Tariro yeDurova. Magamba eHondo Yokuda Nyika ye1812

Dzimwe nguva zvinowanzoitika kuti mazita evanhu chaiwo anopfuura maonero ezvinyorwa zvinotyisa zvinowanikwa. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvinokonzerwa noupenyu husingatariswi huri kurwisana, umo munhu anowedzera mukuwedzera kuda kwake, uye dzimwe nguva anova muumbi wezvakaitika zvake zvakasiyana, asingatsvaki kufamba kamwechete uye nokuda kwese nzira yakagadzirwa. Zvaiva kune vanhu vakadai kuti mukuru wevakadzikadzi weuto reRussia, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, akabatwa.

Ubwana hwehuhu husarashure

Nguva yemberi "vafambisi vemabhiza-musikana" akaberekwa musi waSeptember 17, 1783 muKiev. Iyo inoda kutsanangurirwa: mukati maro "Notes" inoratidza 1789, asi izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi. Ichokwadi ndechokuti panguva yebasa reCosack regiment Hope zvakanyanya kuderedzera makore ake nemakore matanhatu, kuzvienzanisa nemurume wechidiki uye nekudaro anotsanangura kusakosha kwemiti pachiso chake.

Dambudziko raifara kuti kubvira pamazuva okutanga eupenyu hwake Nadezhda Durova akazviwana ari munharaunda yehondo yakaoma. Baba vake Andrei Vasilievich vaiva mutungamiri we hussar, uye mhuri yacho yakatungamirira hupenyu hwekutarisa. Amai vake, Nadezhda Ivanovna, vakanga vari mukunda wevakanaka vanoita zvePoltava vagari venyika uye, vakasiyana mumasikirwo ezvinyengeri uye asina kugadzikana, vakaroora pasinei nekuda kwevabereki vake, kana, sezvavakataura, "kubvisa".

Uyu maitiro ake akaita basa rakaipa zvikuru muupenyu hwomwanasikana wake. Kurota kwekuzvarwa kwemwanakomana, mai vacho vaivenga musikana wavo akanga achangoberekwa, uye rimwe zuva, apo gore risati rapera, rakatsamwiswa naiye kuchema, rakakanda mwana wacho kunze kwehwindo rechitoro chebhasi. Nadia akaponeswa ne hussars, uyo akatevera ndokucherechedza mwana ane ropa mumugwagwa.

Mudzidzi wechidiki wemurwi akashinga

Kuti arege kudzokorora kwechiitiko ichocho, baba vakamanikidzwa kupa mwanasikana wavo kuti vadzidzise kune mumwe munhu kunze, asi pasina munhu ane mutsa uye anonzwira tsitsi - hussar Astakhov, uyo Nadia akararama kusvikira ane makore mashanu. Pakupedzisira, mumitambo yake, Durova anonyora kuti mumakore iwayo chigaro chehussar chakatsiva iye nechecheche, uye maikidhi uye kuseka maiva mabhiza, zvombo uye kurwisana nemimhanzi yehondo. Aya maonero ekutanga ehuduku achava nebasa guru mukuumba mamiriro ehupenyu hwemangwana-vafambisi-musikana.

Dzokera kumba kwababa

Muna 1789, Andrei Ivanovich akasimuka uye akawana nzvimbo yemutungamiriri weguta muguta reSarapul, kuViatka. Musikana uyu zvakare mumhuri yake ari kutarisirwa naamai vake, ivo, vakamuberekera, vakaedza pasina kuti vadzidzise mwanasikana wavo rudo rwekushaiwa basa uye kuchengeta imba. Nadya akanga asinganzwisisiki nezvose zvaairarama nazvo mumakore iwayo - musikana muduku aigara nemweya wehussar. Apo mwanasikana wake akakura, baba vake vakamupa bhiza rakanaka reCherkasy rainzi Alcides, uyo akazopedzisira ava shamwari yake yekurwa uye kanopfuura kamwe wakaponeswa munguva yakaoma.

Kuroorana kwakamanikidzwa

Pakarepo mushure mekunge ava munhu mukuru, Nadezhda Durova akanga aroorwa. Zvakaoma kutaura kuti vabereki vake vakatungamira zvakadini: chido chekugadzirira kuguma kwomwanasikana wavo kana chido chokubvisa "hussar iri mumupendero" nokukurumidza sezvazvinogona. Pasi pekorona, akaenda nemurume akanyarara uye muduku-ainzi Vasily Stepanovitch Chernov, uyo akashanda muguta rimwechete semutongi wega.

