Operation Bagration. Purogiramu Yekusunungurwa kweBelarus (1944)

Muzhizha ra1944 hondo yeSoviet yakaronga kusunungurwa kwekupedzisira kweByelorussia kubva kuGermany. Zvinyorwa zvepurogiramu yeExployment Bagration yakanga yakarongeka zvakarongeka pamiganhu yakawanda, iyo yaive kupotsa mauto we Wehrmacht kunze kwemiganhu ye republic. Kubudirira kwakabvumira USSR kutanga kusunungurwa kwePoland uye East Prussia.

Zuva rakapfuura

Chirongwa che "Bagration" chakagadziridzwa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu akangotanga kare 1944 muBelarus. The Red Army yakatove yakasunungura chikamu cheVitebsk, Gomel, Mogilev nePolessk nzvimbo ye republic. Zvisinei, ndima yavo huru yaive ichiri mauto eGermany. Chirongwa chakaumbwa mberi, icho mu Wehrmacht chainzi "Belarusian Balcony". Padzimbahwe rechitatu reRich vakaita zvose zvaikwanisika kuchengetedza nzvimbo iyi inokosha inosvika kwenguva yakareba.

Nokuda kwezvidziviriro, mutsva mutsara wemitsara yemakiromita anenge 250 murefu yakasikwa. Yaiva matanho, masvingo ematare uye mindairi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, anti-tank migomo yakakurumidza kubviswa. Mutemo weGermany wakakwanisa kutowedzera kuwedzera kwahwo muBelarus, pasinei nekushaya kwevanhu. Maererano neDaily intelligence data, kwaive nevashoma vanopfuura mamiriyoni evarwi ve Wehrmacht munharaunda yacho. Chii chinogona kuitwa "Bagration" inopesana? Chirongwa chakanga chakavakirwa pakurwiswa kwevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,5 Red Army varume.

Kubvumirwa kwerongwa

Kugadzirira kushanda kukunda maGerman muBelarus akatanga pamitemo yaStalin munaApril 1944. Panguva imwecheteyo, General Staff vakatanga kutarisa mauto uye zvinhu zvepfuma pane imwe nzvimbo yakakodzera yepamberi. Chirongwa chepakutanga "Bagration" chakakurudzirwa naGeneral Alexei Antonov. Mukupera kweMeyi, akagadzirira kupora basa.

Panguva imwe chete, vatungamiri vakuru vekumadokero mberi vakashevedzwa kuMoscow. Vaiva Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky naIvan Bagramyan. Vakashuma pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu kumativi avo epamberi. Georgy Zhukov naAlexander Vasilevsky (vamiririri veGeneral Headquarters) vakabatanidzwawo mukukurukurirana. Urongwa hwacho hwakanatswa uye hwakagadziridzwa. Mushure meizvozvo, musi waMay 30, akagamuchirwa neMukuru Mukuru-mukuru-mukuru.

"Bagration" (chirongwa chacho chakatumidzwa saizvozvo mukukudza kweGavhuna wePatriotic Hondo ye1812 ) yakabva pane chirongwa chinotevera. Kuzvidzivirira kwemuvengi kwaizofanira kuitika panguva imwe chete pamatanho matanhatu emberi. Mushure meizvi, yakanga yakarongedzwa kukomberedza maGerman ekugadzirwa kwepamhenderekedzo (munzvimbo yaBobruisk neVitebsk), iyo inonyangadza iri kutungamira Brest, Minsk naKaunas. Mushure mokukundwa kwakakwana kweAlly Group, First Byelorussian Front yaifanira kuenda kuWarsaw, yekutanga yeBaltic kusvika kuKönigsberg, uye yechitatu yeBelorussian Front kusvika kuAllenstein.

Zviito zveGerrilla

Chii chaive kubudirira kweOp Operation Bagration? Chirongwa chacho chakanga chisingogumiri pakugadziriswa kwematanda nemauto, asiwo pamusangano waro unoshanda nevasangano. Kuti ave nechokwadi chekukurukurirana pakati pavo, maitiro emabasa makuru akasikwa. Musi wa8 Gumiguru, mapurisa anoshanda pasi pevhu akarairwa kuti agadzirire kuparadzwa kwezvitima zvakanga zviri munharaunda yaigara.

