"Gneisenau" (bhomba yehondo): maitiro uye tsanangudzo yegadziriro

Hondo yehondo yakakurumbira yezvikepe zveGermany "Gneisenau" yakatumirwa muna 1938 mangwanani eHondo Yenyika II. Izvo basa remudziyo uyu rakava chimwe chekuda zvikuru kwenguva yaro. Hondo yeHondo yakanga iri kushanda kusvikira muna 1943, apo muhondo yakatevera yakaipisisa zvakanyanya. Akatumirwa kuti agadziriswe, asi pakupedzisira akasarudza mothball. Muna 1945, nguva pfupi kusati kwekukundwa kweGermany, ngarava yakanga yakazara nemvura. Mune nhau, akaramba achizivikanwa kwete chete nekuda kwekushandisa kwake zvehondo, asiwo nokuda kwezvakanaka zvake.

Nhoroondo yekuvaka

Chikepe cheGermany chiGneisenau chimwe chezvikepe zvakakurumbira zveHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Nhoroondo yaro yakatanga muna 1933, apo muTatu Reich yakasarudza kuvaka zvikepe zviviri zvechimiro chitsva "Scharnhorst". Iyo purojekiti yakaitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akazara pakavanzika. Dare rehondo, chikepe chehondo Gneisenau chakabudiswa kune imwe ngarava yeDeutscheland. Zvisinei, pakati penhema yenhema uye ngarava chaiye yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru.

"Gneisenau" yakanga yakawanda mashekeri 19 000, uye simba rayo raiva 161 000 horsepower. Vashandi vehondo yehondo vaisanganisira mauto 1,669. Mune zvese zvayo, ngarava yakagamuchirwa sechimbo chikuru - pera rezvikepe zveGermany. Uye hazvishamisi, nokuti hutungamiri hweTatu Reich hwakada kutanga mapurogiramu anoshamisa uye anodhura, rimwe rawo, pasina mubvunzo, raiva Gneisenau. Hondo yehondo yakasikwa semhinduro kubva kuBritish neFrench Navy (kunyanya zvikepe zveFrance zvekuDunkirque). Kusiyana kwaro kukuru kune mamwe maenzisi kwakanga kuri kuwedzera kuonekwa mukugadzirisa uye nhumbi.

Muna 1935, ngarava yakatofanira kuchinjwa nekuda kwechitarisiko chetsva, yakatonyanya kurongeka kubva pakuona kwekugadzira. Kutanga kwaitwa musi waDecember 8, 1936. Pazuva iroro, rimwe remaketani anotakura rakaputika, izvo zvakaita kuti ngarava iwedzere uye yakamhanya kumahombekombe. Dambudziko racho rakava dambudziko kumucheto.

Cannon

Ngarava Gneisenau (yehondo yehondo) yakatumidzwa mukuremekedza ngarava yehondo, iyo yakakurumbira munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese uye yaive yeboka raAdmiral Spee. Chiratidzo chacho chakasarudzwa kwete nechiitiko. "Gneisenau" ndiyo yekutanga yezvombo zvezvikepe zveGermany, yakavakwa munguva yemauto. Makore ekunyadziswa uye zvigadziriswa zvakauya mushure mekunge rugare rweVersailles rwapera. Asi nekuda kwekuti zvikepe zveGermany zvakaramba zvisingakwanisi, mumakore makumi matatu nemakumi matatu zvakange zvichifanirwa kuita Gneisenau chikepe chakanga chinongororwa chete nechisimba. MuTatu Reich, kubva mumudziyo mutsva, vakanga vakamirira kubudirira, zvakaenzana neavo vakatungamirirwa nezita rimwechete vaizivikanwa.

Mumazuva emitambo, Germany yakatanga kugadzirwa kwemafuti 283-mm, yakagadzirirwa "Gneisenau." Bhomba yehondo yakagamuchira pfuti, yakafanana neyo yakaiswa paD Dunkirk. Uyezve, zvidziviriro uye zvinonyangadza zvechikepe cheGermany zvakaongororwa kungoona kutarisana kunotarisirwa nezvikepe zveFrance zvemufananidzo uyu. 283-mm mapfupa akanga akakwirira mumasikirwo avo kune zvishandiso kubva ku Deutschland. Maitiro avo uye kupisa moto pamusana pezvinyorwa zvavo zvakanga zvakakura. Kubudirira kwezvombo zvitsva hakuna kukwanisa asi kunokonzera kubvumirwa muBerlin.