Gore rakatevera, Nadezhda akazvara mwanakomana, asi haana kunzwa manzwiro emutsa kwaari, sezvakaita murume wake. Mukusafarira mwana, akazviratidza sekuenderera mberi kwakakwana kweamai vake. Zvechokwadi, iyi imba yakaparadzwa kubvira pakutanga, uye munguva pfupi Nadezhda akasiya murume wake, achimusiya kungoyeuka zvisingakanganisi rudo uye mwanakomana muduku.

Muhupamhi hwehupenyu pane bhiza rinoputika

Kwenguva pfupi Durova anodzokera kumusha kwake, asi ikoko inosangana chete nehasha dzaamai vake, akatsamwa nekuputsa kwake nemurume wake. Iyo inoramba ichidzikama muhupenyu uhwu uye husina maturo, hwakatungamirirwa nehuwandu hwevanogara. Asi nokukurumidza fate inoita kuti ave nechipo mukutarisana nemukuru weCossack, uyo ane Hope nokusingaperi anosiya imba inonyadzisa. Sezvo ashanduka kuva sutu yemurume uye achicheka bvudzi rake, anotakurirwa muAlcides mushure mekuda mudiki, achiratidzira kurongeka kune vanhu vakamupoteredza.

Yakanga iri panguva iyi iyo Nadezhda Durova, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, nemaune anozvidza nemazera ake: Cossacks vaisungirwa kupfeka ndebvu maererano nemitemo, uye aigona kungozvidzivirira kwechinguvana, achitaura nezvemakore ake maduku. Asi, kuitira kuti vasadzivirire, zvakange zvichizodikanwa kusiya mutungamiri uye kutsvaga nzvimbo munzvimbo dzemabhiza ehondo yeLancers, uko pasina ndebvu dzaive dzakapfeka. Ikoko akapinda mubasa iri pasi pezita rinonyengera raAlexandro Vasilyevich Sokolov - mutongi uye mwanakomana weimba yeimba.

Hondo dzekutanga uye St. George's Cross kuti ave noushingi

Yaiva 1806, uye uto reRussia rakabatanidzwa muhondo neNapoleon, iyo yakaenda munhoroondo seHondo yeAineth Coalition. Iyi yaiva chikumbaridzo cheHondo yePatriotic War. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova vakapinda muchiyero chakaenzana nevarume mune dzimwe nhanho dzehondo huru dzenguva iyo uye kwose kwose airatidza ushingi hunoshamisa. Nokuda kwekununurwa kwekukuvadzwa kwaakagadzirirwa iye musungwa weSite George uye munguva pfupi yakakurudzirwa kuva vasati vatumwa vakuru. Munguva iyi yose, hapana weaipoteredza haana kumbofungidzira kuti chimiro chemurwi akashinga anovanza mukadzi wechidiki uye asina simba.

Kuziviswa kusingatarisirwi

Asi, sezvamunoziva, kusungirirwa muhomwe haisi kuvanzwa. Nokudaro kwenguva yakareba yakachengetedzwa chakavanzika Nadezhda Andreevna nokukurumidza akazozivikanwa kumurairo. Akabudiswa tsamba yake, yakanyorerwa baba vake manheru eimwe yehondo. Asingazivi kana aida kurarama, Tariro yakamukumbira kukanganwirwa kwezvose zvaakaona iye naamai vake. Pamberi pazvo, Andrei Ivanovich akanga asingazivi kuti mwanasikana wake aiva kupi, asi iye zvino, ane ruzivo rwakarurama, akatendeukira kune murairo weuto nechikumbiro chekudzorera musha wevapoteri.

Kubva padzimbahwe rakakurumidza kutevera kurongeka, uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende, kwaakashanda saNadezhda Durova, akamuendesa kuSt. Petersburg nokukurumidza, achimurambidza zvombo ndokumuisa kumurindi akatendeka. Mumwe anogona kungofungidzira kuti chii chakanga chakaitwa nevamwe vaishanda navo vakawana kuti, ivo chaizvoizvo, vaiva ivo, kunyange zvazvo vasina hanya, asi vashanduki uye vasina ushingi vasati vatumwa.

