Ndiani akagadzira mbiru? Chokwadi chinofadza

Tinosangana nemapuranga anenge mazuva ose, kazhinji kacho tisingazvioni. Iro zuva rega rega uye teknolojia. Yokutanga inoshandiswa pakutsvaga michina, kuita blisters pamapiritsi, kubika nyama nemiriwo. Icho hachisi cheshuga, chinoshuvira uye chinonyatsochengetedza kupisa. Chechipiri inoshandiswa mumagetsi nemabhizimisi. Dhizha rakadaro ductile, rinopisa uye rinokurumidza kuratidza.

Ndiani akagadzira mbiru? Ndeyani uye rini rakaitika kuisa chidhindi chendarira mucheka mutsvuku wakafanana nepepa?

Chokwadi uye nhema

Dzimwe nguva unogona kuwana tsanangudzo yekuti Percy Spencer akaumba mapepa. Ichokwadi, izvi hazvisi izvo. Maererano nenhau, Percy Spencer akaumba huni yewa microwave paakaona kuti magnetron akabatanidza akazengura chokoti muhomwe yake. Asi chokoti yakange yakaputirwa mumapuranga, iyo, zvichida, yakabatsira pakupisa.

Asi ndiani akanyora mapurisa muchokwadi? Ichokwadi, pfungwa dzinopesana zvakasiyana. Chirairi chekutanga chaiva ndarama, inonziwo mapepa endarama. Akaonekwa kwenguva refu kwazvo, achiripo nevaGiriki vekare nevaEgipita. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ndarama - ductile yakawanda uye isina kushandiswa tsvina, ndiko kuti, kuifukisa mucheka wakaoma haina kuoma. Vakashandisa iyo kupfekedza zvishongo uye kugadzira.

MuJapan, masters akavakira uye akatambanudza chidimbu chendarama kusvikira yakashandurwa kuva davi rinokurumidza. Apo mashizha acho ave akaonda kwazvo, asingasviki kudarika 0.001 mm, mufananidzo wacho zvakare wakarohwa pakati pezvidimbu zvepepa. Uhu huno huripo muJapan kwemazana emakore akawanda.

Gold foil inogona kudyiwa. Muzvigadzirwa zvezvokudya ndizvo zvinowedzera Е175, zvinoshandiswa kupfekedza ndiro dzakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso, ice cream.

Iye zvino firipi yemapurisa inokosha kwete kwete chete yezvakagadzirwa zvayo, asiwo nepamusoro pemagetsi ekutengesa uye kurwisa kurora. Uye izvi zvinokosha unhu hwekugadzira magetsi.

Ndiani akagadzira mbiru? Chaizvoizvo, chigadzirwa chealuminium chine nguva yakareba uye ine nharo. Baba vake vaiva tini foil, staniol iyo yakashandiswa zvikuru kusvika kumazana emakumi maviri mukugadzirwa kwezvioni, nekugadzira zvokudya uye mune mazinyorero. Asi staniol yakanga ine chepfu uye yakanga ine unhu husina kufadza hwekunhu, saka indasitiri yezvokudya yakanga isingazivi.

Brilliant invention

Ndiani akagadzira mbiru? Zviitiko zvinofadza zvinotaura pamusoro pei "brilliant" yakagadzirwa. Muna 1909, muongorori wechiduku aibva kuZurich, Robert Victor Neer, akatarisa mhirizhonga yepasi rose uye netsaona akazvinzwa mhirizhonga yevatsvaki pamusoro peyende yei ndege yaizogara kwenguva refu mumhepo. Zvakaitika kuna Neuer kuti mugumisiro wakanakisisa ungadai uri kuvhara bhokoni yesilika neine tsvina yakaoma yealuminium foil.

Zvinosuruvarisa, ibhoti, yakagadzirwa neNeer's project, haikwanise kubhururuka. Asi mhizha yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvealuminium, ndiko kuti, mbiru, yakatovakwa. Mushure memaedzo akawanda uye zvikanganiso, kwete pasina rubatsiro rwevamwe pamwe navo (Edwin Laubert naAlfred Grum), Neuer akakwanisa kubudirira. Chirongwa chekodzero yekugadzirwa kwechigadziko chealuminium chakagamuchirwa musi waOctober 27, 1910.

