Mukuru Duke weLithuania Vytautas: biography, zvinonakidza zvayo, zvematongerwe enyika, rufu

Zuva chaiyo rokuberekwa kwaVitovt hazvizivikanwi. Nezvinyorwa zvechipiri mubhuku rezvinyorwa vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakasvika pakugumisa kuti akaberekwa munenge muna 1350. Mukuru Duke weLithuania, Vitovt, aiva mwanakomana weCléstut uye muzukuru waOlgerd, uye paakaberekwa haana kutora simba pamusoro penyika yose. Basa rake rakakwirira pakati pevanhu vomunharaunda, akaitirana nharo pamusoro pemakore akawanda muhondo dzehurumende uye dzekunze.

Kurwisana nesimba

Muna 1377, Ambuya Vytautas, Guru Guru reLithuania, Olgerd, vakafa. Simba rakapfuudzwa kumwanakomana wake Jagiello. Keystut, uyo aiva mutungamiriri weTrotsky, akaziva muzukuru wake semukuru uye akadzoka kune zvinhu zvake zvinokosha - kurwisana neVaKaturike vakapandukira, avo vakagadzira mauto avo muBaltics. Jagiello, zvakadaro, aitya vanun'una vake. Mukuwedzera, paranoia yake yakasimbiswa nemazano evashamwari dzake.

Jagiello akaenda kubatanidzwa neChrisaders kuitira kuti adzore Keystut yezvakaitika kwaari. Nenguva isipi hondo yevagari vomunyika yakatanga, mune ramangwana Guru Duke Lithuanian Vitovt yakatorawo chikamu. Muna 1381, pamwe nababa vake, akakunda Jagiello. Keystut kwenguva pfupi akava mutongi wenyika yose, uye Vitovt - mugari wenhaka yake.

Civil War

Sekunge gore raitevera - 1382, kupesana kwakavapo muLithuania kurwisana nesimba raKajstut. Pamwe pamwe naVitovt, akaendeswa musungwa uye akadzipwa mujeri. Mwanakomana wacho akatizira kunharaunda yeTeutonic Order. Makore matatu gare gare Poland neLithuania vakapedzisa kubatana, saka vachibatana mune imwe nyika. Jagiello akatumira guta rake Krakow. Panguva imwecheteyo, Vitovt akawana kubva kumunun'una wake kudzokera kwaari kweGrutchch sehurumende.

Zvisinei, nokukurumidza kukakavadzana pakati pavo kwakavhiringidzika nemasimba matsva. Vitovt zvakare aifanira kutizira kuvarwi vehondo, avo vaakagara kwemakore matatu, achigadzirira kukunda kudzokera kunyika yake. Muna 1392 mushure mekupedzisira kwehondo hondo hama dzakasaina chibvumirano cheOstrovsky. Mukuru Duke weLithuania Vytautas akazotorazve zita rake. Mukurumbira, akazviziva pachake sechigaro cheMambo wePolish, asi vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti raiva 1392 musi wekutangira kwehutongi hwake hwekuzvimirira.

Kufamba vachirwisana nevaTatar

Mushure mekupera kwehondo yevagari vemo, Vitovt aizotanga kutarira kune vasiri vavengi veLithuania. Pamuganhu wekumaodzanyemba wehurumende yake yakanamatira pamagwenga, ayo akanga ari pasi pekutonga kweTatars. Muna 1395, Khan we Golden Horde Tokhtamysh akakundwa kukundwa kweuto reTamerlane. Iye akatizira kuVilna, achitsvaka pokupotera ikoko.

Chii chakaitwa naMittautas? Mukuru Duke weLithuania, uyo ane chimiro chinomiririra muenzaniso wemutungamiri wemauto anoshingaira uyo akarwisa vavakidzani vose vane ngozi, aisakanganiswa mukana iwoyo. Akachengetedza Tokhtamysh uye akatanga kuunganidza mauto ekurwisana mune ramangwana mumasasa. Muna 1397 mauto echinda akapfuura neDon uye, pasina kusangana nekudzivisa kupi zvako, akapamba uye akaparadza kupaka kwevaTatar. Apo varwi vasina simba vakazopedzisira varonga kurwisana, kupesana kwezviri pachena kwakanga kusingabatsiri. Lithuanians vakakundwa nevanhu vemauto uye vakatora vanopfuura chiuru vakatapwa.