Pausiku hwaJune 20, vanopfuura 40,000 rairi dzakaputirwa. Mukuwedzera, mapurisa akaparadza mapurisa e Wehrmacht. Iko "Centre" boka, iri pasi pekurwa kwakarongeka kweSoviet army, yakakundikana kukwezva dzimba kusvika mberi kwepamusoro pamusana pekushaya rutivi rwekutsvaga kwayo.

Vitebsk-Orsha operation

Musi waJune 22, chikamu chinoshanda cheOp Operation Bagration chakatanga. Chirongwa ichi chakasanganisira zuva iri haisi pangozi. Izvo zvinokanganisa zvakare zvakatanga zvakare pamusi wechitatu wekupemberera kweGermany kuSoviet Union. Iko Baltic 1st Front uye yechitatu Byelorussian Front yakashandiswa kuitisa basa reVitebsk-Orsha. Munguva yacho, kudzivirira kwakakundwa kurudyi kwe "Center" boka. The Red Army yakasunungura nzvimbo dzakawanda dzedunhu reVitebsk, kusanganisira Orsha. VaGermany kwose kwose vakadzoka.

Musi waJune 27 Vitebsk yakabviswa muvengi. Pakati peusiku weboka rechiGermany raishanda munzvimbo yeguta racho, rakaiswa kune dzakawanda zvombo zvehondo uye mhepo. Chikamu chikuru cheuto reGermany chakanga chakakomberedza. Kuedza kwevamwe mapoka ekuparadzanisa kubva kumativi akapoteredzwa hakuna kuguma pasina.

Musi waJune 28, Lepel akasunungurwa. Somugumisiro wekushanda kweVitebsk-Orsha yeRobert Army, 53rd Army Corps yemuvengi yakanga yava kuda kuparadzwa zvachose. Wehrmacht yakarasika makumi mana evanhu vakaurawa uye 17 zviuru zvevasungwa.

Kusunungurwa kweMogilev

Hondo yehondo yekuti "Bagration", yakagamuchirwa ne Stavka, yakataura kuti basa reMogilev raizova dambudziko guru kune zvinzvimbo zve Wehrmacht. Munharaunda iyi mauto eGermany ainge adiki kudarika kune mamwe mapoka emberi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukanganiswa kweSoviet kuno kwaikosha zvikuru, sezvo kwakagumisa nzira yevavengi kuti vadzoke.

Munharaunda yeMogilev, mauto eGermany ainge akadzivirira zvakadzivirirwa. Guta rimwe nerimwe duku, riri pedyo nemigwagwa mikuru, rakashandurwa rikava musana. Eastern inosvika kuMogilev yakavharwa nemitambo yakawanda yekudzivirira. Hitler, muhurukuro yake yehurukuro, akazivisa kuti guta rino rinofanira kuchengetedzwa zvese. Kusiya iko iko zvino kwakabvumirwa chete nemvumo yega yeFihrer.

Musi waJune 23, mushure mokunge mauto ehondo achirova, masimba eChipiri Byelorussian Front akatanga kumanikidza Rwizi Pronyu. Mutsara wokudzivirira wakavakwa nemaGermany wakapfuura napamhenderekedzo. Mazana emabhiriji akavakwa mhiri korwizi. Muvengi akadaro haana kupikisa, sezvo akanga akaoma rutivi nemapurisa. Nokukurumidza chikamu chepamusoro cheDnieper munzvimbo yeMogilev chakamanikidzwa. Guta rakatorwa musi waJune 28 mushure mekukurumidza kukurumidza. Masoja eGermany anopfuura makumi matatu makumi matatu akaendeswa musungwa munguva yekushanda. Hondo ye Wehrmacht yakatanga kudzokera nenzira yakarongeka, asi mushure mokunge vatorwa naMogilev, iko kwekudzokera kwacho kwakashandurwa kuva kutya kunofamba.

Bobruisk operation

Basa reBruruisk raitungamirirwa nechekuchamhembe. Yakanga iri kutungamira kumativi ose eGermany, ayo Stavka akanga achigadzirira hovha yakawanda. Chirongwa cheExployment Bagration chakataura kuti basa iri raifanira kuitwa neChrist Byelorussian Front, iyo yakarayirwa naRokossovsky.

