Kubatana kwakasimba kwekurima: zvinangwa, chinangwa, zvigumisiro

Mune nguva yekuumbwa nekufambiswa kweSoviet nyika, kutanga kwenhau iyo kukundwa kweBolshevik mukati yaOctober Revolution yakarongeka, kune dzakawanda zvirongwa zvehupfumi zvakakura, kushandiswa kweikuitwa nemaitiro akamanikidzika ekugadzirisa. Chimwe chazvo ndechekuenderera mberi kwekudyidzana kwekurima, zvinangwa, chimiro, zvitsva uye nzira dzave dzichinyanya kutaurwa nenyaya ino.

Chii chiri kuunganidza uye chinangwa chei?

Kuenderera mberi kwekudyidzana kwekurima kunogona kutsanangurwa muchidimbu sehuwandu hwehutano hwekubatanidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvishomanana zvekurima muzvikwata zvakakura zveboka, zvichinyorwa semapurazi akabatanidzwa. Muna 1927, iyo XVth congress yeCPSU (B.) yakabatwa, iyo ndiyo yakatorwa kuti iite purogiramu iyi, iyo yakazoitwa munharaunda huru yenyika muna 1933.

Kubatana kwakasimba, maererano nehutungamiri hwepakati, kwaifanira kuita kuti nyika igadzirise chinetso chekudya chakanyanya panguva iyoyo nekugadzirisa mapurisa maduku ane varimi vepakati nevashoma varombo muzvikwata zvakakura zvemazana ehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubviswa zvachose kwemalaks okumaruwa akaparidzirwa kuva muvengi wekugadzirisa mashandisirwo enyika kwaifungidzirwa.

Zvinokonzera kubatanidzwa

Vakatangisa zvekuunganidza vakaona dambudziko guru rekurima mune zvekuparadzana. Vazhinji vashoma varairi, vakashaiwa mukana wokutenga zvombo zvemazuva ano, zvinoshandiswa muhuwandu hweminda yavo isingabatsiri uye yepasi-pabasa rekushanda basa, izvo zvisingavabvumi kuti vagamuchire zvibereko zvakakura. Somugumisiro, pakanga pane kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwezvokudya uye zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvakagadzirwa.

Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri rinokosha, pakanga pane kuunganidza zvakakwana zvekurima. Musi wokutanga kwawo, uye unonzi uri musi waDecember 19, 1927, zuva rokupera kwebasa reChishanu cheChishanu yeCPSU (B.), Kwaive kuchinja kwehupenyu hwemusha. Kurwiswa kwechisimba kwe nzira yekare yehupenyu, iyo yakanga yave yakagadzwa kwemazana emakore, yakatanga.

Itai izvozvo-ini handizivi kuti chii

Kusiyana nepamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro eRussia, akadai akaitwa muna 1861 naAlexandro II uye muna 1906 neStolinpin, kubatana kwakaitwa nevaKomonisiti kwakanga kusina purogiramu yakanaka kana nzira dzekuziva kwayo.

Sangano congress rakapa chiratidzo chekuchinja kukuru muhutano hwekurima, uye vatungamiriri vekune dzimwe nyika vaitarisirwa, pangozi yavo pachavo uye pangozi, kuti vaite. Kunyangwe kuedza kwavo kuteterera kuvakuru vehurumende kuti vawane tsanangudzo zvakakanganiswa.

Izvo zvakaitwa

Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo nzira, iyo yakatanga iyo yakagadzirirwa nekambani ye congress, yakaenda uye gore rakatevera rakafukidza chikamu chikuru cheyika. Pasinei nokuti kunyatsobatana nemapurazi akabatanidzwa kwakaparidzirwa nokuzvidira, kakawanda, zvisikwa zvavo zvakaitwa nekutungamira nekugadzirisa matanho.

Kare kare muna 1929, varimi vekurima vakaonekwa muUnited States - vakuru vakuru vanoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye sevamiriri vehurumende yepamusoro-soro kushandisa simba rekutonga pamusoro peboka rekuunganidza. Vakabatsirwa nemapoka akawanda eKomsomol, uye vakakurudzirwa kuvakazve hupenyu hwemusha.

Stalin pa "kuchinja kukuru" muupenyu hwevarimi

Pazuva regore rechipiri rakatevera rekuvandudzwa - musi waNovember 7, 1928, pepanhau rePravda rakabudisa nyaya yaStalin iyo yaiti "kuchinja kukuru" kwakaitika muupenyu hwemusha. Maererano naye, nyika yakakwanisa kuita shanduko yezvakaitika kare kubva mukugadzira kwemahombekiti ekurima kune zvekurima, kuisa pamwe chete.