Asi izvi hazvina kumisa Vytautas - Guru Duke weLithuania. Nzira dzinofadza pamusoro peCrimea dzakamuita kuti aende kunzvimbo iyi isina chimiro, apo vashori veTokhtamysh vakadzungaira ndokuchengetedza pfuma yavo. Pamberi, hondo yeLithuania yakanga isati yaenda kusvika kure munharaunda yevavengi. Vitovt aitarisira kuti kubudirira kwake kwaizokurudzira papa kuti azivise iyo yose-yeEuropean mhirizhonga pamusoro pevatatari. Kana mushandirapamwe wakadaro wakatanga uye wakaguma nekubudirira, muchinda aigona kutarisa musoro weumambo uye kuwedzera kukuru munharaunda kumabvazuva.

Hondo yeVorskla

Zvisinei, mhirizhonga iri pasi pekutonga kweRoma haina kumboitika. Munguva iyi, vaTatars vakakwanisa kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwepakati uye kubatana kuitira kuti vakundise vavengi vekumadokero. Stepniakov akatungamirirwa naKan Timur Kutlug uye musungwa wake Yedigei. Vakaunganidza boka guru rezvuru makumi ezviuru zvemauto.

Chii chingavapikisa uye ndiani aigona kuunganidza pasi pemabhendi avo Vitovt - Guru Guru reLithuania? Mutemo wemutongi wepamutemo wakamurega kuti awane kusawirirana pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvevanhu veLithuania. Chokutanga pane zvose, akatarisana nedambudziko rehukama nehurumende yeRussia Orthodox, yaigara munzvimbo huru yenyika. Vytautas akatarisira vanhu ava uye magavhuna avo, nekuda kwekuti akakwanisa kuwana mukurumbira wakanaka.

Mifungo yake pamusoro pekurova kurwisana nevaTatars yakasangana kwete neavo veOrthodox chete, asiwo nevakuru veRussia vanozvimiririra. Pamwe pamwe naVitovt, gavhuna weSmolensk akabvuma kutaura. Kubatsira kwakakosha kwakabvawo kuPoland uye kunyange Teutonic Order. IvaKaturike vakabvumirana kuita sangano rakabatana pakurwisana nevanhu vanogara. Pakupedzisira, pamwe naVitovt paiva nevatata vakatendeka kuTokhtamysh.

Hondo inenge inenge zviuru makumi mana vanhu vakatungamira kumabvazuva muna 1399. Hondo yakakosha yakaitika paVorskla, mutongi weDnieper. Hondo yeVitovt ndiyo yekutanga kuisa chinonyangadza, uye yakatokwanisika kunyaradza vatatari. Zvisinei, hafu yechipiri yevatungamiri vakaita shanjere mberi, ichipfuura neLithuanian squad. Penguva inokosha, vaTatars vakarova vaKristu vari kumashure uye vakavamanikidza kurwizi. Hondo yacho yakaguma nenzira. Vytautas pachake akakuvara uye haana kupukunyuka. Mushure mekukundikana uku, aifanira kukanganwa nezvekuwedzera kusvika mumusoro wepamusoro uye weumambo. Muhondo vakawanda machinda echiRussia neLithuanian vakafa: vatongi vePoltsk, Bryansk naSmolensk.