Kudzora kupfura pazvikepe "Gneisenau" zvakagadzirirwa zvidimbu zvezviridzwa, izvo zvakanga zvatozviratidza pachavo pazvombo zvehondo zvakadai se "Bismarck" uye vafambisi ve "Hipper" rudzi. Artogon yakarongedzwa kubva pamiganhu iri munzvimbo dzevatungamiri. Vakapiwa nemataresiko, ayo akashandiswa nemahofisi ane mhosva yekupfura, pamwe chete nevapfuri. Izvo zvinyorwa zvakagadziriswa nekubatsirwa kwegyroscopes.

Pakazove iyo yakanyanya kunyanya kwemazuva iwayo maitiro. Semuenzaniso, kombiyuta inonzi ballistic yakanyatsokurumidza kufamba, ichibereka, ichichinja mararamiro kune chinangwa uye kunyange kutarisa mamiriro okunze. Kuverenga kwakaoma kwakaitwa muzvikamu zvakakosha nezviridzwa. Kudzora kwekugadzirisa kwekutonga kwakarongerwa shongwe dzeshatu. Panguva imwe chete, vanogona kupisa kamwechete nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakawanda (kana kutarisa chinhu chimwe chete).

Shells

PaGneisenau, maGermany akashandisa mhando dzakawanda dzehombodo. Chokutanga, kuputira zvombo. Dzakanga dzichishandiswa kurwisana nezvirongwa zvakachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Vakanga vane fuse pasi uye mhuru shoma yezvipuka. Chechipiri, chaive chikafu chezvombo-kupfura mabhomba. Maererano nehurumende yeBritish, ivo vaiwanzotiwo "zvakajairika." Vakagamuchira zvishoma zvishoma zvishoma uye vakave nekuparadzana kukuru. Inoshandiswa kurwisana nehondo uye kwete nehombodo huru.

Pakupedzisira, panzvimbo yechitatu, Gneisenau yakagamuchira zvikwata zvakaputika. Vakanga vane fuse musoro uye vaishandiswa mukurwisana nehondo dzisiri dzehondo (vaparadzi, antiaircraft pfu, kutsvaga, simba risina kudzivirirwa, nezvimwewo). Iyi mitemo yekushandiswa kwemakanda haana kuchinja mumagwenga eGermany muhondo yose. Semi-silaya-piercing uye yakakwirira-kuputika mabhomba aiva nehanho rekutanga remamita 900 pamusi wechipiri uye aive nemafuta mashoma (imwe inorema kupfuura makirogiramu zana). Vakapomerwa nekodhi yemagetsi.

Pakutanga, projectiles dzaipiwa nenzira yekugadziriswa uye kumiswa kwemigwagwa. Zvadaro, kubva pamatafura emabhedheni, vakawira mu elevator. Mhosva huru dzaive dzakasiyana nemashizha emhangura. Nokuti kutakura kwavo matayiti akadai akapiwa. Secondary projectiles zvakapiwa manually. Zvipfeko zvechikepe zvaiva nemhosva ye1 800 (1,350 huru uye 450 yechipiri).

Kuonekwa

Chizhinji chezvose, "Gneisenau" akanga akafanana nehanzvadzi yake Scharnhorst. Asi zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana pakati pavo zvaivepo. Nenzira dzakasiyana, anchor, anti-ndege, uye mauto masimba akanga aripo. Mushure mekuvakwa, Gneisenau yakanga yakafukidzwa mumuchena wakajeka. Nzvimbo chete dzinokosha dzakasara dzakasara maoko, zvakaratidzwa kumativi ose maviri.

MunaFebruary 1940, zvitunha zvakasarudza kupora zvivara zvitsvuku ne swastika yakasviba. Yakagadzirwa nokuda kwekuzivikanwa kubva mumhepo. Dambudziko nderokuti ndege yeLuftwaffe yakanganisa kukanganisa vatongi vaviri veGermany mumwedzi iwoyo voga. Mumakore ekuma1940, panguva yekugadziriswa kwemashure muBaltic, Gneisenau yakagamuchira mifananidzo yekugadzira.

