Chizvarwa cheRenetwork (muchidimbu). Tsanangudzo pfupi yeRenaissance

Nhoroondo yeRenaissance inotanga muzana remakore rechiXIV. Kunyange zvakadaro nguva ino inonzi Renaissance. Rumutsiriro rwakatsiva tsika yeMedeval muEurope uye ikava mutungamiri we tsika dzemazuva ano. Uye Mahedheni akapera mumazana emakore gumi nemazana nemazana nemazana nemazana nemazana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, sematunhu ose ane zuva rawo rokutanga nekuguma.

Dzimwe ruzivo rwehuwandu

Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zveRenaissance ndezvokutaura, izvo zvinoreva, kufarira kunoshamisa kumunhu semunhu uye basa rake. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo zvekunyika zvechimiro. Munharaunda ikoko kune kufarira kune tsika yekare, chimwe chinhu chakafanana ne "rumutsiriro" chiri kuitika. Nokudaro, chaizvoizvo, zita renzvimbo yakadaro yakakosha yakaonekwa. Nhamba dzepamusoro dzeRenaissance dzinogona kunzi "Michelangelo," Niccolo Machiavelli uye anogara ari mupenyu Leonardo da Vinci.

Idzidzo yekare (zvishoma pfupi zvakanyanya zvinorondedzerwa munyaya ino) yakasiya mazano uye tsika tsika dzose dzeEurope. Asi kune imwe nyika yega yega kune mimwe miganhu yezvakaitika kare. Uye zvose-nekuda kwekusaenzana kwehupfumi nehupfumi hwevanhu.

Paiva neRenaissance muItaly. Pano zviratidzo zvake zvokutanga zvakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi13 ne14. Asi zvakasimba nguva yakatanga midzi mumakore makumi maviri ezana remakore re XV. MuGermany, France uye mamwe masimba, maRenaissance akasimuka akawanda gare gare. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechina, chikwata chepamusoro chekudzoka kwepamusoro. Uye ikozvino muzana remakore rinotevera pane dambudziko remafungiro epanguva ino. Somugumisiro wechiitiko chacho, Baroque uye Mannerism inoitika.

Ndeipi nguva iyi

Nguva yenguva yekuzvarwa patsva ndiyo nguva apo shanduko kubva pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano ehudhihuta kusvika bourgeois inotanga. Iyi ndiyo nhanho yematongerwo enyika apo hukama hwebourgeois-capitalist harisati hwave huchiumbwa, uye nheyo dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakatove dzakaparadzwa.

Munguva yerudzi rwemazuva ano rudzi rwunotanga kuumba. Panguva ino, simba remadzimambo, neritsigiro rwevanhu vese, rakakwanisa kukurira simba revarume vehuudal. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo pakanga pane avo vanonzi zvikwata, izvo zvakanzi nyika inongotaura zvikonzero zvepanyika. Iye zvino madzimambo makuru anozvarwa, nheyo dzaro ndudzi dzenyika uye mamiriro ezvakaitika kare.

Chizvarwa cheRenaissance chinoratidzwa nekuvandudzika kunoshamisa kwehutano hwebhizimisi pakati penyika dzakasiyana. Munguva iyi, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanikwa. Chizvarwa chechizvarwa chekutanga chakava nguva apo zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvesayenzi zvakaiswa. Saka, paiva nesayenzi yezvisikwa neyekugadzira nekugadzirisa. Kuchinja kweiyo inotsanangurwa nzira ndiyo yekuzarura kwekudhinda. Uye ndiyo ndiyo yakapfuurira mberi kweKutanga Kwemakore sechiitiko.

Zvimwe zvakabudirira zveRenaissance

Nguva yekutenda kwemazuva ano inoratidzwa zvishoma nezvakaitwa zvakanyanya mumunda wemabhuku. Kuvonga kuonekwa kwekudhinda, inowana mikana yekugoverwa yavasingakwanisi kutenga kare. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvakapanduka, sepenieni kubva mumadota, zvinotanga kushandurirwa mumitauro yakasiyana uye zvinyorwa zvakare. Vanofamba-famba pasi nekukurumidza sezvakaitika kare. Kudzidza kwave kwakava nyore zvikuru nemhaka yekukwanisa kubereka pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashoko zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvesayenzi uye ruzivo.