Yatsva pamwe nePoland

Mushure mokukundwa muVorskla, simba raVitovt rakanga riri pangozi. Akarasikirwa nevatsigiri vazhinji, asi muLithuania muvengi wake mutsva akawedzera. Vakava Svidrigailo Olgerdovich - mukoma muduku weJagiello uye muchinda weVitebsk. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu aya, Vitovt akasarudza kugumisa hurumende itsva nePoland. Pakupera kwe 1400 akasangana naJagailo pedyo neGrodno, apo madzimambo akaisa gwaro rekucherechedza chiitiko chitsva pakuvandudzwa kwehukama pakati peKrow naVilna.

Chii chaive chirevo chechibvumirano uye nei chakakosha zvikuru? Jagiello akacherechedza Vitovt kodzero yeupenyu hwose yekutora Lithuania, iyo yakanyatsorega Svidrigailo yekodzero ipi zvayo kuchigaro. Kurwisana kwake kwakave kusina maturo uye akazvipira nemaune kukanganisa. Nekuda kwake, Gurukota reLithuania, Vitovt, mushure mekufa kwake, vakavimbisa kutamisa chigaro cheJagiello kana kuti mugari wenhaka yake. Dai pakange pasina kunyange iye, ipapo chigaro cheLithuania chaifanira kupfuurira kune murume akasarudzwa kuti avhoti yevatongi. Panguva imwecheteyo, vaPoles vakavimbisa kodzero dzakakwanira kuRussia Orthodox boyars. Ichi chibvumirano chakazozivikanwa seVilno-Radom Union.

Kurwisana neGerman Knights

Hondo yakarasika neveTatars yaiva yakasimba, asi kwete kuuraya. Nokukurumidza Vitovt akadzoka kubva pairi. Pakati pekucherechedza kwake kwakanga kune ukama neTeutonic Order. Vatorwa kwemakumi emakore vakasarudza nyika kubva kuLithuania nePoland, pavakanga vachibatanidzwa muhondo dzehurumende. Iye zvino madzimambo aibatana, izvo zvinoreva kuti vakange vane mukana wekubatanidza zvibvumirano zvakabatana neTeutonic Order.

Vytautas aifarira mukudzoka kweSamogitian nyika, uye Jagiello aida kudzokera kuEastern Pomorie, uyewo kumakomo eHelinsky naMikhalovo. Hondo yakatanga nemhirizhonga muSamogitia. Kusagutsikana nekutonga kweTeutonic inotsigirwa naVitovt. Mukuru Duke weLithuania, ane rudimbu rwemifananidzo yakamiririra inomiririra mutsara wekusagadzikana kwemauto ehondo, akasarudza kuti iyi ndiyo yaiva mikana yakanakisisa yekugumburwa neCrusaders.

Mushandirapikisana neTeutonic Order

Pachikamu chekutanga chehondo, mativi maviri emakakatanwa akaita zvisina kunaka. Kubudirira kwakaipisisa chete kwePoles neLithuanians kwaiva kutorwa kwehare ye Bydgoszcz. Nenguva isipi vapikisi vakapedza gungano rerugare. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakanga iri nguva pfupi, kuva chifukidzo, zvinodiwa kune vadzivisi kuitira kuti vawedzere mararamiro avo. Tenzi weMutungamiriri Ulrich von Junginen akanyora kutsigira kweHungarian King Sigismund weLuxembourg. Chimwe chekupa maGermany kwaiva kune dzimwe nyika. Nenguva iyo hondo yakatangazve, vaKrefasi vaiva neuto revanhu 60 000 varume.

Hondo yePoland yakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru madzishe emapurisa, akauya kune veuto pamwe chete nemapoka avo maduku. Lithu Lithuans dzakatsigirwa neCzechs. Mutungamiriri wavo aiva Jan Zizka - mutungamiri anozivikanwa weHussites. Kune rumwe rutivi rweVittautas kwaivawo nemirasi yeRussia, kusanganisira Novgorod mukuru Lugvania. Pavakuru vakuru vehurumende, veAllies vakasarudza kuenda kuMarienburg, guta guru reTeutonic Order, mumigwagwa yakasiyana. Icho coalition yakanga ine simba rakaenzana nekuenzana nemasimba eChrisaders (vanenge vanhu zviuru makumi matanhatu).