Displacement

Mukati yezvidzidzo zvekugadzirwa kwakave zvakajeka kuti vavaki havazokwanisi kusangana nekusununguka kwema 26 000 tani. Pakutanga, zvaifungidzirwa kuti idzi nhamba dzaizoenderana neGneisenau. Hondo yehondo, zvisinei, yakauya yakawanda zvikuru, iyo muna 1936 yakajeka kwazvo kuratidza kuyerwa. Mapurisa engarava akaridza alarm. Nyanzvi dzaishushikana kuti ngarava yacho yaizoramba isina kugadzikana, uye kugadzikana kwayo kwaizoderera. Mukuwedzera, takafanirwa kuderedza kukwirira kwebhokisi rekusununguka. Izvi zvakagadziriswa zvinoshandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Dambudziko rekuwedzera kusimuka rakawanikwa panguva iyo yakanga yatotanga kushandura maitiro makuru eGneisenau. Bhomba yehondo, iyo yakagadzirirwa yaiva dombo rekona yebasa racho rose, rakaponeswa nekuwedzera hupamhi hwamanda. Somugumisiro, kuenderera mberi kwakawedzera kusvika ku 33 zviuru zvitanhatu.

Simba rinomera

Mhirizhonga yakawanda nevakagadziri yakakonzerwa nechimiro chemasimba. Icho chaiva chinhu chinopikisana zvikuru cheGneisenau. Icho chikepe chehondo, iyo maitiro aive akaparidzirwa nenhamba dzisina kumboitika, dzakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekuedzwa uye kukanganisa. Panguva imwecheteyo, hapana mumwe wevanhu vane mhosva vaida kudzivisa kuvaka kwechikepe zvakare uye zvakare.

Pachikamu chekutanga chekugadzirwa, turbo-gear maikirasi akasarudzwa semusimba wekugadzira. Nekubatsira kwavo, yakanga yakarongwa kuuraya shiri mbiri nedombo rimwechete: kuti vimbise kukurumidza kwechikepe uye kukurumidza nguva yekuendesa. Zvikamu zvakashanda kune vakaroorana. Kubva pane dizi rakasarudzwa kuramba, sezvo chikepe chikuru chakadaro chakanga chisati chawanika injini yemhando iyi. Chisarudzo chakaipa chakaitwa naAdmiral Erich Reder. Akanzwisisa kuti chikepe chenguva refu chinokwanisa kunge chiri chiduku kudarika pachinoshandisa injini yediiniyo. Zvisinei, ngarava yacho yakanga isina nguva yokumirira kukura kwayo nekugadzirwa.

Housing

Hondo yehondo yehondo yaive nechero yakatarwa. Yakanga yakaumbwa nesimbi. Zvakasarudzwa kushandisa chiedza chema-alloys-saka zvaikwanisika kuderedza uremu. Chikepe chikuru chechikepe chakanga chisina mvura. Chivako chose chakakamurwa kuva zvikamu 21. 7 vavo vaive vaine simba rekugadzira simba.

Zvinoshuva kuti panguva yekuvakwa kwechikepe chikuru, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwegetsi kwakashandiswa kwekutanga kokutanga pamatanho ose ekugadzirwa zvakajeka munyaya yeGneisenau. Bhomba yehondo, iyo tsanangudzo yekuvakwa iyo chiziviso chinoshamisa chemazuva iwayo, chave chafambira mberi kwete mumamiriro ayo chete, asiwo mune nzira yekugadzira.

Miviri yakagadzirwa yakatanga kutora nzvimbo yacho. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira itsva yekugadzira yakanga yakaoma. Migumisiro yaro yakanga ine zvikanganiso zvakawanda, unhu hwe "test of the pen." MunaJune 1940, Gneisenau akatambudzwa zvakanyanya, izvo zvakaratidza kuti nyanzvi dzinofanira kupera zvizhinji pamusoro pekuvandudza hutano hwemadziro akaoma. Vakasiyana mukushungurudzika kwebhomba uye torpedo hits. Uye, zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekugadzira kwakaratidza kuva kufambira mberi kwakakomba, kuisa mutungamiri wekufambira mberi kwebasa rose.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvehondo yehondo yakange iri mapuranga emhino, ayo aizivikanwa nechingwa chiduku. Panguva imwe chete, anchors akaramba achigara. Vakanga vari mune mahombekombe - imwe kubva ku-starboard side, maviri kubva kuruboshwe. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe mahedheni, kureba kwebhokisi rakasununguka raiva duku, uye munguva yekupedzwa nekugadzirisa zvakare kweprojekiti, yakava yakanyanya kuduku. Dzimwe nguva chinhu ichi chekugadzirwa chakaita kuti kugadzirwa kwemasimba ane simba mukati megungwa rakasununguka, nekuda kwekuti kwaive kwakakodzera kudzora mudziyo chete kubva pachigamba chehondo.