Izvo zvakashata pedyo neBobruisk zvakatanga musi waJune 24, kureva, zvishoma pashure pechipfuvamwe kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepamberi. Paiva nenzvimbo dzakawanda dziya munzvimbo iyi. VaGermany vakanga vasingatarisiri kuti Red Army ingakunda iri dutu. Zvisinei, kufamba kwakakomberedzwa kwakanga kuchiripo. Somugumisiro, 65th Army yakaita kukurumidza uye kunoshamisa kune muvengi uyo asina kutarisira dambudziko. Musi waJune 27, mauto eSoviet akatanga kusimbisa migwagwa kuenda kuBruruisk. Kupisa kweguta kwakatanga. Bobruisk yakasunungurwa nemauto eWehrmacht manheru e 29th. Panguva yekushanda, 35th Army uye 41 Tank Corps dzakaparadzwa. Mushure mekubudirira kweuto reSoviet kumativi ake, mugwagwa unoenda kuMinsk wakazaruka.

Polotsk hit

Mushure mekubudirira muVitebsk, 1st Baltic Front pasi pemurairo waIvan Bagramyan yakaenda kune imwe nzvimbo inotevera yekutsamwisana nemauto eGermany. Iye zvino mauto eSoviet aifanira kusunungura Polotsk. Saka vakasarudza paChitukuro, vachigadzira basa re "Bagration". Urongwa hwekutora hwaifanira kuitwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, sezvo kwaiva neHome Army Group North kunzvimbo ino.

Kurohwa kwePoltsk kwakaitwa musi waJune 29 nemaitiro akawanda eSoviet. The Red Army yakabatsirwa nemagandrillas, uyo asingatarisiri kubva kumashure akarova mapoka maduku akapararira eGermany. Kurohwa kubva kumativi ose maviri kwakaunza kukanganisa kwakawanda uye mhirizhonga mukati memauto emuvengi. Guta rePoltsk rakasarudza kudzoka pamberi pechipfighi chivhara.

Musi waJuly 4, hondo yeSoviet yakasunungura Polotsk, iyo yaive yakakosha zvikuru zvakare nokuti yaiva magungano ezvitima. Uku kukunda kweWehrmacht kwakaita kuti vashandi vachenese. George Lindemann, mutungamiri weboka reArmed Group North, akarasikirwa nebasa rake. Utungamiri hweGermany, zvisinei, hahugoni kuita chimwe chinhu. Pakutanga, musi waJune 28, chinhu chakafanana chakaitika kuna Field Marshal Ernst Bush, mukuru we Army Group Center.

Kusunungurwa kweMinsk

Iko kubudirira kweuto reSoviet kwakabvumira GHQ kuisa nokukurumidza mabasa matsva eExployment Bagration. Chirongwa chekusunungurwa kweBelarus chaiva chokugadzira girairi pedyo neMinsk. Yakaumbwa mushure mekunge maGermany akarasikirwa neBolruisk neVitebsk. Hondo yechina yeGermany yaiva kumabvazuva kweMinsk uye yakabviswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kutanga nemauto eSoviet, ayo akanga achimhanya kubva kumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba, uye rwechipiri, nezvipingamupinyi zvepanyama mumvura. Kumadokero kwakayerera rwizi. Berezina.

Apo Mukuru Kurt von Tippelskirch akarayira kudzokera kwakarongeka, hondo yake yaifanira kuyambuka rwizi kune rimwe bhiriji nemugwagwa usina tsvina. VaJalimane nevakabatana vavo vakarwiswa nevanopindira. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo yekuyambuka yakachengetedzwa nemabhomba. Red Army yakamanikidza Berezina musi waJune 30. Minsk yakabudiswa musi waJuly 3, 1944. Mune guta guru reBelarus, 105 mamiriyoni Wehrmacht servicemen akakombwa. Vanopfuura makumi manomwe vakafa, uye makumi matatu vakatorwa musungwa.

Dzokera kuBaltic States

Zvichakadaro, masimba ekutanga yeBaltic Front akaenderera mberi achinyanyisa kumaodzanyemba-kumavirazuva. Mauto ari pasi pemurairo weBaghramyan aifanira kupfuurira kusvika kuBaltic ndokuparadza Army Group North kubva kune dzimwe mauto eGermany. Chirongwa cheBagration, muchidimbu, chakaratidza kuti kubudirira kwebasa racho, zvaive zvakakosha kusimbisa zvakanyanya chikamu chepamberi. Nokudaro, yekutanga yeBaltic Front yakapiwa mauto makumi matatu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu.

