Yeltsin's reforms yaBoris Nikolaevich - zvezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika: zvinotyisa uye zvinopera, migumisiro

Musoro "nehurumende vavandudzi," uyo vakavimbisa yapurezidhendi, uchangamire nharaunda uye nezvombo zvehondo. Vaitarira munyika panguva Boris Yeltsin zvinganaka kuchinja kwakadaro, zvakaipira izvo Russian nzanga refu nguva yokurumbidza nokutuka, uye zvakafanira kuongorora.

Yeltsin isati hurumende nhasi

Boris Yeltsin aiva "goko" riri gumi kushanda ounyanzvi hwokugadzira, asi akaenda basa bato. Akamukira Rumhangapanga of CPSU uye akasiya pati, achitora nzvimbo iri kumusoro democratic nokushorwa. President, mwedzi pashure sarudzo, rikarova kubvuta masimba, aida pakupedzisira gogodzai zviwanikwa yaiona-murayiro upfumi, asi akatungamirira nyika kupinda default.

Anenge zvakafanana default zvino zita Borisa Eltsina. Other simba kushamwaridzana: racketeering uye "naka Mabhachi," urombo uye kushaya mabasa, wakakura zvikuru rokutanga Chechen hondo uye kuenda kumwe, penga ruzhinji mashoko ari President uye kuparara zvakakwana simba reRussia munyika. Uyewo akatadza zvoupfumi uye enyika kuchinja Yeltsin. Zvisinei, hakuna kudaro nyore, kwete zvose kuedza kwokunangisa nyika musi Yeltsin akanaka vectors havana kubudirira. Vaifanira kuzviita itsva, rinorondedzerwa zvakajeka uye nekuti vazhinji hazvitaurwi nanhasi pfungwa zvinzvimbo uye shaky zvoupfumi. Taurai kutendeuka, asi kwete zvachose kunaka. Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira of Yeltsin zvinhu zvino kunyange zvakajeka kupfuura nineties.

Recent kuchinja itsva nyika: yakanaka

New Russia of Yeltsin yaitonga dzinoratidzwa akawanda zvakanaka, ivo yemanyorero vasingabvunzi, asi ari tinyatsonzwisisa nezvei kusachinja-chinja vatsoropodzi zvishoma. Zvisinei, tinoti:

1. Yeltsin kuti Russia akachingamidza vokuEurope uye vokuAmerica. Boris Eltsin kazhinji akasangana enyika uye navakuru ehurumende, achiratidza kuda zvizere kubvumirana navo uye akatambura kuvaka kumusika upfumi muRussia. Vamwe pfungwa iyi zvirokwazvo vakatamira inotevera chikamu nyaya - pamusoro nezvayakaipira, asi munyika nineties, nyika yedu zvaisagona mari yacho kusembura nyika dzakawanda ukama, asi ushamwari hwechokwadi - zveupfumi uye enyika - haana kubudirira.
2. Hakuna kusenza uye handichisiri kutevera vamiririri ounyanzvi hwokugadzira okusika. Hakuna kuzvidzora kana tsika bhora, kana iri nhau. Akadanidzira rusununguko rwokutaura.
3. Privatization. VokuRussia vava varidzi Apartments nemabhizimisi chiratidzo chivimbo kufamba akananga hweruzhinji. Achiri nharo kana yataura zvinhu zvinobatsira kwechirwere musika kuchinja Yeltsin.
4. Rusununguko rwokusarudza simba kwakatanga Boris Yeltsin.
5. Kune mabhanga mazhinji, kunyanya duku vaya. Asi vakashumira vainyanya zvido boka idzva - itsva Russian, uyewo varidzi mafekitari makambani.
6. Yeltsin ezvematongerwo zvinhu pamwe democratic kosi: akawanda ezvinhu, chisarudzo pamusoro impeachment uye nesarudzo dzeparamende.
7. Tax kuchinja mu Russia muna 1991 - chikuva wokutanga, nheyo mutero hurongwa.
8. Keteni Resimbi rakabhuroka zvachose - miganhu anosvinurira.

Saka, havasi vose zvakanaka pfungwa dziri zvachose kudaro. Zvino vamwe mubvunzo.