Bata uye rutivi rutivi

Chikepe chinonzi Gneisenau chinonyanya kuzivikanwa, chine mifananidzo yakafanana nguva zhinji inowanzonzi mumishumo yevashandi vekuchenjera kwevavengi uye mapepanhau eGermany, akapukunyuka kakawanda kuchinja kwe "chiso" chake - mhino. Mushure mokurwisana neRawalpindi, zvikwata zvemashure zvakabviswa. Zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvakaiswa panzvimbo yakakwirira ye stem.

Muna December 1940, chimwe chiitiko mubasa racho chakagadzirisa kugadzirwa kweGneisenau. Hondo yehondo, iyo huru maitiro ayo akamubatsira muhondo, yakava isina maturo munguva yemhepo. Muna December 1940, dutu muNorth Sea rakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakura kune ngarava. Mushure mezviitiko izvi, Gneisenau akagamuchira zvigaro zvekufukidzira zvidzitiro uye zvidhakwa. Ihwo hunhu hwekuti zvinhu zvitsva zvakaonekwa munguva yekushanda mushure mekunge matambudziko anotevera akamuka. Izvo zvakasarudzwa chisarudzo chaisagona kugadzirisa zvachose dambudziko re "sputum", asi rakaderedza chiyero chayo kumuganhu unogamuchirwa.

Ikoko kwakanga kune chimwe chinhu chisingaonekwi, kubva ipapo zvikepe zveScharnhorst naGneisenau vakatambura. Izvozvi zvikepe zviviri zvechimiro chakafanana zvaizivikanwa nezvisingaenzaniswi zvegungwa. Mhinduro yechinetso ichi inogona kuwedzera mukukwirira kwemativi. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwakadaro kwaizoita kuti kuwedzerwa kuyerwa kwezvombo, izvo zvaisakwanisawo. Munguva yese yekushanda kwezvikepe zvose, maGermany aibata dambudziko rakafanana zvakaenzana - vakabayira gungwa ravo.

Zvombo

Nenzira, zvombo zvehondo zveGermany zvose zvine zvombo zvine simba. Gneisenau yakanga isiri iyo. Hondo yehondo, tsanangudzo yaro ndiyo muenzaniso wefambisi yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka, yakagamuchirwa zvakanyatsoshandiswa zvakajeka uye zvigadziri zvombo. Vakabatsirana vakachengetedza chikepe chehondo kubva pakuparara mune zvikamu zvakakosha zvehombe. Kana iyo projectile ichikwira bhodhi, anofanira kunge akasangana nechokufukidzira chechikepe.

Zvizhinji zvezvigadziriswa zvinoshandiswa mubasa iri zvakaongororwa kwekutanga. Ichi chiitiko zvakare chakasimbisa kushandiswa uye kwakasiyana-siyana kwaiva Gneisenau (hondo yehondo). Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese Yakapa varimi veGermany ruzivo rwehupfumi. Vakasunungurwa nebasa ravo mumakore eWeimar Republic, vakatora basa ravo nehutsva hutsva mukuvaka kwezvikepe zveTatu Reich.

Kuramba

Nheyo yekuparadzaniswa kwechikepe muzvivako zvakazviratidza pachavo panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Yakashandiswawo pakugadzira Gneisenau. Hondo yehondo, cruiser uye chero imwe mimwe midziyo yaiva nehuwandu chete kusvikira panguva yaya mafashamo. Nokudaro, dambudziko rekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kwechikepe chinotarisana nguva dzose rinotarisana nenyanzvi dzeGermany kune imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga.

Izvo zvakagadzirwa neGneisenau zvakagadzirwa nenzira yakadai yokuti mafashamo emakamuri maviri ari pedyo asingakwanise kutungamirira kumvura zhinji. Vanyori vepurojekiti vakashandisa mazano akawanda anokosha uye anobatsira. Saka, makamuri ose, kunze kwemupfupi uye ari kumucheto, akaparadzaniswa kuva nzvimbo dzakawanda dzisina mvura.

Mukuenzanisa nevakatangira, Scharnhorst neGneisenau vaizivikanwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwepakati uye hurefu kwenguva refu. Vakatanga kushandiswa kunyange pane dreadnoughts. Izvo zvinoenderana nemashoko aya, kunyange muhondo dzakaoma kwazvo, zvaive zvichikwanisa kuchengetedza mvura yakachena yemadhorodhi uye matavi emagetsi emoto. Nokudaro, njodzi yekuwana gwaro rakaipisisa yakaderedzwa zvikuru.