Hondo yeGunwald

Kana pakutanga kwehondo hondo dzeGermany dzakapinda muPoland, ikozvino maPoles neLituanian ivo pachavo vakarwisa zvinhu zveHurumende. Musi waJuly 15, 1410 pakanga pane hondo yakawanda yeHondo Huru (sezvazvaidanwa muLithuania annals). Hondo yevakabatana yakatungamirirwa naJagiello naVitovt. Mukuru Duke weLithuania, uyo mufananidzo wake wemifananidzo uri mumabhuku ose eEuropean medieval history, akanga atova nhoroondo pakati pevanhu venguva yake. Vose vanogara navo uye kunyange vashori vake vakayemura kushivirira uye kushivirira komutongi, kuburikidza kwaakazoita zvinangwa zvake. Iye zvino akanga ari nhanho kubva kurega zvachose kubvisa nyika yake pangozi yevaKaturike vehondo.

Nzvimbo yehondo yakakosha yaiva nzvimbo yeguta reGrwalwald. VaGermany vakasvika pano kutanga. Vakasimbisa nzvimbo dzavo pachavo, vakachera gomba rakadzikidzwa-misungo, vakaisa pfuti nevarume vaimirira uye vakamirira muvengi. Pakupedzisira Mapolisi neLithuania vakasvika uye vakatora nzvimbo dzavo. Jagiello haana kukurumidza kurwisa. Zvisinei, panguva yakaoma zvikuru, Vitovt akasarudza kurwisa vaJalimane vasina mutemo weMambo wePolish. Akafambisa mauto ake kuenda mberi, pakarepo mushure mokunge vatungamiriri vechitendero vakapisa moto kune vose vaipikisa kubva mabhomba avo ose.

Kwenguva inenge awa awa magweta akaedza kubvisa kutambudzwa kweLithuanians neTatars (muVitovt, mabhiza eCrimea akashandawo mubasa). Pakupedzisira, Marshal Frederick von Wallenrod akaraira chiremba. VaLithuania vakatanga kudzoka. Uyu waiva nzira yekuita nemaune, yakatangwa naVittautas - Guru Guru reLithuania. Akaona kufa kweGermany hondo yakakombwa nevasungwa vainge varasa kurongeka. Zvinhu zvose zvakaitika sezvakaitwa navakuru. Pakutanga, makambani akasarudza kuti vaLithuania vakanga vari kumhanya mukutya, uye vakamhanyira shure kwavo vose, vachirasikirwa nekurwisana kwavo. Nenguva apo chikamu cheGermany mauto chakasvika pamusasa waVitovt, muchinda akarayira kuti apfigire rutivi ndokukomberedza muvengi. Iyi nhume yakaiswa kune mapepa eNogorod prince Lugvania. Akakunda nebasa rake.

Munguva iyi, vazhinji veTeutonic vakarwa nePoles. Zvaiita sokuti kukundwa kwakanga kwave kuine mumaoko emaJalimane. Masoja aJagiello akatotadza kurasikirwa neCracow gonfalon, asi, pasina nguva yakadzoserwa kunzvimbo yayo. Mhedziso yehondo yakasarudzwa nekuiswa kwezvimwe zviwanikwa muhondo, izvo zvakanga zvamirira nguva yavo kumashure. VaPoles vakashandisa zvakajeka kupfuura VaCrusus. Mukuwedzera, varwi vemabhiza veVitovt vakaerekana varova maGermany kubva kumativi ayo, izvo zvakakonzera kuuraya kwemauto eDare. Mudzidzisi Jungingen akafira pakurwa.