Neer uye chokoreti zvigadzirwa

Yokutanga kuonga zvikomborero zvitsva zvekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinogadzirwa. Pamberi izvozvo, chokoreti yaitengeswa zvidimbu zviyero. Mamwe maonero anofananidzwa. Vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoti chibvumirano chokutanga neNeer nokuda kwekugoverwa kwepombi chakagadzirwa nefekitari yetikoroti Tobler. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kushandiswa kwemashizha emagumisiro ekuchengetedza vatengi kubva kune chokoti yakanyunguduka yakauya kumashamba eNestle. Vamwewo vanoti pfungwa yewachoroti yakapura kubva mumashoko aya kuenda kuFranlin Mars, muridzi wekambani yeMaris. Aluminium wrapping yave iri kubudirira mune inyanzvi yemabhizimusi. MuUnited States kwekutanga kokuputirwa mumashizha emashizha eupenyu Mavambo muna 1913.

Saka ndiani akanyora iyo chidimbu? Vamwe vanhu vanoti Thomas Edison akaita izvi kuitira kuti masipireti ake aanoda asawedzere kukurumidza.

Gare gare, chifukidzo chaishandiswa kutakura mishonga, fodya, mafuta, kofi uye kunyange jisi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapumburu ekutanga emapuranga emumba akaonekwa kutakura chero chinhu.

Ratidza mararamiro

Saka mushure mezvose, ndiani akasika mapepa? Kusvikira ikozvino, iyi inharo yakakakavadzana. Inongozivikanwa chete kuti muna 1915 Neer yakauya nenzira yekuita mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana. Asi muna 1918 akaendeswa kuuto, kwaakafira nechirwere cheSpanish musi waNovember 27 wegore iroro. Asi pfungwa yake haisati yanyangarika, uye muna 1933 Conrad Kurtz akazova piyona we nzira yekudzivirira kuchengetedza. Iyi nzira yakaita kuti zvigone kushandiswa shoma, kunyange yakatenderera yegoridhe kune aluminium substrate. Mifananidzo yakadaro yakashandiswa pakushisa kwemafuro. Hondo yenyika uye kuderera kwehupfumi hwose kwakamanikidzwa nevashandi kuti vachinje hutanda hwegoridhe chaiyo kune imwe nhete yevhinishini nechepasi resimbi. Saka kwaiva nemapuranga emarudzi ano mavara. Mavara akasiyana-siyana uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakaderera zvakasimbisa kuwanda kwezvinyorwa.

Imwe nyaya

Mubvunzo uyu hauna kugadziriswa: Ndiani akagadzira mbiru? Pane imwe shanduro yekuonekwa kwayo, uye yakabatana kwete nemabhaloni, asi nekambani yefodya. Zvinowanzoitika kuti zvitsva zvinouya kumisoro yevanhu vanoverengeka pamwe chete. Kusati kwatanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, cigai nemidzanga zvakanga zvakasungirirwa kuti zvidzivirire kubva mumumvuri mune zviduku zviduku zveti. Richard Reynolds, uyo panguva iyoyo akashanda nababamunini vake fodya yefodya, akasarudza kushandisa aluminium panzvimbo yeatini, inodhura uye chiedza. Muenzaniso wekutanga wealuminium papilisi akabudisa muna 1947.

Foil uye lotus

April 16, 2015, masayendisiti eGermany akadudzira kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvo pasina mvura inonamatira, munyaya ino - yogurt. Zvinhu zvitsva ndezvimwe zvinyorwa zvealuminium, zvakafukidzwa nemikono microscopic, umo mweya unounganidza uye haibvumiri kuti mvura iwane mukati. Izwi iri masayendisiti rakanyatsotarisa pamashizha ejotus, ayo anodzorera mvura uye tsvina.

Makambani echiJapane akagadzirira kushandisa chiziviso ichi mukuita, achigadzira matanda emhando ye yogurt.