Apo iyo inosvika pakupedzisira yakazosvika pakakwirira kwayo, maGermany akakwanisa kutora masimba makuru kuna Daugavpils. Iye zvino uto reSoviet harina kuwana rakadaro rakanzwisiswa nhamba yekunamata, sepakutanga kweExployment Bagration. Panguva iyoyo, hurongwa hwehondo yemheni yakanga yava kuda kuzadzika. Masoja akasara achikurumidzira kusvika pakupedzisira kusununguka ndima yeSoviet kubva kuvashamisi. Pasinei nemasvipiti emunharaunda mune zvakaipa, musi waJuly 27, Daugavpils neSiauliai vakasunungurwa. Pazuva rechinomwe, mauto akachera gwara rekupedzisira rinotungamirira kubva kuBaltic kuenda kuEast Prussia. Zuva rakatevera, muvengi akazvidza Jelgava, nekuda kwekuti hondo yeSoviet yakazosvika kugungwa.

Vilnius Operation

Mushure mokunge Chernyakhovsky akasunungurwa Minsk uye akakunda Wechina Army ye Wehrmacht, GHQ yakamutumira mutsva. Zvino masimba eTatu Byelorussian Front aifanira kusunungura Vilnius ndokumanikidza Rwizi Neman. Kuitwa kwemurairo kwakatanga kare musi waJuly 5, ndiko kuti, zuva rakatevera kuguma kwehondo muMinsk.

MuVilnius yaiva musasa wakavakirirwa, wakagadzirwa nevarwi zviuru gumi. Hitler, kuitira kuchengetedza guta reLithuania rakatanga kushandura kune rinowanzonzi propaganda rinofamba, richidana guta racho "nhare yekupedzisira." Munguva iyi, Fifth Army yakanga yatotanga kupera nemakiromita makumi maviri nezuva rekutanga rekunyangadza kwayo. Kurwisana kweGermany kwakanga kwakasununguka uye kusununguka pamusana pekuti zvikamu zvose zvinoshanda muBaltic States zvakashata zvakanyanya muhondo yapfuura. Zvisinei, musi waJuly 5, vaNazi vakaramba vachiedza kurwisana. Uyu muedzo wakaguma pasina. Hondo yeSoviet yakanga yava kutosvika muguta racho.

Musi wechitanhatu, akatora zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvakakosha - nzvimbo uye airfield. Infantry uye tankmen vakatanga kurwisa zvakasimba. Musoro weLithuania wakabudiswa musi waJuly 13. Zvakakosha kuti mauto eBelorussian Front Front akabatsirwa nemaPolish fighters of the Army Krajowa. Nguva pfupi kusati kwekuwira kweguta, akamutsa kukakavara maari.

Mugumo wekushanda

Pachigumo chekushanda, uto reSoviet rakapedza kusunungurwa kwemaodzanyemba kweByelorussia, nzvimbo dzaive pedyo nemuganhu nePoland. Musi waJuly 27, Bialystok yakanyadziswa. Nokudaro, mauto akazopedzisira asvika kumiganhu yenyika isati yatanga. Musi waAugust 14, uto rakasunungura maOsovets uye rakagadziriswa paRwizi rwaNarew.

Musi waJuly 26, mapoka eSoviet akazviwana ari mumasango eBrest. Mazuva maviri gare gare kwakanga kusina vagari veGermany vakasara muguta. MunaAgasti, chinotyisa chakatanga kumabvazuva kwePoland. VaGermany vakaiparadza pedyo neWarsaw. Musi waAugust 29, mirayiridzo ye Supreme Command Supreme Headquarters yakabudiswa, maererano nezvikamu zve Red Army zvaifanira kutamirwa kudzivirira. Izvo zvakashata zvaimiswa. Basa racho rakapedzwa.

Mushure mokunge chirongwa che "Bagration" chakatorwa, Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakasimuka kusvika pakupedzisira kwayo. Hondo yeSoviet yakasunungura zvachose Belarus uye inogona kuenderera mberi kune imwe nzira inopesana yakaitwa muPoland. Germany yakange yava kusvika kukundwa kwekupedzisira. Saka muBelarus hondo huru yakaguma. Chirongwa cheBagration chakashandiswa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Belarus yakauya, ichidzokera kuhupenyu hune rugare. Nyika iyi yakatambudzwa nebasa rechiGermany zvishoma kupfuura dzimwe dzose dzezvematongerwo enyika.