The Allies vakakunda, uye kubudirira uku kwakagara kusarudza kuguma kwehondo. Ipapo kwakauya kusakundwa kweMarienburg. Kunyange zvazvo yaifanira kubviswa, maGermany akabvuma kudzorera nyika dzose dzavakanga vatora uye kubhadhara chikwereti chikuru. Iyo yakakunda Great War yakaratidza nzvimbo yemberi inotevera mune imwe nzvimbo yehurumende yePoland neLithuania uye kuderera kwemaKaturike muBaltics. Mhare iyi isina chokwadi yakadzokera kunyika yekwavo yeMytautas. Guru Guru reLithuania rakadzoserwa kuSamogitia, sezvaaida nguva dzekurwa.

Ukama neMoscow

Vytautas aiva nemwanasikana waSofya chete. Akamuroora kuMoscow Muchinda Vasily I-mwanakomana waDmitry Donskoy. Mutongi weLithuania akaedza kuchengetedza ukama hwepedyo nemukwambo wake, kunyange izvi zvaive zvichidziviswa nechishuwo chake chekuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwake kumabvazuva achitsvaga nyika dzeRussia. Nyika mbiri dzakava dzakapesana nenzvimbo dzezvematongerwe enyika, imwe neimwe inogona kubatanidza nyika dzeEast Slavic. Vitovt kunyange akatobhabhatidzwa maererano nehetho yeOrthodox, zvisinei, gare gare akatendeuka kuKaturike.

Chigumbuso cheMoscow-Lithuanian ukama hwaiva Smolensk. Guru Guru reLithuania, vaRussia Vytautas, kakawanda vakaedza kumubata. Akanyatsopindira mukati mezvematongerwo enyika mukati mePsykov uye Novgorod republics. Vakatumira vaKutta kuhondo, sezvakanga zvakaita nyaya yeHondo yeGunwald. Nemhaka yenyika yeRussia, Guru Duke akawedzera miganhu yesimba rake kumahombekombe eOka neMozhaisk kunze kweMoscow.

Muzukuru weGuru Duke weLithuania Vitovt aiva mwanakomana waBasil I Basil the Dark. Akakwira pachigaro choumambo mucheche muna 1425. Baba vake vakanzwisisa kuti kuMoscow akanga ane mashoma masimba kuti panguva imwe chete arwise Lithuanians uye Tatars. Nokudaro, akaita zvose zvakaderera kuna baba vomudzimai mumakakatanwa emuganhu, kudzivisa hondo. Basil I, kufa, akakumbira Vytautas kuti adzivirire mutungamiriri mutsva kubva kumabatanidzwa ane simba. Muzukuru weGuru Duke weLithuania, Vitovt, aiva Vasily II. Icho chaiva chibvumirano ichi chisina kubvumira vanoita sechigaro chechigaro kuti varonge hurumende.

Makore apfuura

Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake Guru Guru reLithuania Vytautas ndiye aiva mukuru weEurope. Muna 1430 aiva nemakore makumi masere. Mumazuva ejubheri, gavhuna akaronga musangano muLutsk, kwaakakoka Jagiello, Sigismund Luxemburg (munguva pfupi kuti ave mambo weMambo Mutsvene weRoma), mamiriri epapa uye machinda mazhinji eRussia. Chimwe chinhu icho vatongi vazhinji vane simba vakauya pachiitiko ichi, vakatotaura kare kuti Vitovt aiva mumwe wevanyori vezvematongerwe enyika munguva yake.

Pamberi peLutsk Congress, tarisiro yekugadziriswa kwemukweguru yakakurukurwa. Kana akatora zita racho, rakaenzana nezvose zvakaitwa naJagiello, Lithuania yaizopedzisira yakasununguka uye inodzivirirwa kumavirira. Zvisinei, maPoles akadzivisa kukonzera. Hazvina kumboitika. Vytautas akafa nguva pfupi mushure memusangano muTroki, Gumiguru 27, 1430. Nzvimbo yekuvigwa kwake haisati yazivikanwa. Vytautas aiva Guru Duke weLithuania kwemakore 38. Yaiva panguva yekutonga nyika iyi yakabudirira. Vatungamiri vaitevera vakawira mukupedzisira kuvimba nePoland. Kubatana kwenyika mbiri kwainzi iyo Commonwealth.