Vateereri vakakurumbira neumambo

Munguva iyi, runyerekupe rwehondo yaishamisa yakazosvika kuTsar-Emperor Alexander I, uye apo Nadezhda Andreyevna akasvika muguta guru, akabva amutora kupinda mumuzinda. Kunzwa nyaya yezvakaitika kumukadzi wechidiki uyo akabatana pamwe chete nevarume muhutsinye, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, achinzwisisa kuti akauyiswa kuhondo kwete nehumwe rudo, asi nechido chokushumira maamai, mutongi akabvumira Nadezhda Andreevna kuti varambe vachirwisana nemauto uye Mutemo wakaita kuti ave seretareta.

Uyezve, kuitira kuti arege kumusika dambudziko kwaari mune remangwana, Tsar yakamutumira kuti ashumire muMariupol Hussar Regiment pasi pezita rinonyengera raAlexander Andreyevich Aleksandrov. Uyezve, akapiwa kodzero, kana zvichidiwa, kushandisa zvakananga kune zita rakakwirira. Ropafadzo yakadaro panguva iyoyo yakanakidzwa nevanhu chete vakakodzera.

Regimental vaudeville

Nokudaro, Nadezhda Durova, mutasvi vemabhiza-musikana uye mukadzikadzi wekutanga muRussia, aiva pakati peMariupol hussars. Asi nokukurumidza naiye pakanga pane nyaya yakakodzera vaudeville yakaisvonaka. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mwanasikana wemutungamiriri wehurumende akawira murudo nemutungamiriri wenhema asina chiyeuchidzo. Zvechokwadi, iye akanga asina ruzivo pamusoro paani waakanyengetedza Alexander Andreevich chaiye chaiye. Baba - mutungamiri wemauto uye munhu wakanakisisa - akatendera nomwoyo wose kusarudzwa kwemwanasikana wake uye nomwoyo wose aifarira kufara kwake nemukomana uye mukuru mukuru.

Mamiriro acho akanga akanaka kwazvo. Musikana akawoma kubva murudo ndokudurura misodzi, uye baba vaityisa, vasinganzwisisi, sei murevereti asingaendi kundobvunza mazamu ake. Nadezhda Andreevna aifanira kusiya muchengeti wechipatara uyo akanga amugamuchira iye zvakanaka uye achienderera mberi nebasa rake mu squadron yeUlan - zvakare, zvirokwazvo, pasi pezita rainzi, rakagadzirirwa iye pachake naMambo Emperor.

Kutanga kweHondo Yokuda Nyika

Muna 1809, Durova akaenda kuSarapul, uko baba vake vakanga vachiri kushumira segavhuna. Muimba yake, akagara kwemakore maviri uye nguva pfupi vasati vasvika kuNapoleonic, vakadzokera kunoshumira muLithuania Ulan regiment. Gore rakatevera, Nadezhda Andreevna akarayira hafu yengetani. Ari pamusoro wevashandi vake venguva refu, akabata muhondo dzakawanda dzeHondo yePatriotic ya1812 . Yakarwisana pasi peSimolensk neKolotsky moni, uye pasi peBorodino yakadzivirira iyo yakakurumbira Semenovsky inoputika - imwe nzira inokosha inosanganisira zvitatu zvekudzivirira. Pano aikwanisa kurwisana neBarration.

Mutungamiriri-in-Chief's order

Nokukurumidza, Durova akakuvadzwa ndokuenda kuSarapul kumushonga. Mushure mokunge aporazve, akadzoka zvakare kuhondo uye akashumira seyakarongeka ku Kutuzov, uye Mikhail Illarionovich aiva mumwe wevashomanana vaiziva kuti aive ani chaizvo. Apo uto reRussia rakaramba richiita basa rehurumende kunze kweRussia muna 1813, Nadezhda Andreevna akagara ari mumapoka, uye muhondo dzekusunungurwa kweGermany kubva kumauto eNapoleonic akazvidzivirira panguva yekukomba kweimba yeModlin uye kutorwa kweHamburg.

Upenyu mushure mokurega basa

Mushure memugumo wokukunda wehondo, mukadzi uyu anoshamisa akashandira tsar uye nyika yebaba yakawanda makore akawanda, akazobvisa muchengeti wevakuru-mukuru. IChin yeTariro Durova yakamubvumira kuti awane mari yehupfumi kwenguva yakareba uye akapa hupenyu hwakanaka. Akagara muSarapul nababa vake, asi nguva nenguva aigara muErabuga, kwaakange aine imba yake. Makore akashandiswa muuto akaiswa paNadezhda Andreevna zvavakanyora, izvo zvingangodaro zvinotsanangura zvishamiso zvakawanda zvakaonekwa nevose avo vaiva pedyo naye munguva iyoyo.

