Dzidzo Dziri Kupfuura Border: History

Munhoroondo yezvidzidzo zvekuchikoro kuWestern Europe uye United States kune nguva dzakawanda dzekufarira kwemazuva ano dzidzo yeRussia.

Dzidzo dzehurumende muWestern Europe uye United States dzakaumbwa pasi pesimba rekuwana kwakasimba mune sayenzi yepanyama panguva yekupera kwezana remakore rechi19 ne20, kusanganisira mune zvepfungwa dze mwana. Panguva iyoyo, kugadziridza maitiro ekuvandudzwa kwakaberekwa, mazano akawanda ayo anoshanda uye ari kuda nhasi.

Chiremba weItaly Maria Montessori akarayira rumbiro "rwechikonzero chemwana". Munyori wekuSweden E.Kay akasimbisa nzira yemigumisiro yemigumisiro - kusikwa kwezviito zvekuvandudza simba remwana wemhuka. Mudzidzisi weAmerica John Dewey akava muvambi wehuwandu hwemapurogiramu uye dzidzo, akaisa pfungwa pahutano hwehupenyu hwehutano.

Munguva iyi, mhando itsva dzechikoro dzakanga dzichigadzirirwa zvakasimba: "Chikoro Chekuita" chaAugustus Wilhelm Lai muGermany, "Chikoro cheHupenyu kuburikidza nehupenyu" O. Decroli muFrance. Ikoko kwakanga kune masangano emarudzi ose emasangano nekufambisa kuzivisa kusununguka, kukura kwemazvakanaka uye dzidzo. Pakutanga-kufungisisa zvido zvevadzidzi, vachifunga nezvehupenyu hwevanhu, hunosimudzira basa.

Yacho tsika-chidzidzo chekudzidza chakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwekudzidzira kwekudzidza nekukanganisa mumabasa emwana.

"Kuvandudzwa" kunodzidzisa kwakapa kukurudzira kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwemadzitateguru eEurope neUnited States. Mukuma 40-60 ezana remakore rechi20, kuchinja kwechikoro kwakakosha kwakatanga. Pamwoyo wekushandura waiva chido chekudzidzisa mazano, kuzvimirira, vanhu vakagadzirira, vanogona kushanda pahutano hwehutungamiri hwehutungamiri. Imwe nzira yekushandura ndeyekusikwa kwevadzidzisi vakawanda.

Kugadziriswa kweAmerican education system muna 1961 kwakaratidza maitiro echisimba "Five Bases": Chirungu nemabhuku, masvomhu, sayenzi yemasikirwo, saruzhinji sciences, teknolojia yekombiyuta. Vakasara ndivo vanotora masangano ezvakasarudzwa, ayo aive ane anenge ane chiuru.

Imwe nzira yekudzidzisa muGermany yakatorawo maitiro e "zvidzidzo zvepamusoro uye zvidzidzo zvekuita", uye yakaunzawo zvitsva zvepasitirwo - teknzivo, zvekurima, yehutano uye yehutengi, mimhanzi, nemasisita emunharaunda.

MuEngland, kushandurwa kwakadaro kwakachinja zvikoro zvevanhu vose. Dzidzo yakatarisa chimwe chinhu chakadai: 50% yenguva yekudzidza yakazvipira kuChirungu nemabhuku, masvomhu, chitendero, dzidzo yepanyama; 50% - mapeji ezvidzidzo zvinomanikidzirwa nechisarudzo - rubatsiro rwevanhu, masayenzi chaiwo, masvomhu.

Iko yehurumende yeUnited States yakashandurwa zvakare mune chinangwa chekushanda nevana vane zvipo pamatunhu epurogiramu enyika. Pakanga pane "mashura" kune vana vane zvipo pasi pemashanu. Zvikoro zvinosarudza vana vane ruzivo (chikonzero chikuru - kukwanisa kufunga kunze kwebhokisi) uye yakaedzwa. Vanenge zviuru makumi maviri nezviviri vadzidzi vane zvipo vakagamuchira zvipo zvekugamuchirwa kumayunivhesiti akakwirira munyika. Nokuda kwegadziriro yevadzidzi venguva yemberi, zvirongwa zvehurumende "Kutanga" uye "Sesame" zvakasikwa, umo mabasa avasati vechikoro asati agadziriswa, uye mapurogiramu 130 ezerevhizheni ezvekudzidza zvevana vepakutanga akaonekwa.

Muma 60-80 ezana remakore rechi20, zvikoro zvedzidzo zvakakonzera zvirongwa zvekunze kwenyika, izvo zvakaedza nzira itsva dzekudzidzisa.

"Chikoro Chizaruri" chaive nguva yakazara: muchikamu chekutanga-zvidzidzo, muchikamu chechipiri - makirasi emapoka (mafirimu, kuona, kutora, kufamba).

"Chikoro chisina masvingo" chakabatsira kuderedza kuzadzwa kwemakira pasina mari yekuwedzera uye kuwedzera kufarira mukudzidza. Zvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvakadzidzwa kuchikoro, uye dzidzo dzakasarudzwa dzakaitwa pamabhizimisi emabhizimisi, mahofisi, nezvimwewo.

"Chikoro Chimwe Chete" muU.S. chakashandurwa sechirwisana nekirasi-chidzidzo chechidzidzo - mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe ane chirongwa chekudzidzisa munhu oga; Makirasi mune zvesayenzi, makiraibhurari, musamuziyamu; Kubatanidza vabereki mukudzidza.

Pasina mubvunzo, maitiro ezvedzidzo kune imwe nyika akawanikwa mumutungamiri wevanhu, akaisa pfungwa pamusana pekuvandudzwa kwevana, uyewo zvakaparidzirwa maitiro ekudzidzira uye kunyanya.