Kufarira kwakasimudzirwa kwekare uye kuongorora kwenguva iyi kwakaratidzwa mune zvechitendero uye maonero. Kubva pamiromo yeKaluchcho Salutatti, Chancellor we Florentine Republic, chirevo chakaitwa kuti Rugwaro harusi chinhu kunze kwemashoko. MuNyika Yenyika Itsva, Inquisition tsvene inosvika pakakwirira. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuti kunyatsodzidza kwakadaro kwemabasa ekare kunogona kuderedza kutenda munaJesu Kristu.

Kuvandudzwa Kwekutanga uye Kumusoro

Zviratidzo zveRenthrough zvinoratidzirwa nenguva mbiri dzeKutanga. Saka, nguva yose yevasayendisiti inoparadzaniswa muRena Renaissance uye High Renaissance. Nguva yekutanga yakagara makore 80 - kubva muna 1420 kusvika muna 1500. Munguva iyi yose, unyanzvi hauna kubvisa zvachose zvisikwa zvekare, asi watoedza kuzvibatanidza nezvinhu zvakakweretwa kubva kune zvekare kare. Zvimwe chete gare gare uye zvishoma nezvishoma vaongorori, zvichienderana nekukanganiswa kwekadhiineni yemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu nemararamiro, kusiya nheyo dzeMiddle Ages uye pasina twinge yehana inotanga kushandisa unyanzvi hwekare.

Asi izvi zvose zvaiitika muItaly. Mune dzimwe nyika, unyanzvi hwakanga huri pasi peanhiji ye gothic kwenguva refu. Pose pamagumo ezana remakore reXV re Renaissance inouya kuSpain uye mune zvinyorwa zviri kuchamhembe kweAlps. Pano musangano wekutanga wenguva inoenderera kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi16. Asi hapana chakakosha panguva iyi chakabudiswa.

Renaissance yakakwirira

Nguva yechipiri yeRenaissance inonzi ndiyo nguva yakawanda kwazvo yekuvapo kwayo. Iko Kereke yepamusoro yakagara zvakare makore 80 (1500-1580). Munguva iyi, Rome inova guta guru reunyanzvi, uye kwete Florence. Zvose izvi zvakazobvira nekuda kwekukwira kuchigaro choumambo chaPaul Julius II. Akange ari munhu ane chido. Aivewo akakurumbira nokuda kwekutendeseka uye kushanda kwake. Ndiye iye akakwevera vanyori veItaly vakanakisisa kuenda kumatare ake. Pasi pe Yulia II nevatsigiri vake, nhamba yakawanda yemifananidzo yakaisvonaka iri kuvakwa, zvifananidzo zvisingaenzaniswi zvakavezwa, frescoes uye mifananidzo iri kuvezwa, iyo nhasi inonzi inonyanya kushandiswa mutsika yenyika.

Periods yeruzivo rwechiRenaire

Mhedziso yekodzero dzekare yakaitwa mune unyanzvi hwemazuva iwayo. Asi ndisati ndataura nezvenyanzvi pachako, ndinoda kuisa nhanho dzayo huru. Nokudaro, Proto-Renaissance kana nguva yokutanga (anenge 1260-1320), Ducento (XIII yezana), Trecento (XIV yezana remakore), uye Quattrocento (XV yezana) uye Cinquecento (XVI yezana remakore) inopembererwa.

Zvinonzwisisika, kusagadzikana kwemiganhu yemazana emakore hakusi kunyatsoenderana nematanho chaiwo ekugadzirisa tsika. Izvo-zvekuvandudzwa kunoratidzwa nekuguma kwezana remakore rechi13, Mavambo ekutanga kwemazuva ekupedzisira anoguma muna 1490, uye Upamende Hwenyika hunobuda kunze kwekutanga kwema1530s. Chete mu Venice inoramba ichipo kusvikira pakuguma kwezana remakore rechi16.

Zvinyorwa zveRenaissance

Mabhuku echiRukabheri aya mazita asingafi se Shakespeare, Ronsard, Lorenzo Vala, Petrarca, Du Belle nevamwe. Yakanga iri munguva yeRenaissance iyo vanyori vakaratidza kukunda kwevanhu pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvavo nezvikanganiso zvekare. Mabhuku akawanda akanyanya aive muGermany, France, England, Spain uye Italy.

Chirevo cheChirungu chakanga chakanyanyiswa zvikuru nhetembo dzeItaly uye zvekare. Thomas Wyatt anotanga maitiro e sonnet, iyo inokura nokukurumidza mukuzivikanwa. Uyewo sonnet yakagadzirwa na Count Surrey inopiwawo. Nhoroondo yemabhuku eEngland yakangofanana nemabhuku eFrance, kunyange zvazvo kufanana kwavo kwekunze kusingakoshi.

