaonekwa uye apo izvi chaizvo zvakaitika. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda inodaro inoti Cro-Magnons yakaumbwa muzvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana makore mazana maviri akapfuura, uye zvakaitika munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica. Pashure pemakore zviuru makumi manomwe, vachitsvaga nyika itsva nekuda kweupenyu, vakatanga kutamira kuMiddle East. Nokudaro, chikamu chimwe chevatorwa veCro-Magnon veVokumabvazuva nechekugungwa kweIndia Ocean, uye imwe yakasvikira kuchamhembe uye yakasvika kunyika dzeAsia Minor uye Northern Northern Black Sea. MuEurope, murume anonzwisisa akaonekwa anenge makore 40 kusvika ku55 akapfuura.

Kuonekwa

Ko Cro-Magnon yakaita sei? Murume wekare-kare, munhu wezvisikwa, akasiyana nevanhu vemazuva ano kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemuviri uye ukuru hwehuropi. Kusiyana neizvi, vamiririri veHomo sapiens vakafanana nevanhu vemazuva ano, asi vakange vari makuru. Zvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuziva kuti Cro-Magnon varume, avo vaigara muEurope yekare, vakawana masendimita 180 murefu (vakadzi vakanga vari pasi), vaiva nezviso zvakadzika uye vakaisa maziso. Uropi hwomunhu anonzwisisa hwaive 1400-1900 masentimita emakubhi, izvo zvinofanana nechiratidzo ichi kuvanhu vemazuva ano. Upenyu hweCro-Magnon vanhu, avo vaifanira kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekare, vakabatsira pakuumbwa kwemafupa akavakwa zvakanaka pakati pavo.

Upenyu

Vanhu vekare vaigara munharaunda, nhamba yeyo yakawana vanhu zana. Basa ravo guru raiva kushambadza uye kutora zvokudya zvezvirimwa. Vaiva ivo vakatanga kutanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa kubva pamapfupa uye nyanga. Pamwe chete neizvi, vakanga vachiri kushandiswa kushandiswa kwematombo ematombo. Chiedza uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakanatswa zvakavabvumira kuti vawane zvokudya zvakawanda, kushambidza nguo, kuumba mazano akagadzirirwa kuita kuti vavepo. Masayendisiti anogutsikana kuti vanhu vekare venguva iyi vaiva nekutaura kwakanaka.

Nzvimbo yekugara

Cro-Magnon vanhu vakaramba vachigara mumapako, asi mhando itsva dzehumba dzakatanga kuonekwa. Vakadzidza kuvaka matende anovimbika kubva mumatehwe emhuka, matanda nemapfupa. Dzimba dzakadai dzaigona kutamiswa, nenzira iyo nzira yehupenyu yeCro-Magnon vanhu vakaguma kuvepo. Vachienda kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo kuitira kuti vagadzire nyika itsva, vakatakura dzimba dzavo uye dzimba dzavo. Cro-Magnon vakava vanhu vekutanga vekare vaikwanisa kutora imbwa ndokuishandisa semubatsiri.

Mumadzitateguru evanhu, tsika yekuvhima yakanga yakawanda. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nezviwanikwa zvakawanda zvezvipfuwo zvemhuka, zvakaroverwa nemiseve, zvakawanikwa munguva yekuchera kwemisha yavo. Masvingo emisha yavo akanga akashongedzwa nevanhu vekare vane mifananidzo yemhuka nekuvhima zvivara.

Kuwedzerwa kwezvokudya

Kuvhima kwakanyatsopinda muhupenyu hweCro-Magnon. Zvisizvo zveMatombo Zvekare zvakadai kuti kuitira kudya, zvaifanira kuuraya. Vagari vekare vepasi redu vakatsvaka mapoka akarongeka akanaka evanhu 10-20. Zvinhu zvekutambudzwa kwavo zvaiva mhuka huru (mammoths, mhumhi, mvere dzemvere dzemvere, mabheya, mbongoro dzakanaka, bison). Kuparadza chikara, vakapa mharaunda yavo vane zvikopa zvakawanda uye nyama. Zvombo zvekuuraya mhuka muCro-Magnon dzaiva nepfumo uye anyanisi. Mukuwedzera pakuvhima, ivo vaibata shiri nehove (nokuda kwechidzidzo chekutanga, misungo yakashandiswa, uye yechipiri, harpoons uye hook).