Yakataurawo zviratidzo zvakawanda (zvinowanzoputirwa), izvo zvakaratidza kuti kubatana kwakasimba kwose kwose kwaiva nehutano hwehutano. Kubvira pazuva iro mberi kwemashoko emapepanhau akawanda eSoviet akazadzwa nekurumbidzwa kwe "danho rinokunda rekuunganidza."

Izvo zvinoitwa nevasimani kumhirizhonga pamwe chete

Mufananidzo chaiwo wakanga wakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvinoitwa nhengo dzemapapandamiri. Kubviswa kwezvokudya zvezviyo kubva kune varimi, pamwe chete nekusungwa kwakapararira uye kuparadzwa kwemapurazi, chaizvoizvo, kwakaita kuti nyika ive muhurumende yehondo itsva. Panguva iyo Stalin akataura nezvekukunda kwezvekugarisana kwezvemagariro evanhu vomumusha, varwi vemhirizhonga vaipisa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, uye pakupera kwa1929 vakaverengwa mumazana.

Panguva imwecheteyo, kubudisa chaiyo kwezvirimwa zvekurima, zvinopesana nemashoko ehutungamiri hwepakati, hazvina kuwedzera, asi zvakashata zvakanyanya. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuti vazhinji varimi, vanotya kuverengwa kune vaalaks, vasingadi kugovera pfuma yavo kumunda wekudyara pamwe chete, vanochera nemaune zvirimwa uye vanocheka mombe. Nokudaro, kubatana kwakasimba kunopfuura zvose zvinorwadza, zvakarambwa nevakawanda vemaruwa vagari, asi zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza nenzira dzekusimudzira hutungamiri.

Kuedza kukurumidzira nzira yakatanga

Panguva imwecheteyo, munaNovember 1929, sarudzo yakaitwa kuti iwedzere kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa zvekurima kwekurima, kutumira 25,000 evanhu vanoziva zvikuru uye vanoshanda kumisha kuti vatungamirire mapurazi akabatanidzwa akaumbwa imomo. Ichi chiitiko chakapinda munhoroondo yenyika sechikwata che "makumi maviri nemashanu zviuru". Nokudaro, apo kuunganidza pamwe kwakatora huwandu hwekuwedzera, nhamba yevatumwa vemadhorobha yakawedzera kusvika katatu.

Chimwe chikonzero chekugadzirisa maitiro emapurazi akasimudzirwa akapiwa nekugadzirisa kweCentral Committee yeCPSU (b) yaJanuary 5, 1930. Yakarondedzera nguva yakatarwa iyo kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kwaizofanira kupedzerwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakanaka dzenyika. Iro murairo waireva kuendeswa kwekupedzisira kwavo kuhuwandu hwehutungamiri pakuwa kwa1932.

Pasinei nechinangwa chechirevo ichi, mairi, sepakutanga, hapana tsanangudzo dzakananga dzakapiwa pamusoro penzira dzekubatanidza vanhu vanogara mumapurazi akabatanidzwa uye kunyange vasina kupa tsanangudzo chaiyo yekupedzisira inofanira kunge iri purazi rose. Somugumisiro, mutungamiriri wega wega wekudenga aitungamirirwa nemafungiro ake pachake nezvemaitiro aya eurongwa hwebasa uye hupenyu, zvisati zvaitika kare.

Kuzvitonga kwehurumende

Iyi mamiriro ezvakaitika zvakakonzera huwandu hwechokwadi hwekukakavadzana kwemunharaunda. Chimwe chimiro chakadai iSiberia, umo mahofisi emunharaunda panzvimbo pemapurazi akabatanidzwa akatanga kutanga mamwe ma communes nekushamwaridzana kwezvipfuwo, zvishandiso uye nyika inobhururuka, asi kazhinji zvivako zvose, kusanganisira zvinhu zvevanhu.

Panguva imwecheteyo, vatungamiriri vemunharaunda, vachikwikwidzana pakati pavo pakuzadzisa zvikamu zvepamusoro zvekutengesa, vakanga vasina kunyadzisa kushandisa mhirizhonga dzoutsinye kune avo vakaedza kudzivisa kubatanidzwa mubato rainge ratanga. Izvi zvakakonzera kuputika kutsva kwekusagutsikana, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotora mawonekedwe ekupanduka kwakasununguka.

Nzara inokonzerwa nemutemo mutsva wekurairi

Kunyange zvakadaro, imwe nharaunda imwe yakagamuchira hurongwa huripo hwekuunganidza zvirimwa zvekurima, zvinotarisirwa kumisika yepamusha uye yekutengeserana, iyo iyo hutungamiri hwemunharaunda hwaive nemhosva. Nhengo shoma imwe neimwe yakaonekwa sekuratidzwa kwekuparadza uye inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane mamiriro ezvinhu umo vatungamiriri vematunhu, vanotya basa, vachimanikidzira varimi kuti vape kuzviyo zvose zviyo zviripo, kusanganisira mbeu yemari. Mufananidzo iwoyo waionekwa mumhuka, apo yese yekudyara yakatumirwa kuurayiwa nekuda kwekubika. Kuwedzera kukanganisa uye kusakundikana kwakanyanya kwevatungamiri vemapurazi akabatanidzwa, vazhinji vavo vakauya kumusha pamusangano wepati uye vakanga vasingazivi zvekurima.