Recent kuchinja itsva nyika: kunaka

Kuparadza Soviet Union, kuti initiators kashoma kumiririra zvichaitika inotevera. Kusiya munhu akaronga upfumi, kana vakafunga munhu kuronga kakasaririra pakati neSoviet. Kutadza kufunga nezveremangwana izvi zvinenge kudanana nzvimbo nokukurumidza zvakaipa nokuda kwevanhu uye hurumende hurongwa. Zvichida zvakanga zvakanaka uye havana kuita urongwa inopfuura mwedzi. Akazoonana kuzivikanwa somunhu akakurumbira "shanu" upfumi block vokutanga nineties, zvakashanda kuti nzira. Matambudziko kazhinji regai ramangwana, uye achiedza kugadzirisa. The basa hauna kuisa, tiri kuramba vachiva hostages mamiriro ezvinhu ndakazvisika matambudziko aya.

Kundikana kushanduka uye pamigumisiro Yeltsin kuti kuchinja:

1. Hondo muBosnia, muChechnya. Russia simba mumaziso, akatora mukana vezvourudzi kumatunhu. MuBosnia, muChechnya akadanidzira rusununguko Ichkeria, Russian akatanga madzinza. Yeltsin anotumira mauto kupinda muBosnia, muChechnya. Izvi kuti aparadzane mu Paramende. Yegor Gaidar, mukuru mukuru mubato "Democratic Kusarudza Russia", ne bato nhengo vakazivisa kutsutsumwa, asi kugona kufurira chisarudzo. Yeltsin, rutsva dzinza nokushorwa, neDemocratic Party. MuMoscow, vakabata Misangano mikuru Anti-hondo, zvinobudisa nhau zvakanga zvizere mashoko pamusoro hondo. The guru dambudziko Chokwadi, haina kwakamuka muhurumende uye reparamende, Grozny, Gudermes, Argun nezvimwe misha. Shomanana midziyo revarwi, rine achinyanya pamusoro muchiuto, asina hanya murayiro uye mwoyo hondo. Dana mashoko siyana pamusoro nazvo, kubvira 4 kusvika 14 000 vakafa. Hondo muBosnia, muChechnya, kana sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi pakagadzwa Dare hurongwa Chechen Republic ari pangozi mukurumbira Yeltsin, sezvo mutongi, achikwanisa kuita ezvinhu akaoma, uye kunyimwa ake enyika mibayiro vakagamuchira panguva mambakwedza Russia idzva.
2. High criminalization, banditry, uori uye racketeering. Market zvokuchinja Yeltsin akadanidzira rusununguko pfuma, uye vamwe akanzwisisa semvumo kushandisa kodzero simba. Mumaguta Russian pane zvikwata kuti havasi kutya munhu kana chinhu inonakidza mabhizimisi, achiuraya vorongerwa uye vavengi, vaipikisa uye zvapupu mhosva. Vezvemitemo vakuru kazhinji haana kupindira dismantling, pane zviitiko mapurisa munyaya mhosva. Kazhinji chikwata akanga asingashandi, zvikurukuru vechiduku, dzakaiswa kure, uye aida mari nyore. Nguva vakaurayirwa chigaro.
3. Urovha uye mubayiro chikwereti kwemwedzi, hombe zvinoderedza pakuburitswa uye kubviswa zvinomera. Zvikurukuru sei kurima uye indasitiri. Migumisiro munzvimbo idzi Yeltsin isati kunoitwa zvakadaro kure.
4. Default - huru drawback kuti Yeltsin kuti zvinhu. Economy vanamazvikokota vanoti kuti vadzivise kuderedza pamusoro Ruble zvaiita, kana sarudzo kwete apfuura mutungamiri kana rinobvumirwa upfumi uye magariro bhora. VokuRussia vava varombo.
5. The US nevamwe "shamwari" of Russia idzva asisiri kuzobvunza zvinodiwa nyika.
6. Yeltsin kwakaita yepamutemo kuchinja kwave vaizotibata, asi chaizvoizvo uye tsika dzinenge kumboshanda. Mitemo vari vakasarwa racketeering uye uori. Paavhareji Russian dzashanduka kuva "murume muduku", sezvo ari ainakidza enganonyorwa. Tariro vanhu vakanga yakakura uye haana kuvimbisa kutendeseka Yeltsin.
7. Vanhu vakatanga kubuda munyika - kunotsvaka basa, kuchengeteka uye Occupational tariro. Ari kusiya yakawanda nenyanzvi. Chimwe kurasikirwa nokuda kuchinja.