Kubva pamitemo yevanhu venguva iyo inozivikanwa kuti kusvikira pakupera kwehupenyu hwake akapinda mumapfekete evanhu ndokuisa zvinyorwa zvose chete nezvezita raArekizandro Alexandrov. Kubva kune avo vakakomberedza, zvisinei, akakumbira kuti ataure nemurume. Paiva nemanzwiro ekuti iye pachake mukadzi waaimbova, akafa, uye chete chifananidzo chaakasika nezita rinonyengera rakaramba.

Dzimwe nguva zvakasvika pakuwedzeresa. Somuenzaniso, rimwe zuva mwanakomana wake, Ivan Vasilyevich Chernov (iyeye waakanga asiya paakasiya murume wake), akamutumira tsamba achimukumbira kuti amuropafadze kuroora, iye, paakaona rondedzero yake "amai," akapisa tsamba , Pasina kunyange kuiverenga. Sezvo mushure mekunge mwanakomana akanyora zvekare, achitaura kwaari saAlexander Andreevich, iye pakupedzisira akagamuchira chikomborero chaamai.

Literary Creativity

Kuzozorora mushure mekuita mabasa ehondo, Nadezhda Andreevna akanga ari kuita basa rekunyora. Muna 1836, pamapeji eSovremennik, zviyeuchidzo zvake zvakaonekwa, izvo zvakazoshanda senheyo ye "Notes" dzakakurumbira, iyo yakabudiswa mugore rimwechete pasi pezita rokuti "Cavalry Girl". Kukoshesa kwetarenda yake yekunyora kwakapiwa naA AS Pushkin, uyo Durova akasangana kuburikidza nehanzvadzi yake Vasily, uyo pachake akaziva mudetembi mukuru. Mukugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kwezviyeuchidzo zvake vakaona chiedza muna 1839 uye vakave nekubudirira kukuru, izvo zvakaita kuti munyori arambe achiita basa rake.

Mugumo wehupenyu nevatasvi vemabhiza

Asi, pasinei nezvose, Durov akanga ari oga pamatope emazuva ake. Zvisikwa zvakapoteredza mumakore iwayo makati nembwa dzakawanda izvo Nadezhda Andreevna akazvitora chero kwaaigona. Akafira muna 1866 muElabuga, apedza makore makumi masere nemaviri. Achinzwa kuswedera kworufu, haana kuchinja tsika dzake uye akafukidzwa kuti azvivige pasi pezita remurume - muranda waMwari Alexander. Zvisinei, mupirisita weparamende aisagona kuputsa gwaro rechechi uye akaramba kuratidzira chido ichi chokupedzisira. Hop Nadezhda Andreevna nenzira yakajairika, asi pamariro acho akamupa kukudzwa kwechiuto.

Akazvarwa munguva yaChristine II, akanga ari panguva yevatongi vashanu veumambo hweumambo weRussia uye akapedza rwendo rwake mukutonga kwaAlexandro II, agararama kusvika kubviswa kweferi. Saka vakafa - asi kwete kubva kuvanhu - Nadezhda Durova, uyo ane nhoroondo yezvinyorwa akawana nguva yose yenhoroondo yeamai vedu.

Kuyeuka kwakasara kwemazana emakore

Vachionga vana vaNadezhda Durova vakaedza kupfuudzira zita rake. Muna 1901, mutemo wekumambo waNicholas II wakagadzira chivako pamakuva evarwi vakakurumbira vemabhiza. Mune kuchema epitaph, mazwi akanyorwa pamusoro penzira yake yehondo, nechepamusoro yeNadezhda Durova, uye akaratidza kuonga mukadzi uyu ane simba. Muna 1962, pane imwe yenharaunda yedhorocheni, vagari vomuguta vakaisawo chikwata kumunhu wavo akakurumbira.

Imwe mushure mekupedzisira kweSoviet, muna 1993, chivako chaNadezhda Durova chakazarurwa paTroitskaya Square ye Elabuga. Vanyori varo vaiva muvezi mufananidzo F. F. Lyakh uye muvakiriti S. L. Buritsky. Vanyori veRussia havana kuramba vari voga. Muna 2013, pamhemberero panguva yechiitiko chemazuva makumi maviri nemashanu ekuberekwa kwake, nhetembo dzakatsaurirwa kuna Nadezhda Durova yakanyorwa nevanyori vakawanda vanozivikanwa vekare uye vemazuva edu vakaridza muYelabuga State Museum-Reserve.