Somugumisiro, kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwehurimhi saizvozvo kwakatungamirira kukanganisa mukugovera kwezvokudya kumaguta, uye mumisha kuti zviparadzire nzara. Kunyanya kuuraya kwaiva mumwaka wechando muna 1932 uye mugore ra1933. Panguva imwecheteyo, pasinei nekukanganisa kwakajeka kwehutungamiri, miviri yepamutemo yakaratidza mamiriro ezvinhu kune vamwe vavengi vari kuedza kukanganisa kukura kwehupfumi hwenyika.

Kugadziriswa kwechikamu chakanakisisa chevarimi vekurima

Basa rinokosha mukusakundikana kweiyo purogiramu yakaitwa nekubviswa kweiyo inonzi chikwata chekudya - vanhu vanoita zvakanaka, avo vakakwanisa kuvaka mapurazi akasimba panguva ye NEP uye vakabereka chikamu chikuru chezvinhu zvose zvekurima. Zvinonzwisisika, hazvina musoro kuti vabatane mapurazi pamwe chete uye kuti vawane pfuma yavo.

Sezvo muenzaniso wakadaro usina kukodzera mune pfungwa yakawanda yekugadzirisa hupenyu hwemusha, uye ivo pachavo, mukufunga kwehutungamiri hwenyika, vakavhara kusabatanidzwa kwevarombo varombo uye pakati pakati pemapurazi akabatanidzwa, imwe nzira yakatorwa kuti ibvise.

Nenguva iyo mirayiridzo inobvumirana yakabudiswa, pane imwe nzvimbo iyo minda yekudyara yaibviswa, zvose zvivako zvakaendeswa kune huri hwemafuro akabatanidzwa, uye ivo pachavo vakadzingwa kumatunhu eFar North nekuMabvazuva. Nokudaro, kubatanidza kwakasimba munzvimbo dzezviyo zveUSSR kwakaitika munharaunda yekutya kwakakwana kune vamiririri vanobudirira vevagari vemunyika, iyo ndiyo yakagadzirisa basa guru rekuita kwenyika.

Nokudaro, nhanho dzehutano dzakatorwa kukunda mamiriro ezvinhu dzakagadzira mararamiro emamiriro ezvinhu mumisha uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemiti yezvokurima. Izvi zvakabvumira Stalin pa plenum yepati, yakaitwa munaJanuary 1933, kuzivisa kukunda kwakakwana kwehukama hwehukama hwevanhu muhutano-hupfumi. Zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti uku ndiko kubatanidza kwakakwana kwehumiro kwapera.

Chii mumagumo chakashandura kubatana?

Inonyatsoratidzwa pachena nemanhamba akabudiswa mumakore e perestroika. Vanoshamisika kunyange nechokwadi chokuti ivo, sezviri pachena, havana kukwana. Zvinonzwisisika kubva kwavari kuti kuunganidza zvakakwana zvekurima kwakaguma nemigumisiro inotevera: vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri vakaendeswa kunze panguva iyo, uye nhamba yepamusoro yeiyi yakaitika muna 1930-1931. Apo inenge mamiriyoni 1 800 000 vagari vomumaruwa vanogara vachimanikidzirwa kumanikidziro. Vakanga vasina kutora, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero kana chimwe chavakanga vasina kukodzera nokuda kwenyika yavo yekuzvarwa. Mukuwedzera, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni matanhatu vakava nhamo yezara mune misha.

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mutemo wekushamwaridzana kwemafuro kunomanikidzwa kwakatungamirira kuzviito zvakakura pakati pevarimi vekumaruwa. Maererano nemashoko akachengeterwa muzvinyorwa zveOGPU, chete muna March 1930 pakange pane mazana matanhatu emakumi matanhatu emasangano, uye kuitira kuti vasvike 800 vavo, zviremera zvakashandisa zvombo.

Nenzira yakawanda, inozivikanwa kuti vanopfuura 14 000 hurukuro dzevanhu dzakanyorerwa munyika iyo gore, umo vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 2 vaitora chikamu. Muchirevo ichi, mumwe anowanzonzwa pfungwa yokuti kuenderera mberi kwekubatana, kunoitwa nenzira iyi, kunogona kuenzaniswa nekuparadzwa kwevanhu vayo.