Nhasi, ari tinyatsonzwisisa zvibereko Borisa Eltsina zvinhu kusiyanisa mbiri dzinokosha maonero. Vamwe vanoti "kuzunungusa" kuti Russia iri rechi90 akamupa kugadzikana razero. Vanopikisa vanodavira kuti maviri kuzviuru akaponesa hurumende kuti akauya kutsiva, uye matambudziko - zvakaipira Yeltsin kuti zvinhu uye vanochinja kubva ilk ake.

Market upfumi - Russia Mararamiro matsva

Kutanga Yeltsin kuchinja akatanga vavakezve upfumi. The post-kweSoviet akatanga pasi chiratidzo kumusika. Boris Yeltsin, kwangopera achitora nyika akatungamirira wake shure - kuti capitalism iyo zvasiya vakunde yechimurenga 1917. Pakazosvika nzira, chinofadza zvakaita Yeltsin hurumende anotya zvemari chairema yanhasi kudzoka munhu vakaronga upfumi. Vanochinja vanotenda 90 dzinouraya kuteterera kuti upfumi zvakaitika vokuSoviet. Zvisinei, ongororo akasiyana kuzoumba chinzvimbo haagoni.

Saka, Boris Yeltsin akatuma musika Russian, uye ichi kuchinja zvikuru yaanofarira West.

Hurumende itsva inotungamirirwa Yeltsin, asi Zano kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa, achirayiridza, matatu Egoru Gaydaru. It adjoins vamwe vechiduku vanochinja: matatu namatanhatu Anatoly Chubais uye Petr avheni, tridtsatidevyatiletny Aleksandr Shohin matatu navasere Andrei Nechayev. Vari kunzi "Harvard vakomana". Ivo Harvard haadi kuzoguma, asi akadzidzawo kumadokero zvoupfumi dzidziso.

How kuongorora dzidziso

Boris Yeltsin akarambidza vaduku vanochinja achipindira mune zvematongerwo enyika, asi akapa rusununguko zvizere vachiedza kuvaka upfumi. Gaidar nevamwe vake vari kutanga kushandisa dzidziso iri tsika, ari mazvake kuti mitengo. Vharai echiShinto vakasarudza kupa rusununguko kune Pricing, kuti vabudirire pakuenzanisa dziripo uye kudiwa. Vose vakanga vachipikisana pfungwa Gaidar, asi Yeltsin. Uye kubva pakutanga yaJanuary 1992, zvose vanotanga kuva zvakanaka kune mutengesi. Mitengo kwakawedzera vamwe zvigadzirwa mu kakawanda.

mari Real vawa nehafu, uye izvi zvose pamusoro colour kokubuda urovha. Hurumende aifanira kubhadhara chero mipiro kana kusuma nokugoverwa. Asi bhajeti yave kuparara uye "kadhi" haana kukwanisa kutsigira. Uye vanhu havana kunge vanotenderwa. Siya zvinhu oga, kuramba kutsanangura ipapo uye ikozvino, kuti mazvake pakati mitengo - chinorwadza muitiro, asi zvinoita chete zviri pakati nineties.

Munguva zvitoro paiva "wokumwe" nokuti Soviet vanhu zvinhu uye nenhumbi, asi kutenga kwavari haana kuti. mari chete zvinokwana zvinokosha. Kupinda "mhenyu mubayiro" uye kubatsira mudane mahara kutengeserana.

tengeserana mazvake

Vanotengesa dzinenge chinhu. Nematanga, mumigwagwa zvokutengeserana ngaatevedzane navanasekuru, yakawanda yokutengesera uye motokari pamisika. Shuttles masayendisiti uye vemifananidzo.