Mukuwedzera kune nyama nehove, zvizvarwa zvevanhu vemazuva ano zvakashandisa miti yemusango kuti ive zvokudya. Zvokudya zvevaNeanderthals neCro-Magnon vanhu zvakafanana. Vakadya zvose izvo zvipenyu zvakapiwa (bark, mashizha nemichero yemiti, mashizha, maruva uye michero midzi, zviyo, mushwa, nuts, algae, nezvimwewo).

Viga nzvimbo

Vanhu veCro-Magnon vaiva nemitambo yemariro yekufadza. Vakaisa hama dzakafa muguva mune imwe hafu-yakamira. Tsvudzi ravo rakanga rakashongedzwa nemambure, maoko - zvishongo, uye zviso zvakaputirwa nematombo akapfigira. Zvitunha zvevakafa zvakanga zvakafukidzwa nemheta mutsvuku. Vanhu vekare vaitenda mushure mekufa, ndicho chikonzero vakaviga hama dzavo pamwechete nezvinhu zveimba, zvishongo uye zvokudya, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mushure mokufa vachavada.

Cultural Revolution Cro-Magnon

Vanhu vaigara munguva yekupedzisira yePaleolithic vakaita zviitiko zvakawanda zvakavabvumira kunyanya kudarika avo vaitangira kare mukuvandudza tsika. Kubudirira kwavo kukuru ndeyekugadzirwa kwenzira itsva yekushandura maruva, iyo yakaenda pasi munhau se "nzira yemagetsi-makumbo". Uku kuwanikwa kwakagadzira kuchinja kwechokwadi mukugadzirwa kwemathuluzi. Nzira yacho yaive mumapuranga ezvo akarohwa kana kupinzwa kubva padombo rematombo (nucleus), kubva pane zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakazogadzirwa. Kuonga teknolojia itsva, vanhu vekare vakadzidza kubva kune imwe kg yeganda kusvika ku 250 masikati ekushanda kwebasa (muNeanderthals chiyero ichi hachina kudarika 220 cm, uye avo vakagara vasati vasvika kusvika 45 cm).

Kuwanikwa kwakakosha zvakaenzana kweCro-Magnon vanhu ndiko kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa kubva pamhuka yezvipfuwo zvigadzirwa. Achitora nguva yakawanda yokuvhima, munhu wekare akacherechedza kuti mapfupa, nyanga uye mhando dzemhuka dzakasiyana mune simba ravo rakawedzerwa. Akatanga kuita kubva kwavari nenzira yakakodzera michina mitsva yakaita kuti upenyu huve nyore kwaari. Bhuna tsono dzakaonekwa uye dzakashambwa, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kusvina zvipfeko zvehombodo. Zvishandiso zvemhuka zvakatanga kushandiswa pakuvakwa kwemisha mitsva, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwezvishongo nemifananidzo kubva mairi. Kubudirira kwezvinhu zvitsva zvakaita kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvekuvhima - pfumo uye anyezi. Izvi zvakabvumidza kuti Cro-Magnon vanhu vauraye mhuka dzakawanda dzinopfuura kudarika simba nekukura.

Nzira yehupenyu yeCro-Magnon yakanga isingarangarirwi mukusingaperi pakati pemhuka. Vanhu vepakutanga vakarwa nekunaka. Vakasiya kumarudzi avo mabasa mazhinji enyanzvi. Iyi inoronga mifananidzo mumapako, uye yakashongedzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushongedza, uye yakagadzirwa nematombo, ivhu, mapfupa uye mapikisi ezvitatu zvehuta, mabhiza, nondo uye mamwe mhuka. Cro-Magnon yekare yakanamatira kunaka kwevakadzi. Pakati pezvakawanikwa zvinowanikwa nevanochera matongo, pane zvakawanda zvevakadzi. Nokuda kwekubwinya kwemafomu, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vemazuva ano vakazvitumidza kuti "Venus".