Mabhuku eGermany eRenaissance anozivikanwa nokuda kwekuti panguva iyi pane Schwanks. Aya ndiwo nyaya dzinofadza uye dzinonakidza, dzakatanga kushandiswa mumhando yezvinyorwa, uye gare gare muchirevo. Vaitaura nezvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhuwo zvavo. Zvose izvi zvakashandirwa muzvinyorwa zvisingabviri, zvinyorwa uye zvakaiswa shure.

Mabhuku eFrance, Spain neItaly

Zvinyorwa zveFrance zveKutanga Kwemazuva ano zvinoratidzwa nemitambo mitsva. Margarita weNavarre akazova mutongi wezvakananga zveKushandura uye hukama hwevanhu. MuFrance, hutano hwevanhu uye hwemaguta hwakatanga kuuya mberi.

Idzidzo rezvekare (inotsanangurwa muchidimbu munyaya yedu) muSpain yakakamurwa kuva nguva dzakasiyana-siyana: kutanga kweRaissance, Renaissance yakakura uye Baroque. Munyika yose iri munyika, pane kuwedzera kusimbiswa kune tsika uye sayenzi. MuSpain, utapi wenhau hunobuda, kudhinda kunooneka. Vamwe vanyori vanobatana nechinangwa chechitendero uye pfungwa dzepanyika dzevanhu.

Vamiririri veItaly mabhuku eRenaissance ndiFrancesco Petrarca naGiovanni Boccaccio. Vakava vanyori vekutanga, avo vakatanga kuzarura mifananidzo yakajeka nemafungiro nemashoko asina chokwadi, anonyadzisa. Izvi zvitsva zvakagamuchirwa uye zvakapararira kune dzimwe nyika.

Renaissance uye unyanzvi

Zviratidzo zveKuzvarwa Kwemazuva Ano - ndeyekuti muviri wemunhu ndiyo yekutanga kwekufuridzirwa uye nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwevanyori venguva ino. Nokudaro, kusimbiswa kwakaiswa pakufananidzwa kwekuvezwa uye kuvepa kwechokwadi. Idzi hukuru hunhu hwehutano hweKuzvarwa patsva hunosanganisira kupenya, kunatswa patsva kwebhuroshi, mutambo wemumvuri uye chiedza, kunyatsogadzirisa mukushanda kwebasa uye zvinyorwa zvakaoma. Kune vanyori veRenissance, mifananidzo mikuru yakabva muBhaibheri uye nhema.

Mumufananidzo weKareneke, kufanana kwakaita munhu chaiye kumufananidzo wake pane imwe kana imwe yandeji yaiva pedo zvikuru zvokuti mhando yezvinyengeri yakaita seyiri mupenyu. Pano unyanzvi hwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, izvi hazvigoni kutaurwa zvachose.

Mazuva ekupedzisira (zvishoma nezvishoma mafungiro makuru ezvakanyorwa apa) akaona muviri wevanhu sekutanga kusingaperi. Masayendisiti uye vashandi vanogara vachivandudza unyanzvi hwavo uye ruzivo kuburikidza nekudzidza miviri yevanhu. Ipapo pfungwa yakakurumbira ndeyokuti munhu akasika mufananidzo uye mufananidzo waMwari. Izwi iri rakaratidza kukwana kwenyama. Zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvinokosha zvehutano hwekudzoka kwemazuva ekutanga ndevamwari.

Zvisikwa uye kunaka kwemuviri womunhu

Unyanzvi hwekuberekwa kwechirikadzi hwakabhadhara zvakanyanya kuchisikwa Chimwe chikamu chezvinhu zvaiva munzvimbo yacho chakanga chiri michero yakasiyana uye yakaoma. Denga bhuruu-bhuruu, iyo yakarova mazuva emvura, ayo akapinda nepakati pemakore echena, yaiva nzvimbo yakanaka yezvisikwa zvinokura. Unyanzvi hwekuzvarwa patsva hwakaratidza kunaka kwemuviri womunhu. Izvi zvakaratidzwa pachavo muzvinhu zvakanatswa zvemasimba nemuviri. Kusasuruvara kunokonzera, chiso chemaziso uye zviratidzo, zvakanyatsojeka uye zvakajeka ruvara ruvara rwemavara hunhu hwebasa revagadziri vezvifananidzo nevevezvisikwa zvemazuva ekudzoka. Izvi zvinosanganisira Titi, Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt nevamwe.