Asi zvikuru kwemari yakanga iripo "Vatengesi" ramafuta, gasi uye vasiri ferrous simbi. Musiyano mukuru nyika mitengo uye pasi mudzimba akapikira mubereko chiuru muzana. Nokuti yesangano iri "achipinda nineties" akarwa pfuti uye zvikwata. Nokuda kushaya vakarongeka voruzhinji zvikoro zviri kutanga kugoverana kumusika pamwe iripo nzira dzose. Gare gare, vanochinja vanoti havana kunge akafanoona munhu simba criminalization yakadaro, muchitenda kuti mamwe mumapepanhau vaduku vanamuzvinabhizimisi kuenda pamangange. Asi basa kuti vawane "denga" Mari uye yesangano, kazhinji zvakananga vachifuratira mutemo.

kune "mutsva Russian" munguva ino. Ivo zvabatsira pachavo panguva apo mari zvavo vanhu kashoma kufambirana mari.

privatization

Apo Russia yakatanga chirongwa "vhocha privatization", akataura kuti sezvo emakambani Soviet achawana varidzi itsva ichibudirira. Kudiwa kuchinja mhosva pamusoro "vatungamiriri tsvuku". Saka akadana vatungamiriri makambani simba, uyo akashandisa mamiriro ake ave "feeder" uye chinyararire kubva ehurumende kuzoshanda "kuchena" yokutengesa mazano.

Yeltsin uye ake hurumende kuti asike boka varidzi uye vakazivisa ukuru pachake ari mamiriro. Ruzha mashoko pamusoro kodzero wose kuti vatenge panguva aizviti mutengo vaiva chokwadi zvekunyepera. Little vanobatsirwa chaigona kuwanikwa chete vanobata yakakwirira-mafungiro evamwe zvinomera, uye pakanga zvishoma. Uyezve, kutanga kubata voga Auktionen. Yakapikirwa vakaenzana kodzero hurumende pfuma hazvina kushanda.

Kuedza All kudzikamisa zvinhu vakatakura kuparara. "Pavlovskaya nadzurudzo" Akatungamirirwa nullification zvipo. Takaedza kusanganisira muchina wokudhinda, asi akaita zvakawanda kukuvadza pane zvakanaka.

Hanya Gaidar, rokutanga "chepiramidhi" uye SCG

Kuedza All kuderedza National chikwereti akanga hachizobudiriri, kubudirira chete kunonoka kuti muripo. Tikakanganwira zvikwereti wokuGirisi uye Poland, asi kwete simba Russia. Economic kushushikana kuwedzerwa enyika dambudziko. Muna December 1992, dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende akabvunza shanduko wehurumende. Gare gare, Yeltsin nominated Viktor Chernomyrdin, akaita zvakawanda zvikanganiso nokukurumidza.

Muna 1993 akatanga kupanana Soviet rubles kuna Russian. Zvakatora 35 maviri chete 000 uye chete mavhiki. Sberbank mahofisi pamwe nekurutsa. Yeltsin akasarudza kuwedzera mari kusvika chimwe namazana, uye nguva - kusvikira pakupera kwegore.

Rinotanga nenguva mari "chepiramidhi". Kuoneka "MMM", "Selenga", "Ishe" uye vamwe maduku vaduku. Zviremera akuteerere mabasa avo distantly, zvematongerwo kuda kupindira, haana mutemo akakodzera. Asi gare gare akazivisa kuti Yeltsin kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa vazvidzisa muzvinhu zvakawanda "chepiramidhi".

Uyezve, muna zvakafanana ne "piramidhi" muRussia pane kwenguva pfupi hurumende zvisungo kuti muzadze bhajeti. State kuti ape zvisungo vozvitengesa. Ndakatengesa vakanga muzvikamu zviviri. Chimwe chaiva kufukidza bhajeti dhefisiti. Kune vamwe - kuburikidza subsidiaries of Central Bank of ehurumende kutenga zvavo chete T-zvikwereti. pakutanga GKO akauisa mari, asi pakutanga kwegore makumi mapfumbamwe namasere bhajeti dhefisiti achava nyore kwazvo.

kugovera mamiriro pfuma

Nengano privatization simba nemakambani Russian vadarika iyi, pamutemo akaramba paruzhinji, asi chete waidzora vakadaro yemakambani vatungamiri uye, nguva nenguva, kunyange rakamanikana denderedzwa utungamiri. Yakatanga "rubatso" privatization unotendwa nehurumende, umo makambani vakatengwa nemari paruzhinji.

Bazi rezveMari uchatamisa mari kuti mabhanga, inotongwa oligarchs. Kugadzwa "okisheni", Kumukundi uko richengetwe nemigove wechaunga akapa chikwereti kuna mamiriro, zvinosanganisira pachake mari yake. Zvino mamiriro asingadi kubhadhara chikwereti, asi migove kuramba muridzi itsva. Toga maoko kuti ichi "okisheni" zvaitora makambani anopfuura gumi, kusanganisira "Norilsk nickel" uye "Yukos". Mikhail Khodorkovsky Somuenzaniso, kubhadhara nehurumende kambani mari Bazi Finance of okubhengi, aiswamo naye nezvoupfumi.

Default uye kupanduka miners

Muna 1998 iye akazivisa Ruble denominirovanii: rubles zviuru yachinja imwe. Gore rino Russia yava mari Asian dambudziko uye nokudonha mafuta mitengo kusvika madhora gumi muzana dhiramu. Vakuru vakuru vakaedza kuchengeta Ruble "yerera", Central Bank akaridza mari uye akatanga "njanji hondo". Muna May, ivo miners pindana njanji Mitsetse uye akabvunza kuti kusiya basa ose Boris Yeltsin uye pokufa State Duma uye hurumende. Zvinodiwa kuti vadzokere mamiriro angu zvinokugumburai pamusoro pamaonero pamusoro zvaida kugadzirisa zviri marasha indasitiri, pamwe kuchaitwa zvimbambaira uye dzekushandira.

Muna August, iye akaunza mari default, nezvoupfumi dzokuMadokero rakafanotaura, asi purezidhendi weRussia pamwe Zvaifungidzirwa haana kubvumirana akati pachena kuti default hakuzovipo. Asi akanga achienda, hurumende yakazivisa pacharo kusauka, hurumende akabvuma kuti zvaiita kuti vachengete Ruble Gengi bhendi pasisina. The Russian Ruble rawa nehafu, uye pamahombekombe vakarega achivaratidza deposits. Yakatsiva kuratidzwa: Kirienko, Primakov, Stepashin uye Yeltsin akazivisa kuti akanga achipindira pasi purezidhendi weRussia.

Zvakabuda Yeltsin kuti kuchinja

Mumufananidzo pfungwa dzinokosha Yeltsin zvinhu zvaiva semhedziso kukundikana. Kunyanya kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa Yeltsin. Mushure capitulation pamusoro mugovanisi upfumi nineties Russia rashanduka kunyika kuhwina mari. Business vepamusoro akasika muhomwe mabhanga, uye hurumende "akapa" mafekitari emakambani pasina kugamuchira zvakunotibatsira nokuda bhajeti.

Hurumende akaratidza pasina kuita kuti vanhu vayo, uyo, uri kuchinja zvinhu kuchinja kuenda kuburikidza nehana mishonga. Zvinhu zvakanga zvakawanda hwakafanana kuedza, kutanga kugara kutyiswa kushayikwa uye nzara.

Kana zvaibvira kuvaka Russia zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva - vachiri nharo, ave wenyika zvaangaita uye pfuma yamarudzi Boris Yeltsin. Pausiku rokutanga nesarudzo kuti sarudzo yacho basa. Zvinodhura uye pamwero mukuru chirongwa "Vote kana Kuderedza". Most vasingadi kurasikirwa mabhizimisi, achitya mukukunda vemutungamiri kukwikwidza uye anokumhan'arira pamusoro Yeltsin Communist Gennady Zyuganov. Ungangove, ipapo aizofanira kudzokera zvose kumusika "kuzadzisa."

Conversion haana kutungamirira Russia kubudirira, asi chete seiyi kukura nyika, kurwadza chaizvo kurwadzisa kuti upfumi uye mhuri dzinenge dzose Russian. Vamwe vanoti zvose zvingadai zvakaitika dai zvisina kuti connivance nezviremera kuzoparadza nyika kwendangariro. Zvisinei, kuti nguva yakapfuura, uye ikozvino zvazvinosarira chete kuongorora zvatakakanganisa kuti usazozvidzokorora.